1. The following text is adapted from John Matheus's 1925 short story "Fog.

" A train has stopped at

a station, where heavy fog has set in.
The little conductor stood on tiptoe in an effort to keep one hand on the signal rope.
craning his neck in a vain and dissatisfied endeavor to pierce the miasma of the fog. The
motorman chafed in his box, thinking of the drudging lot of the laboring man. He
registered discontent.

As used in the text, what does the word "registered" most nearly mean?

A. Bypassed
B. Enrolled
C. Valued
D. Displayed

2. As a member of Indigenous Photograph, artist Tshepiso Mabula ka Ndogngeni (Xhosa) can

_____ her work more broadly than she could without the organization's reach. Photography
editors around the world can search for Indigenous photographer members on the organization's
website to find images that document and reflect the lives of Indigenous communities.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?

A. empty
B. promote
C. alter
D. discover

3. Originating in the traditional stories of the Kanaka Maoli, the Native Hawaiian people, the
literature of Hawaii has a rich history that was later brought to international prominence by
writers such as Mary Kawena Pukui. Now, by producing acclaimed works, Gary Pak has _____
his place in that literary tradition.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?

A. contemplated
B. subverted
C. solidified
D. extricated

4. In a 2018 article about films depicting the experiences of Black Americans, critics for the New
York Times praise Madeline Anderson's 1970 film I Am Somebody as "galvanizing" and
Reginald Hudlin's 1990 film House Party as "exuberant." Fans of the two films hope that such
_____will attract new audiences to these works.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?

A. impartiality
B. ambivalence
C. foresight
D. acclaim
5. Researchers César A. Hidalgo, Elisa Castañer, and Andres Sevtsuk created a computer model to
predict the mix of businesses and places of interest found in a given neighborhood. The team used
data from the Google Places API service to help identify florists, beauty salons, and other
businesses and map their locations. This approach has some limits - data from Places API tend to
be restricted to places that are customer facing -but the data set nonetheless provides an extremely
reliable source to study colocation patterns of neighborhood amenities.

Which choice best describes the function of the underlined portion in the text as a whole?

A. It describes the imprecise and subjective nature of neighborhood boundaries,

B. It introduces a model that a research team built to evaluate the mix of amenities in
urban neighborhoods.
C. It emphasizes the potential utility of the team's model.
D. It identifies a specific flaw in using a data set about amenities in cities.

6. Known for the albums Someday My Prince Will Come and Milestones, jazz trumpeter Miles
Davis collaborated several times with pianist Gil Evans. Their 1958 adaptation of George
Gershwin's opera Porgy and Bess bears little resemblance to the 1935 original. Davis and Evans
felt no desire to please listeners expecting an exact duplication of the opera. They omitted parts,
such as the aria "I Got Plenty of Nuthin'," and sometimes made only brief gestures toward
Gershwin's melodies. But Davis and Evans's willingness to recompose Gershwin's work led to
one of the most enduring albums in Davis's catalog.

Which choice best describes the function of the underlined sentence in the text as a whole?

A. It presents examples to support a claim made earlier in the text.

B. It shows how two artists benefited from ignoring certain conventions.
C. It proposes a reason why one work of art is widely thought to be more successful
than another.
D. It undermines an assertion made later in the text.

7. Scholarly interest in literary juvenilia-writings by children and teenagers-tends to focus on

unpublished works by authors who became famous as adults, such as W.IH. Auden's poem
"Autumn," which he wrote around age 15, because they offer insights into their authors artistic
development. But some scholars also argue that recovering juvenilia by lesser-known writers is
essential to understanding literary history: Daisy Ashford's novels. which she published as a child,
were widely read by contemporaries and are therefore deserving of closer attention.

Which choice best states the main purpose of the text?

