Questions 1-10 are based on the following Kitty contemplated the scene with a mind equally

passage. divided between fear and anger. What should she do if

This passage is from Paul Laurence Dunber, The Sport of 25 he should so speak to her? Like the others, no doubt,
the Gods. Originally published in 1901. smile sheepishly and obey him. But she did not like to
believe it. She felt that the independence which she had
Then the work began. The man was indefatigable. He known from babyhood would assert itself, and that she
was like the spirit of energy. He was in every place about would talk back to him, even as Hattie Sterling did . She
the stage at once, leading the chorus, showing them 30 felt scared and discouraged, but every now and then her
Line steps, twisting some awkward girl into shape, shouting, friend smiled encouragingly upon her across the ranks of
5 gesticulating, abusing the pianist. moving singers.
“Now, now,” he would shout, “the left foot on that Finally, however, her thoughts were broken in upon
beat. Bah, bah, stop! You walk like a lot of tin soldiers. by hearing Mr. Martin cry: “Oh, quit, quit, and go rest
Are your joints rusty? Do you want oil? Look here, 35 yourselves, you ancient pieces of hickory, and let me
Taylor, if I didn’t know you, I’d take you for a truck. Pick forget you for a minute before I go crazy. Where’s that
10 up your feet, open your mouths, and move, move, move! new girl now?”
Oh!” and he would drop his head in despair. “And to Kitty rose and went toward him, trembling so that she
think that I’ve got to do something with these things in could hardly walk.
two weeks—two weeks!” Then he would turn to them 40 “What can you do?”
again with a sudden reaccession of eagerness. “Now, at “I can sing,” very faintly.
15 it again, at it again! Hold that note, hold it! Now whirl, “Well, if that’s the voice you’re going to sing in, there
and on the left foot. Stop that music, stop it! Miss Coster, won’t be many that’ll know whether it’s good or bad. Well,
you’ll learn that step in about a thousand years, and I’ve let’s hear something. Do you know any of these?”
got nine hundred and ninety-nine years and fifty weeks 45 And he ran over the titles of several songs. She knew
less time than that to spare. Come here and try that step some of them, and he selected one. “Try this. Here, Tom,
20 with me. Don’t be afraid to move. Step like a chicken play it for her.”
on a hot griddle!” And some blushing girl would come
forward and go through the step alone before all the rest.

2
It was an ordeal for the girl to go through. She had 2
never sung before at anything more formidable than a
50 church concert, where only her immediate acquaintances Which choice provides the best evidence for the answer
and townspeople were present. Now to sing before all to the previous question?
these strange people, themselves singers, made her feel A) Lines 2-5 (“He was . . . pianist”)
faint and awkward. But the courage of desperation came B) Lines 23-24 (“Kitty . . . anger”)
to her, and she struck into the song. At the first her voice
55 wavered and threatened to fail her. It must not. She C) Lines 24-25 (“What . . . her”)
choked back her fright and forced the music from her D) Lines 34-36 (“Oh, quit . . . crazy”)
lips.
When she was done, she was startled to hear Martin
burst into a raucous laugh. Such humiliation! She had 3
60 failed, and instead of telling her, he was bringing her to According to the passage, Kitty prefers to think of herself
shame before the whole company. The tears came into as the type of person who
her eyes, and she was about giving way when she caught
a reassuring nod and smile from Hattie Sterling, and A) obediently follows all instructions.
seized on this as a last hope. B) consistently maintains her composure.
65 “Haw, haw, haw!” laughed Martin, “haw, haw, haw! C) directly defies attempts to intimidate her.
The little one was scared, see? She was scared, d’ you
understand? But did you see the grit she went at it with? D) correctly estimates the limits of her skills.
Just took the bit in her teeth and got away. Haw, haw,
haw! Now, that’s what I like. If all you girls had that
70 spirit, we could do something in two weeks. Try another 4
one, girl.” The passage indicates that Hattie views Kitty as a friend
Kitty’s heart had suddenly grown light. She sang the who
second one better because something within her was
A) deserves gentle teasing about her stage fright.
singing.
B) needs heartening attention to bolster her confidence.
C) requires incessant pampering to feel at ease.
1
D) seeks exemption from unreasonable demands.
The passage suggests that Kitty feels Mr. Martin’s
treatment of the performers warrants which reaction?
A) Indignation at his scornful comments 5

B) Disdain for this tendency to complain Over the course of the passage, Mr. Martin’s attitude
shifts from
C) Resentment toward his unrealistic demands
A) openly impatient to politely tolerant.
D) Acknowledgment of the need for strict discipline
B) obviously dissatisfied to genuinely appreciative.
C) utterly scornful to completely dismayed.
D) bitterly resentful to seemingly hopeful.

3
6 9
As used in line 52, “strange” most nearly means Mr. Martin’s evaluation of Kitty’s performance focuses
A) uncommon. most directly on Kitty’s

B) peculiar. A) pleasing voice.

C) unfamiliar. B) resolve to perform onstage.

D) awkward. C) ability to engage the audience.

D) sense of personal dignity.

7
10
It can be most reasonably inferred from the passage that
Kitty’s initial understanding of Mr. Martin’s reaction to The reference to “singing” in line 74 mainly serves to
her performance is A) signal a puzzling change in Kitty’s mood.
A) essentially sound, because she counters his sarcasm B) reveal the motivation for performing she discovers.
with hostility.
C) echo the inspirational tone of Kitty’s song.
B) fundamentally unrealistic, because she is new to
theatrical work. D) emphasize the unexpected happiness Kitty feels.

C) largely mistaken, because she is distressed by an

apparent insult.
D) somewhat flawed, because she expects an outright
endorsement.