A. To describe the challenges famous writers encountered when seeking to publish

works written in their childhood
B. To argue that Ashford's novels have more literary merit than Auden's juvenilia do
C. To compare the accomplishments of young writers with those of their adult
contemporaries
D. To present reasons why literary scholars consider juvenilia to be valuable resources
8. Superlubricity, the state of virtually no friction between materials, has desirable applications in
many industries. For example, it can make aircraft engines more efficient. To produce a coating
that achieves superlubricity, Chanaka Kumara and colleagues broke down carbon nanotubes into
fragments of graphene to fully cover two surfaces that would rub together. Friction between
pieces of graphene is generally extremely low, and when the researchers added a drop of oil as
lubrication, that friction nearly vanished. This new coating may drastically lower friction-related
energy costs.

According to the text, what happened when the researchers added oil to the surfaces covered in
graphene fragments?

A. All the pieces of graphene collected on just one of the two surfaces.
B. The low amount of friction between the surfaces became even lower.
C. Carbon nanotubes on the surfaces fractured into smaller pieces.
D. Friction between the surfaces did not noticeably change right away

9. Roy McLendon's Moonlit St. Lucie, a riverscape featuring the silhouette of a single palm tree
against the backdrop of shimmering water and a brilliant moonlit sky, is typical of paintings by
the Florida Highwaymen, an informal collective of landscape artists mainly active in the 1950s
and '60s. Remarkable for anticipating and amplifying cultural perceptions of Florida that became
pervasive in the public consciousness, paintings by the Highwaymen are readily identifiable by
the natural iconography-placid inland rivers, windswept palm trees that McLendon and
colleagues perpetually revisited.

Which choice best states the main idea of the text?

A. Although similar in its subject matter to many paintings by the Florida Highwaymen,
Moonlit St. Lucie is now more highly regarded than other Florida Highwaymen
paintings are.
B. Representative images found across many paintings by McLendon and other Florida
Highwaymen came to be widely associated with Florida in part due to the Florida
Highwaymen's influence.
C. Although paintings by the Florida Highwaymen were once celebrated for their
depictions of Florida's natural environments, the popularity of these paintings waned
after the 1960s.
D. The placid inland rivers and windswept palm trees that are typical of McLendon's
works, which are otherwise indistinguishable from other Florida Highwaymen
paintings, help to differentiate McLendon's paintings from those of his colleagues

10. The following text is from George Eliot's 1857 short story "The Sad Fortunes of the Rev, Amos.
Barton." In the text, the narrator addresses the reader directly and alludes to a discussion among
Rev. Amos Barton's neighbors.
It was happy for the Rev. Amos Barton that he did not, like us, overhear the conversation
recorded in the last chapter. Indeed, what mortal is there of us, who would find his
satisfaction enhanced by an opportunity of comparing the picture he presents to himself
of his own doings, with the picture they make on the mental retina of his neighbours? We
are poor plants buoyed up by the air-vessels of our own conceit: alas for us. if we get a
few pinches that empty us of that windy self-subsistence! The very capacity for good
would go out of us.
Which choice best states the main idea of the text?

A. Although people grasp the importance of honesty, they typically resist confronting
others about their flaws.
B. Although people wish to be seen as considerate, the slightest sethacks will often
discourage them from being so.
C. People tend to fixate more often than they should an whether their acquaintances
think highly of them.
D. People are better off not knowing about the discrepancy between their own self-
image and what others think of them.

11. –

12. Drosophila (fruit flies) have generation times of 10-12 days, so seasonal changes in humidity and
other environmental conditions can drive seasonal fluctuations in chromosome rearrangements in
species such as D. persimilis and D. mediopunctata. Drosophila body size (for which wing
centroid size serves as a proxy measure) correlates with life span. Banu Şebnem Önder and Cansu
Fidan Aksoy measured the wing sizes of members of a D. melanogaster population in Yeşilöz,
Turkey, that were collected monthly between May and October over three years. Their research
suggests that Drosophila collected in relatively warmer months should tend to have a longer life
span, as is illustrated by the finding that ______

Which choice most effectively uses data from the table to complete the assertion?

A. the average monthly low temperature was higher in June than in May.
B. the average male wing centroid size was larger in July than in October.
C. the average female wing centroid size was 2.02 mm in July but was 2.31 mm in June.
D. the average female wing centroid size was consistently larger than the average male
wing centroid size in all four months in the table.