8
Which choice provides the best evidence for the answer
to the previous question?
A) Lines 51-53 (“Now . . . awkward”)
B) Lines 58-59 (“When . . . laugh”)
C) Lines 61-64 (“The tears . . . hope”)
D) Line 72 (“Kitty's . . . light”)

4
Questions 11-21 are based on the following Passage 2
passages. 35 The farmers in this country will always out number
Passages 1, by James Kent, and passage 2, by David Buel,
all other portions of our population. Admitting that the
are adapted from speeches delivered to the New York increase of our cities, and especially of our commercial
Constitutional Convention in 1821. Both address the metropolis, will be as great as it has been hitherto; it is
requirement in the New York State Constitution that only not to be doubted that the agricultural population will
property-owning men should be granted suffrage, the right 40 increase in the same proportion. The city population
to vote. will never be able to depress that of the country. New-
York has always contained about a tenth part of the
Passage 1
population of the state, and will probably always bear
The tendency of universal suffrage, is to jeopardize
a similar proportion. Can she, with such a population,
the rights of property and principles of liberty. . . Who
45 under any circumstances, render the property of the vast
can undertake to calculate with any precision, how
population of the country insecure? It may be that mobs
Line many millions of people, this great state will contain
will occasionally be collected, and commit depredations
5 in the course of this and the next century, and who
in a great city, but, can the mobs traverse our immense
can estimate the future extent and magnitude of our
territory, and invade the farms, and despoil the property
commercial ports? The disproportion between the
50 of the landholders? And if such a state of things were
men of property, and the men of no property, will be
possible, would a senate, elected by freeholders, afford
in every society in a ratio to its commerce, wealth,
any security?
10 and population. We are no longer to remain plain and
. . . I contend, that by the true principle of our
simple republics of farmers, like the New England
government, property, as such, is not the basis of
colonists, or the Dutch settlements in the Hudson. We
55 representation. Our community is an association of
are fast becoming a great nation, with great commerce,
persons—of human beings—not a partnership founded
manufactures, population, wealth, luxuries, and with
on property. The declared object of the people of this
15 the vises and miseries that they engender. One seventh
state in associating, was, to “establish such a government
of the population of city of Paris at this day subsists on
as they deemed best calculated to secure the rights
charity, and one third of the inhabitants of that city die
60 and liberties of the good people of the state, and most
in hospitals; what would become of such a city with
conducive to their happiness and safety.” Property, it is
universal suffrage?
admitted, is one of the rights to be protected and secured;
20 . . . The notion that every man that works a day on
and although the protection of life and liberty is the
the road, or serves an idle hour in the militia, is entitled
highest object of attention, it is certainly true, that the
as of right to an equal participation in the whole power
65 security of property is a most interesting and important
of the government, is most unreasonable, and has no
object in every free government. Property is essential
foundation in justice. . .
to our temporal happiness; and is necessarily one of the
25 Liberty, rightly understood, is an inestimable blessing,
most interesting subjects of legislation. The desire of
but liberty without wisdom, and without justice, is no
acquiring property is a universal passion. . . To property
better than wild and savage licentiousness. The danger
70 we are indebted for most of our comforts, and for much
which we have hereafter to apprehend, is not the want,
of our temporal happiness. The numerous religious,
but the abuse, of liberty. . . A stable senate, exempted
moral, and benevolent institutions which are every
30 from the influence of universal suffrage, will powerfully
where established, owe their existence to wealth; and it
check these dangerous propensities, and such a check
is wealth which enables us to make those great internal
becomes the more necessary, since the Convention has
75 improvement which we have undertaken. Property
already determined to withdraw the watchful eye of the
is only one of the incidental rights of the person who
judicial department from the passage of laws.
possesses it; and, as such, it must be made secure, but
it does not follow, that it must therefore be represented
specifically in any branch of the government.

5
11 14
Which choice best states the central idea of Passage 1? What is Buel’s central claim in Passage 2?
A) The economy’s increasing reliance on industry and A) The existence of important social and religious
manufacturing will benefit the nation. institutions depends heavily on financial support
B) The growth of the country’s population will increase from citizens.
both its wealth and its problems. B) The high proportion of farmers in the country
C) Allowing everyone to vote would destabilize a should afford their elected representatives a major
growing nation. role in government.

D) The judicial branch of government should remain C) The income and landholdings of all citizens must be
involved in passage of laws. carefully protected by any new legislation.
D) Property ownership should not be the factor that
determines whether or not citizens can elect their
12 political representatives.
In Passage 1, Kent states that those men who work on the
roads and serve in the militia are
15
A) deserving of praise for their industry and initiative.
Buel includes the series of questions in the first paragraph
B) helping to preserve and protect American property. of Passage 2 most likely to
C) not qualified to have the same rights as land owners. A) address issues related to the perceived dangers of
D) generally unreasonable and unjust in their behavior. universal suffrage.
B) inject a note of skepticism into the discussion about
economic prosperity.
13
C) cast doubt on the willingness of legislation to protect
Which choice best supports the idea that Kent believes farmers.
that freedom is not an absolute good?
D) express disbelief at the unilateral actions of his
A) Lines 7-10 (“The disproportion . . . population”) political opponents.
B) Lines 15-18 (“One seventh . . . hospitals”)
C) Lines 18-19 (“what . . . suffrage”)
16
D) Lines 25-27 (“Liberty . . . licentiousness”)
As used in line 57, “object” most nearly means
A) perception.
B) entity.
C) disagreement.
D) goal.