13. A road was recently built in a Maryland woodland that is home to the house finch. Some finches
nests were situated close to the new road and others were deeper in the woodland. Common
ravens, which eat finch eggs, can spot nests near the open spaces of roads more easily than they
can spot nests surrounded by woodland. Accordingly, researchers in Maryland trying to predict
the impact of the new road on finches have suggested that _____
Which choice most logically completes the text?

A. finch eggs will make up about the same percentage of common ravens' diet as they
did before the road was built.
B. the number of finches building nests near the road will gradually increase as the
finches adapt to the presence of the common ravens.
C. finches nesting near the road will lose eggs to common ravens at a higher rate than
will finches nesting far from the road.
D. finches nesting far from the road will lay fewer eggs per nest than will finches
nesting near the road.

14. Biologists Rebecca M. Calisi-Rodriguez and George E. Bentley examined research on species
such as dark-eyed juncos and tucos, which have both been studied under laboratory conditions as
well as in the wild, to see whether there were significant differences between findings in the wild
and in the lab. And, for example, they found for tucos that daytime is the most active period for
wild individuals but not for captive individuals. Calisi-Rodriguez and Bentley therefore
concluded that the laboratory setting was likely _____

Which choice most logically completes the text?

A. more suitable than wild settings for studying tucos' patterns of rest and activity.
B. affecting the results for both tucos and dark-eyed juncos,
C. more suitable for studying dark eyed juncos than for studying tucos.
D. interfering with tucos patterns of rest and activity.

15. All stainless steel contains varying amounts of iron, carbon, and corrosion-inhibiting chromium.
However, ferritic stainless steel, often used for induction cookers, contains a higher percentage of
chromium (at least 10.5%) than does austenitic stainless steel as well as a higher concentration of
iron. Unlike ferritic stainless steel, austenitic stainless steel has a face-centered cubic crystalline
structure held stable by the presence of nickel and nitrogen. Austenitic stainless steel has two
subtypes: the 200 series, often used for washing machines, and the 300 series, which has more
nickel than the 200 series and is often used for storage containers or furnaces. Thus, stainless steel
used to manufacture _____

Which choice most logically completes the text?

A. furnaces and stainless steel used to manufacture washing machines will both have a
chromium content of less than 10.5%.
B. washing machines will have a higher concentration of nickel in its composition than
stainless steel used to manufacture furnaces will.
C. induction cookers will have a face-centered cubic crystalline structure, but stainless
steel used to manufacture storage containers will not.
D. storage containers and stainless steel used to manufacture induction cookers will have
a similar concentration of nitrogen in their compositions.

16. An emulsifier is a type of compound that serves to stabilize an emulsion-a mixture of two or more
liquids that otherwise would not easily blend together. In the cosmetics industry, emulsifiers such
as stearyl alcohol _____ to blend oil and water into homogeneous formulations, like lotions and
perfumes.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

A. employed
B. being employed
C. are employed
D. that they employ

17. The Akhundov National Library in Baku houses many historical newspapers, but it isn't necessary
to travel to Baku to access them. Because these rare items are digitized, people around the world
can access _____ regardless of where they live.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

A. it
B. them
C. this
D. that

18. The constitution of Spain, enacted in 1978, enshrines 60 total rights across 17,608 words of text.
According to constitutional scholar George Tsebelis, who examines the implications of
constitutional length on civil rights, _____ 105th in a global ranking of the shortest constitutions.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

A. its
B. it’s
C. they're
D. their

19. Featuring works by the photographers Liselotte Grschebina and Else "Yva" Neuländer- Simon,
the 2021 exhibition The New Woman Behind the Camera set out to provide a wide ranging
overview of photography by women in the 1920s through the _____ given the collection's breadth
of more than 120 photos, its efforts were largely successful.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

A. 1950s,
B. 1950s
C. 1950s and
D. 1950s, and

20. The Austronesian language family comprises some 1.200 languages-including the _____
Javanese and Bikol, which are spoken by 100 million and 4.6 million speakers, respectively -and
accounts for one-fifth of the world's languages, making it of keen interest to linguists like Li Jen-
kuei.
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

A. languages
B. languages:
C. languages-
D. languages,

21. Blair L.M. Kelley, a historian specializing in the history of segregation in the US, conducted
extensive research while writing a book about the landmark Brown v. Board of Education court
case. _____ when the book was released, colleagues in her field regarded it as a reliable source of
information on the subject.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?