6
17 20
According to Buel, what importance does property have Which statement describes how Kent would most likely
with regard to human existence in general? react to Buel’s remarks in lines 36-40 (“Admitting...
A) It is commonly desired by people because it proportion”)?
contributes to their comfort and happiness. A) Kent would argue that farmers are too often out of
B) Its possession defines what it is that makes humans touch with the nation’s rapidly changing commercial
morally and spiritually distinctive. needs.

C) Its relentless pursuit has made America into the B) Kent would complain that people who perform part-
successful nation that it has become. time labor drain the government’s limited pool of
resources and should not be allowed to run for office.
D) Its ownership is of greater value to most people than
is the pursuit of safety and liberty. C) Kent would assert that, regardless of the number
of farmers, the nonagricultural economy will now
define the character of the nation.
18 D) Kent would point out that, because the nation’s
founders were wealthy, the principles they supported
As used in line 77, “made secure” most nearly means
naturally favor professions that are more lucrative
A) stabilized. than agriculture.
B) reassured.
C) balanced.
21
D) protected.
Which choice provides the best evidence for the answer
to the previous question?
19 A) Lines 2-5 (“Who . . . century”)
How would Buel most likely respond to Kent’s statement B) Lines 10-15 (“We are . . . engender”)
in lines 1-3 (“The tendency . . . liberty”)? C) Lines 20-24 (“The notion . . . justice”)
A) With resignation, because the nation’s chief concern D) Lines 27-29 (“The danger . . . liberty”)
will inevitably shift from universal justice to
individual wealth.
B) With disapproval, because the nation was founded
to serve and protect all people regardless of their
landholdings.
C) With amusement, because universal suffrage actually
insulates property owners against financial losses.
D) With anger, because efforts to achieve universal
suffrage undermine the fundamental principles of
the nation.

7
Questions 22-32 are based on the following Mimosas subjected to a single drop quickly closed
passage and supplementary material. their leaves, and did so again when the experiment was
This passage is adapted from P.H, “Memory in Plants.” repeated eight hours later—clearly they still considered
©2014 by The Economist Newspaper Limited. the experience threatening. A large group of plants was
40 then trained with a series of 60 consecutive drops a few
When Britain’s Prince Charles once claimed that he seconds apart, repeated seven times within a single day.
talked to his plants—and that they responded—critics These plants habituated rapidly, keeping their leaves
chalked it up as one more reason why he should never open after the first four to six initial drops and, towards
Line become king. With tongue more firmly in cheek, the the end of the day’s training, not closing their leaves at
5 prince says that these days he merely “instructs” his leafy 45 all (as expected, the LL plants leaves re-opened more
subjects. But do they listen to, learn from, or remember widely). To ensure that all this was not simply a case of
his royal commands? “fall-fatigue,” a different kind of shock (on a 250-rpm
More than a century ago Bengali polymath Sir “shaker plate”) was administered after the sixth training.
Jagadish Chandra Bose posited that plants could feel, The mimosas closed their leaves.
10 learn and remember, and more recent studies have 50 What is most remarkable, however, is that the plants
confirmed they can store and recall biological data. remembered their training. Some mimosas that were
But research by Monica Gagliano of the University of subjected to a single series of 60 drops six days later
Western Australia (UWA) and three fellow scientists did not close their leaves at all, while those that did
goes much further. This study, published in Oecologia, react stopped doing so after only two or three drops.
15 offers proof that plants not only learn from experience, 55 A number of plants were then switched from LL to
but remember what they have learned over relatively HL (and vice versa), left undisturbed for 28 days, and
long periods. “re-tested” by being given the full day’s training again.
Dr. Gagliano and collaborators Michael Renton, Intriguingly, the HL-to-LL plants not only remembered
Martial Depczynski (all from UWA) and Stefano that the stimulus was harmless, but also opened their
20 Mancuso (of Florence University) chose as their subject 60 leaves more widely, showing that they had adapted what
the herb Mimosa pudica, often known as the touch- they had learned to their new LL environment. Overall,
me-not because its leaves fold swiftly inwards when both groups displayed more pronounced and consistent
disturbed—a mechanism designed to defend it against responses than before, demonstrating that they still
predators. recall what they were taught four weeks earlier.
25 The team devised an apparatus that suspend each 65 Dr. Gagliano and her colleagues admit that they do
potted mimosa on a vertical rail above a foam base, then not conclusively know how plants—lacking brains or
dropped it 15cm by allowing it to slide down the rail—a neutral tissue—learn and remember. Calcium-based
significant physical shocks, but ultimately not a threat cellular signalling is one possible explanation, as is the
to the plant’s well-being. Their goal was to discover if processing of information by cells via ion flows—plants
30 mimosas could adaptively learn to ignore such stimuli, 70 have well-established pathways to transmit information
a process known as habituation. The plants were via electrical signals.
variously grown in low-light (LL) and high-light (HL) All of which, particularly when set alongside Dr
environments, with the expectation that the LL plants Gagliano’s recent work showing that plants can “talk”
would “learn” more quickly given their greater need to with each other via a kind of nanomechanical acoustic
35 keep their leaves open for photosynthesis. 75 mechanism, suggests that Prince Charles may yet be
vindicated.

8
Adapted from Monica Gagliano et al., “Experience Teaches Plants to Learn Faster and Forget Slower
in Envirionment Where it matters.” ©2014 by Springer-verlag Berhn Heidelberg.

22 23
The main purpose of the passage is to As used in line 1, “claimed” most nearly means
A) compare the findings of a series of historic scientific A) demanded.
experiments that show plants can recall learned B) gathered.
responses.
C) presumed.
B) discuss a scientific study that advances an earlier
arguments about the capability of plants to learn and D) maintained.
recall.
C) argue that a debunked hypothesis about how plants
learn must be reconsidered in light of new evidence.
D) examine the means by which plants learn, retain,
and transmit information.