A. Likewise,
B. Consequently,
C. Next,
D. Nevertheless,

22. Many English adjectives share a linguistic origin with their associated nouns, like the adjective
"monetary and the noun "money," both of which come from the Latin "monetarius." _____ some
adjectives do not share an origin with their associated nouns. For example, the adjective "bovine"
ultimately comes from the Latin "bos," while its associated noun, "cow," comes from the Old
English "cu."

Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?

A. Subsequently,
B. For this reason,
C. Nevertheless,
D. Specifically,

23. The decades since the Second World War have seen a range of outcomes for the independence
movements of Micronesia, Melanesia, and Polynesia. Many of the regions islands and groups of
islands have become independent nations. _____ the Northern Mariana Islands, a commonwealth
in Micronesia consisting of fifteen islands, are part of the US, and the Society Islands, a group of
islands in Polynesia including Tahiti and Bora Bora, are part of the territory of French Polynesia.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?

A. For example,
B. Therefore,
C. In fact,
D. On the other hand,

24. While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
 A supercontinent is a single landmass made up of most or all of Earth's continents.
 Over time, continents merge together to form supercontinents, which then break apart.
 This process is believed to take hundreds of millions of years and is known as the
supercontinent cycle.
 Ur was a supercontinent that formed about 3.1 billion years ago.
 Euramerica was a supercontinent that formed about 300 million years ago.

The student wants to emphasize a difference between the two supercontinents. Which choice
most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

A. Euramerica formed about 300 million years ago, but Ur formed much earlier- about
3.1 billion years ago.
B. Forming and breaking apart over hundreds of millions of years, supercontinents are
made up of most or all of Earth's continents.
C. Ur and Euramerica were both supercontinents, single landmasses made up of most or
all of Earth's continents.
D. Ur formed about 3.1 billion years ago but eventually broke apart.

25. While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
 Ixmiquilpan is a municipality in the state of Hidalgo, Mexico.
 Municipalities are governmental regions responsible for providing many public services
to their residents.
 One service they provide is water treatment.
 Ixmiquilpan's population was 98,654 in 2020.
 Hidalgo is divided into 84 municipalities.

The student wants to provide an example of a public service that Ixmiquilpan is responsible for.
Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

A. As a municipality. Ixmiquilpan is responsible for providing water treatment to its

residents.
B. Ixmiquilpan is one of 84 municipalities in Hidalgo providing public services to their
communities.
C. Ixmiquilpan-a governmental region in the state of Hidalgo, Mexico-provides public
services to its residents.
D. In 2020, the municipality of Ixmiquilpan had a population of 98,654

26. While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
 Square Tower House is a former Ancestral Puebloan settlement in southwestern
 Colorado that was inhabited from approximately 1200-1300 CE.
 It contained elaborate multistory buildings primarily made of adobe and stone.
 The Ancestral Puebloan civilization (approximately 1200 BCE-1600 CL) was the
precursor of modern Pueblo tribal nations.
 These modern nations include Zuni Pueblo and Isleta Pueblo.
 Buildings in Zuni Pueblo and Isleta Pueblo often incorporate traditional elements, such as
adobe and stone, alongside more contemporary elements

The student wants to connect Square Tower House to modern-day Pueblo buildings. Which
choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?
A. Modern-day Pueblo buildings, such as those in Zuni Pueblo and Isleta Pueblo,
incorporate elements that wouldn't have been found in Square Tower House.
B. The Ancestral Puebloan settlement of Square Tower House was built with adobe and
stone, materials still used in the buildings of Zuni Pueblo and Isleta Pueblo.
C. The elaborate buildings of Square Tower House in southwestern Colorado
incorporate both traditional and modern-day elements in their design.
D. Square Tower House, located in southwestern Colorado, was inhabited from
approximately 1200-1300 CE, but its buildings aren't actively occupied today.