9
24 27
The author implies that mimosas were particularly The author implies that the mimosas used in the study
suitable for the study described in the passage because ultimately learned that
they A) sliding down the rail was not a genuine danger to
A) are exceptionally resilient. their survival.
B) learn new behaviors readily. B) protection from predators was not linked to the level
C) exhibit clear signs when distressed. of light in the environment.

D) adapt easily to a variety of environments. C) their leaves needed to be left open for photosynthesis
to occur.
D) partially closing their leaves could serve as a warning
25 of potential threats.
Which choice provides the best evidence for the answer
to the previous question?
28
A) Lines 8-11 (“More . . . data”)
The author suggests that Gagliano’s team administered
B) Lines 14-17 (“This . . . periods”) the shaker-plate shock to the mimosas after the training
C) Lines 18-24 (“Dr. Gagliano . . . predators”) with the consecutive drops to
D) Lines 31-35 (“The plants . . . photosynthesis”) A) confirm that the mimosas were still capable of
distinguishing between potential threats and
harmless events.
26 B) clarify how efficiently the mimosas were able to
Which choice best supports the conclusions that respond to circumstances that they perceived as
mimosas may have the ability to generalize their learning dangerous.
to new circumstances? C) challenge the results of earlier experiments regarding
A) Lines 36-39 (“Mimosas . . . threatening”) the ability of mimosas to made use of biological data.
B) Lines 46-49 (“To ensure . . . training”) D) determine whether the mimosas remembered
particular experiences that they had undergone
C) Lines 55-57 (“A number . . . again”)
several days earlier.
D) Lines 58-61 (“Intriguingly . . . environment”)

10
29 31
The author includes the seventh paragraph (line 65-71) According to the figure, which choice is closest to the
most likely to percentage of mean leaf openness of mimosas grown in a
A) advance reservation about the design of the high-light environment at the 4-hour mark?
experiment explored in the passage. A) 60%
B) suggest that questions regarding the learning ability B) 70%
of plants remain. C) 80%
C) offer a potential resolution to an ongoing debate D) 90%
among scientists who study plants.
D) imply that some conclusions about the ability of
plants to learn may have been premature. 32
What claim from the passage about the mimosas that
were exposed to the shocks is undermined by the data
30
presented in the figure?
What main effect does the author’s inclusion of the last A) The mimosas did not close their leaves at all toward
paragraph (line 72-76) have on the tone of the passage? the end of the day’s training.
A) It creates a dismissive tone by restating the view of a B) The mimosas grown in a low-light environment
person discredited in the passage. learned more quickly than those grown in a high-
B) It creates a humorous tone by referring to an light environment.
anecdote discussed earlier in the passage. C) The mimosas could adaptively learned to ignore
C) It creates a triumphant tone by confirming that a certain shocks.
historical figure may receive justice. D) The mimosas closed their leaves decisively after the
D) It creates a sarcastic tone by mocking the beliefs of a administration of the shaker-plate shock.
group of people described in the passage.

11
Questions 33-42 are based on the following The research reported here investigated how such
passage and supplementary material. skepticism toward others can be explained. We focused
This passage is adapted from Detlef Fetchenhauer
on two possible determinants. First, participants may not
and David Dunning, “Why So Cynical? Asymmetric be sufficiently motivated to provide accurate estimates
Feedback Underlies Misguided Skepticism Regarding the 45 of trustworthiness. Behavioral economists would argue
Trustworthiness of others.” ©2010 by Detlef Fetchenhauer that participants provide valid estimates only if they have
and David Dunning. a sufficient material incentive to do so, although this
argument cannot explain why estimates are so biased in
People can be cynical to a fault. They underestimate one direction.
how often others respond generously to request for 50 Second, when people decide whether to trust, they
help and overestimate how much others’ attitudes and can make two mistakes. They can trust someone whose
Line actions are driven by selfish concerns. To be sure, there intentions are actually harmful, or they can refuse to trust
5 is contrary evidence showing that people can be roughly a person who would actually reciprocate that trust. The
realistic in anticipating the altruism of others, but an chance that life informs them about these two mistakes
increasing body of evidence suggests that when people 55 is asymmetric. When people trust another person and
are contemplating whether they should rely on the that person betrays their trust, people become painfully
kindness of strangers, they suspect those strangers will aware of that betrayal. However, if people distrust another
10 prove more selfish than actually is the case. person, they never give that person a chance to act in a
We have previously shown this cynicism most clearly trustworthy way. Thus, people preclude themselves from
in experiments using the economic paradigm known 60 learning when others, despite expectations, might prove
as the “trust” or ‘‘investment” game. In the game, the trustworthy.
truster is given money that can be kept or handed to In essence, we argue for an experience-sampling
15 a completely random and anonymous stranger, the explanation for unwarranted cynicism in situations
trustee. If the truster hands his or her money over, the involving trust. When people trust and that trust is
amount of money is quadrupled (e.g., $5 becomes $20), 65 exploited, they become more cynical. However, when
and trustees have two options: They can either split the they mistakenly fail to trust a trustworthy person, they
money evenly between themselves and the truster (e.g., avoid the experience that would provide feedback to
20 give $10 back and keep $10 for themselves), or they can correct that mistake. Thus, their overall impression of
keep all the money for themselves. human nature is left overly cynical.
In a number of studies, we have shown that the
vast majority of trustees honor the trust that is offered
them, giving money back even when their identities Predicted and Actual Percentage of Trustworthy
25 are anonymous and they are under no compulsion Trustees in Three Trust Games
to act generously. However, most truster severely
underestimate their fellow participants’ trustworthiness.
Although 80% to 90% of trustees honor trust, trusters on Trusters’ predictions Actual percentage of
average estimate that this rate will be only 45% to 60%. of the percentage trustees who are
Game
30 Such cynicism may matter, in that it leads people to of trustees who are trustworthy
refrain from trusting, and thus pass up likely monetary trustworthy
gains. For example, in versions of the game in which 1 43.6% 77.8%
people can decide the exact amount of money to transfer 2 46.4% 80.2%
to the trustee, many people pass along only a little
3 44.5% 77.8%
35 money. This causes trustees to pass back little although
they would have been quite generous if they had been Adapted from Detled Fetchenhauer and David Dunning, “Do
trusted more completely. Similarly, when trusters impose People Trust Too Much or Too Little?” ©2008 by Elsevier B.V.
possible penalties if trustees are not generous enough
in return, trustees respond by passing back significantly
40 less than they would otherwise.

12
33 36
Over the course of the passage, the main focus shifts Based on the passage, which change to the design of the
from a trust game would some researchers say is most likely to
A) presentation of the findings of certain studies to a increase the accuracy of trusters’ predictions of trustees'
discussion of research investigating how to explain behavior?
those findings. A) An increased amount of money is initially given to
B) description of a controversy among researchers to an each truster.
analysis of potential ways to resolve that controversy. B) A financial reward is paid to each truster for correct
C) summary of the major conclusions of a body of predictions.
research to an evaluation of new evidence that seems C) The trusters are guaranteed a certain amount of
inconsistent with those conclusions. money regardless of the trustees’ decisions.
D) presentation of anecdotal observations of a D) The trustees and the trusters are able to meet before
phenomenon to a proposal for a controlled study of the game starts.
that phenomenon.

37
34
Which choice provides the best evidence for the answer
The main function of the second paragraph (lines 11-21) to the previous questions?
is to A) Lines 32-35 (“For example . . . money”)
A) describe a method the authors used to assess people’s B) Lines 35-37 (“This . . . completely”)
cynicism in experimental contexts.
C) Lines 37-40 (“Similarly . . . otherwise”)
B) draw a distinction between cynicism displayed in
experimental settings and cynicism displayed in D) Lines 45-49 (“Behavioral . . . direction”)
everyday life.
C) suggest that the cynicism that subjects show in trust 38
games varies with the amount of money at stake.
In saying that the chances of being informed about two
D) present data showing that people typically behave
types of trust mistakes are “asymmetric” (line 55), the
cynically in trust games.
authors mean that
A) people will realize only when they have made one
35 type of mistake, not when they made the other type
of mistake.
Which choice provided the best evidence that the
authors have designed experiments so as to eliminate the B) people are more likely to commit one type of mistake
possibility that trustees’ actions are influenced by a desire than they are to commit the other type of mistake.
to be viewed as fair? C) one type of mistake is likely to cause people more
A) Lines 13-16 (“In the . . . trustees”) harm, whether recognized or not, than is the other
type of mistake.
B) Lines 16-21 (“If the . . . themselves”)
D) the two types of mistakes are likely to be incorrectly
C) Lines 22-26 (“In a . . . generously”) perceived as the same type of mistake.
D) Lines 26-29 (“However . . . trustworthiness”)

13
39 42
As used line 65, “exploited” most nearly means The data in the table most directly support which claim
A) developed to a point of excess. made in the passage?

B) used to selfish advantage. A) If a truster gives money to a trustee, then the amount
of money available multiplies.
C) advertised widely to others.
B) Trusters tend to undervalue the trustworthiness of
D) applied ineffectively. trustees.
C) Trustee’s trustworthiness decreases when trusters
40 can impose penalties.
D) The accuracy of predicions of trustworthiness is
According to the table, the actual percentage of trustees
improved when predictors have material incentives.
who were trustworthy was smallest in
A) game 1 only.
B) game 2 only.
C) game 3 only.
D) game 1 and 3.

41
Which statement is best supported by the data presented
in the table?
A) The difference between the predicted and actual
precentages of trustworthy participants was nearly
equal across the three games.
B) In games 1 and 3, the predicted and catual
precentages of trustworthy participants were slightly
greater than they were in game 2.
C) The predicted precentage of trustworthy participants
was nearly the same as the actual precentage of
trustworthy participants in all three games.
D) There was no pattern in the relationship between
the predicted and actual precentages of trustworthy
participants across the three games.

14
Questions 43-52 are based on the following System, is that long runout landslides occur on our Moon
passage. and on four other moons in our Solar System that have
45 no atmosphere—Io, Callisto, Phobos, and Iapetus. Such
This passage is adapted from Susan W. Kleffer, “The Deadly
Dynamics of Landslides,” ©2014 by Sigma Xi, The Scientific slides also occur on Mars, which currently has only a
Research Society. very thin atmosphere, although it is not known what the
atmosphere was like when the landslides formed in the
Approximately 17,000 years ago, a volume of rock past. Long runout slides on airless or nearly airless bodies
equal to a cube about a half-mile on a side roared out 50 have forced geologists to look at explanation other than
of a steep canyon in the San Bernardino Mountains in air lubrication.
Line southern California. It originated 1,500 feet above the One group of theories takes into account the fact that
5 canyon bottom. Rocks in the slide, already fractured landslides are not monolithic slabs of rock, but consist of
at the start of the event, shattered on impact with the rock fragments of many different sizes. They fall into the
canyon bottom, forming intricate three-dimensional 55 broad category of materials called “granular matter” that
jigsaw puzzles. When this event, known as the have unique properties. The cereal in your breakfast bowl
Blackhawk slide, exited from the canyon, it ran out provides an example. Sometimes these materials behave
10 across a nearly flat valley floor for five miles. Amazingly, very much like a solid, and other times they flow like a
the pieces of the jigsaw puzzles stayed together as the liquid. Grains can flow, slosh, and reflect from boundaries
slide zoomed along at nearly 75 miles an hour. A similar 60 like a liquid, they can erode channels just like flowing
landslide triggered by the 1964 Alaska earthquake water, and in some instances they can produce hills and
traveled three miles across the nearly level Sherman gullies that mimic features formed by flowing water.
15 Glacier before coming to rest. Where the base of the Increasingly, evidence has been mounting that
landslide could be seen on the glacier, it rested on— lubrication is enhanced also by liquid water, ice, wet
believe it or not—undisturbed snow. In other places 65 debris, or mud at the base of the slide, or perhaps water
it left alders, mosses, and small plants completely within the slide. Even if landslides are not saturated
undisturbed. with water, they are unlikely to be completely dry; they
20 The observations from the Alaska, and geological will always contain some liquid water (on Earth) or ice
evidence from the Blackhawk landslide, led to the (on Earth and the other planets or satellites). Water is
intriguing hypothesis that landslide can be transported 70 effective at lubricating debris and mudflows. Sometimes
like flexible sheets over a cushion of trapped and water on the surface of the Earth provides a layer over
compressed air—literally like a flying carpet. Imagine which a landslide hydroplanes like a boat.
25 such huge masses of rock roaring down a canyon, hitting Even these possibilities do not exhaust the ideas
a resistant ledge, being launched hundreds of feet into proposed for long-runout slides. By studying landslides
the air, setting back onto a blanket of compressed air 75 at these many scales, geoscientists have come up with
only a few feet thick, and then hurling out at breakneck such a bewildering array of proposals for how they move
speeds onto the desert floor until the air leaks out that it may sound as if we simply don’t know what we are
30 and the slide gently glides to a halt, the whole event talking about. In truth, some of the processes proposed
taking perhaps a minute or two. In this “air lubrication” almost certainly occur some of the time in some of the
hypothesis, the landslide floats as a nearly rigid stab on 80 landslides, and not all of the processes occur all of the
its cushion of air, so fragile jigsaw pieces of rock such as time or in all places. The large number of hypotheses
those observed at Blackhawk are preserved. and mechanisms proposed is testimony to the awesome
35 Although the air lubrication hypothesis may work complexity of our world.
for specific slides, two arguments suggest that it cannot
explain all long runouts. First is the question of whether
the air can stay trapped under the slide long enough for
the runout, because it would tend to diffuse through the
40 slide and around its edges. The second problem, which
became obvious as a result of unmanned spacecraft
looking at the planets and their satellites in the Solar

15
43 46
In the first paragraph, the effect of the word “amazingly” Which choice provides the best evidence for the answer
(line 10) and the phrase “believe it or not” (line 17) is to to the previous question?
A) imply that long runouts occur with surprising A) Lines 35-37 (“Although . . . runouts”)
frequency. B) Lines 37-40 (“First . . . edges”)
B) convey astonishment at the results of certain long C) Lines 49-51 (“Long-runout . . . lubrication”)
runouts.
D) Lines 63-66 (“Increasingly . . . slide”)
C) stress that longrunouts are less destructive than they
are assumed to be.
D) emphasize the beauty of landscape shaped by long 47
runouts.
A significant difference between the two arguments
against the air-lubrication hypothesis discussed in the
third paragraph (lines 35-51) is that the first argument
44
A) raises doubts about an important assumption of
As used in line 34, “preserved” most nearly means the hypothesis, while the second argument presents
A) defended. evidence that the hypothesis cannot account for.
B) started. B) implies that the hypothesis has been replaces by a
C) kept intact. more recent hypothesis, while the second argument
implies that the hypothesis is simply a restatement of
D) set apart. an earlier, discredited hypothesis.
C) asserts that the hypothesis is only a partial
45 explanation, while the second argument suggests
that the hypothesis is unnecessary.
The author implies that air lubrication cannot explain all
D) identifies a logical contradiction in the hypothesis,
long runouts in part because it
while the second argument holds that the hypothesis
A) is unlikely to occur in landslides that lack a is supported by questionable data.
substantial component of liquid water or ice.
B) requires a denser atmosphere than is found in some
places where long runouts have occurred. 48
C) does not seem to occur on most rocky planets and The author would most likely agree with which claim
satellites in the solar system despite those bodies regarding the phenomenon in which granular matter
meeting the necessary conditions for it. behaves like a liquid?
D) can persist for only a small fraction of the time A) Most scientists studying landslides underestimate
between the start and finish of a long runout. the significance of the phenomenon.
B) The effects of the phenomenon may be diminished if
liquid water is present.
C) In some landslides the phenomenon probably does
not play a significant role.
D) The geological formations created by the
phenomenon may be difficult to distinguish from
the formations created by earlier phenomenon.

16
49 51
Which choice provides the best evidence for the answer According to the passage, moisture in landslides may
to the previous question? serve to
A) Lines 57-59 (“Sometimes . . . liquid”) A) make slides more destructive.
B) Lines 59-62 (“Grains . . . water”) B) cause slides to grow in size.
C) Lines 74-78 (“By studying . . . about”) C) minimize the amount of debris in slides.
D) Lines 78-81 (“In truth . . . places”) D) allow slides to flow more smoothly.

50 52
The reference to breakfast cereal in the fourth paragraph Which statement best expresses the author’s view of the
(lines 52-62) serves to illustrate a natural phenomenon great number and variety of theories about landslides that
primarily by scientists have put forward?
A) identifying a potential familiar instance of the A) They are a result of landslide researchers’ tendency to
phenomenon. reexamine and critique one another’s research.
B) stressing that the phenomenon is as commonplace as B) They may suggest that there is a lack of scientific
many aspects of daily life. consensus about landslides, but in reality most
C) noting a behavior for which the phenomenon is details about landslides are well established.
responsible. C) They stem from the fact that landslides are difficult
D) contrasting the magnitude of the phenomenon with to predict and therefore difficult to study while they
the public’s oblivtousness to it. are occurring.
D) They can give the impression that scientists are
confused about landslides, but actually they reflect
the complicated nature of landslides.

17
Questions 1-11 are based on the following passage. 1
Which choice best maintains the style and tone of the
passage?
Language as Art: The Poetry of Sterling Brown
A) NO CHANGE
In 1923, fresh from Harvard University with a master’s
B) intrigued by
degree in literature, writer and educator Sterling A.Brown C) swept off his feet by
set out on a journey that was to lay the groundwork for his D) heavily into

career. During his university studies, Brown had been

2
1 blown away by poets who wrote about the everyday
A) NO CHANGE
experiences of ordinary people. For the next six years after
B) the pursuit of
his graduation, he traveled through the American South, C) to pursue
teaching at historically black colleges and 2 pursued his D) pursuing

passion for studying African American culture, language, and

history. The ways he used that knowledge would earn him

18
and his subject matter a well-respected place in the African 3
American literary tradition. A) NO CHANGE
B) buried
Brown had grown up 3 submerged in the storytelling
C) bathed
traditions of his own family, and throughout his southern
D) immersed
4 journey. He eagerly swapped stories with others in the

African American communities near the schools where he 4

taught. He took great care in listening to people and learning A) NO CHANGE
B) journey; he
their narratives. In his many encounters, Brown became
C) journey, he
adept at interviewing—finding just the right way to get people
D) journey—he
talking. He also developed a way of taking notes that

5 captured: the accents and regional expression he heard. 5

Brown said, “I wanted to get an understanding of people, to A) NO CHANGE
B) captured
acquire an accuracy in the portrayal of their lives.”
C) captured,
D) captured:

19
Based on this deep understanding, Brown began writing 6
poem in the late 1920s that reflected the speech patterns and A) NO CHANGE
B) Nevertheless,
culture of the people he had spent so much time with. He
C) Similarly,
incorporated rhythms of popular music, characters and story
D) DELETE the underlined portion.
lines from African American folklore, and the down-to-earth

stories of struggle and sorrow that he had gathered. 7

6 However, Brown felt that representing African American A) NO CHANGE
B) elements, of religious songs,
culture as authentically as possible would help correct
C) elements of religious, songs;
misconceptions and combat negative stereotypes.
D) elements of: religious songs,
Brown’s extensive research culminated in the 1932

publication of Southern Road, a collection of his poetry, while 8

he was teaching English at Howard University in Washington. Which choice most effectively sets up the information
that follows in the paragraph?
DC. The poem contained representations of local dialects,
A) NO CHANGE
7 elements of religious songs, and references to folktales. B) but they were not receptive to his poems at first.
Brown's faculty colleagues admired him as a historian, C) recognizing the excellence of his scholarship.
D) but the influence of modernist poets on Brown’s
8 and several positive reviews of Southern Road were
technique was undeniable.
published. At that time, such aspects of popular culture were

not normally showcased in serious literature. Nevertheless, 9

Brown inspired 9 others, including his own students A) NO CHANGE
B) others (including
and fellow poets such as Langston Hughes—and became
C) others; including
D) others—including

20
celebrated as one of the great writers of the literary and artistic 10
movement known as the Harlem Renaissance. 10 Brown’s The writer is considering deleting the underlined
sentence. Should the sentence be kept or delete?
mother, who nurtured his literary aspirations, had graduated
A) Kept, because it contributes to passage’s description
from Fisk University in Tennessee. Over time, Southern of Brown’s family and upbringing.
B) Kept, because it identifies one of the reasons that
Road came to be seen as a milestone of African American
Brown developed a passion for literature and creative
literature, and 11 The Collected Poems of Sterling A. Brown writing.
C) Deleted, because it blurs the focus of the paragraph
was eventually published in 1980.
by introducing loosely related information about
Brown’s mother.
D) Deleted, because it does not offer details about the
course of study undertaken by Brown’s mother.

11
The writer wants a conclusion that reinforces the main
idea of the passage. Which choice most effectively
accomplishes this goal?
A) NO CHANGE
B) Brown went on to work as an editor for the Federal
Writers’ Project.
C) Brown’s reputation as a gifted and groundbreaking
writer was cemented.
D) it helped popularize jazz music as a facet of the
Harlem Renaissance.

21
Questions 12-22 are based on the following passage and 12
supplementary material.
Which choice best sets up the main focus of the passage?
More to a Smile Than Meets the Eye A) NO CHANGE
B) it is usually the case that they refrain from smiling.
Though people readily smile when they experience
C) what provokes a smile can vary from person to
positive emotions, 12 paradoxically, they also may smile person.
when they do not. At first blush, this might suggest that D) smile may be confused with other expressions, such
as grimaces.
smiles are not useful cues for discerning various emotional

states. However, scientific studies of the underlying anatomy

13
of facial expressions reveal that many people are generally A) NO CHANGE
able to detect the subtle differences between “enjoyment” B) would occur
C) occur
smiles—smiles that 13 will occur in the context of a positive
D) occured
emotional experience—and “nonenjoyment” smiles—smiles

that do not.

22
[1] Broadly speaking, enjoyment smiles are characterized 14
by the engagement of two specific facial 14 muscles; the A) NO CHANGE
B) muscles—the,
zygomaticus major, which raise the mouth’s corners, and
C) muscles: the
the orbicularis oculi, which raise the cheeks, narrows the
D) muscles, the:
eye aperture, and produces 15 wrinkle’s around the eye’s.

[2] These enjoyment smiles are called Duchenne, named 15

after the French 16 anatomist G. B. Duchenne, who first A) NO CHANGE
B) wrinkles around the eye’s.
studied the physiology of smiles in the 1860s. [3] By contrast,
C) wrinkle’s around the eyes’.
nonenjoyment smiles involve the contraction of only the
D) wrinkles around the eyes.
zygomaticus major and tend to last longer. [4] These smiles

may be used in the context of a neutral emotion—when a 16

person is posing for a photo, perhaps—as well as in other A) NO CHANGE
B) anatomist; G. B. Duchenne,
context, such as when attempting to conceal negative
C) anatomist, G. B. Duchenne
emotions, to reduce conflict, to deceive, or to appease others.
D) anatomist G. B. Duchenne
[5] Researchers have identified as many as 50 different types of

smiles in total, with at least 18 of these having a specific social 17

meaning. 17 To make this paragraph most logical, sentence 2 should
be placed
A) where it is now.
B) before sentence 1.
C) after sentence 3.
D) after sentence 4.

23
Most people are not looking for contracted eye muscles 18
when trying to detect genuine happiness in another person, A) NO CHANGE
B) spontaneously
but many seem 18 involuntarily capable of making the
C) mechanically
distinction between an enjoyment smile and a nonenjoyment
D) intuitively
smile. In a 2007 study using photographed and videotaped

smile, as illustrated in the chart, researchers found that 19

when participants viewed Duchenne smiles, most of them Which choice most accurately reflects the information
presented in the chart?
believed that the smiling person 19 was happier than he
A) NO CHANGE
or she appeared to be. On the other hand, when those same B) was twice as happy as someone with a nonenjoyment
smile.
participants evaluated a nonenjoyment smile, most of them
C) looked happy but was actually unhappy.
characterized the smiling person as looking happy, but
D) not only looked happy but was truly happy.
20 very few of them believed that the smiler was actually

happy. 20
Which choice most accurately reflects the information
presented in the chart?
A) NO CHANGE
B) twice as many
C) only about half
D) almost all

Adapted from Lyriden Milers and Lucy Johnston, "Detecting Happiness

Perceiver sensitivity to Enjoyment and Non-Enjoyment Smiles." ©2007 by
Lyriden Milers and Lucy Johnston.

24
21
Although Duchenne made his observation about the A) NO CHANGE
B) but it has
orbicularis oculi enjoyment smiles as far back as 1862, 21 it
C) while it has
has been only in the recent past that empirical evidence has
D) it having
confirmed 22 the existence of there being a high correlation

between the contraction of the muscle and self-reported 22

positive moods along with neural activity consistent with A) NO CHANGE
B) and demonstrated
positive emotional states. For those individuals who, whatever
C) the verification of
reason, may not be sensitive facial perceivers instinctively, the
D) DELETE the underlined portion.
finding provides a useful tool to evaluate perceived warmth,

happiness, or friendliness when a smiler's motives may not be

entirely clear.

25
Questions 23-33 are based on the following passage. 23
A) NO CHANGE
A Revolution in Radar B) remitting
C) submitting
Meteorologists—scientists who analyze data to predict
D) omitting
the weather— have long relied on radar technology. The

conventional Doppler radar system works by 23 emitting

24
radio waves that bounce off particles in the air, such Which choice most effectively sets up the information
conveyed in the remainder of the passage?
as raindrops; meteorologists measure the strength and
A) NO CHANGE
wavelength of these reflected radio 24 waves that also
B) waves—just one of many valuable tasks that
bounce off birds and insects. meteorologists perform.
C) waves and provide radar images that are viewed by
Thanks to new innovations in radar 25 technology!
millions of people.
Meteorologists are now able to forecast weather events earlier D) waves to determine the location, direction, and
intensity to precipitation.
and with greater accuracy than ever before.

25
A) NO CHANGE
B) technology; meteorologists
C) technology. Meteorologists
D) technology, meteorologists

26
[1] Doppler radar has limited utility for meteorologists 26
because it sends out only a horizontal pulse of energy and can A) NO CHANGE
B) to see
therefore create only a one-dimensional image of an area.
C) for seeing
[2] Since raindrops, snowflakes, and hailstones may have
D) by seeing
the same horizontal width, forecasters using Doppler

cannot always distinguish among these different types 27

of precipitation. [3] This produces a more complex two- A) NO CHANGE
B) anticipate as well as predict
dimensional image, enabling forecasters 26 in seeing the
C) predict ahead of time
height and width of particles: the whole shape. [4] However,
D) predict
a recent upgrade called dual-polarization uses software and

a hardware attachment to the radar dish to send and receive 28

both horizontal and vertical pulses of energy. [5] As a result, To make this paragraph most logical, sentence 4 should
be placed
meteorologists are better able to identify types of precipitation
A) where it is now.
and 27 predict beforehand the amount of precipitation and B) after sentence 1.
the direction of a storm. 28 C) after sentence 2.
D) after sentence 5.

27
Meteorologists use this information to enhance their 29
public function. “This game-changing technology has A) NO CHANGE
B) have
already helped forecasters issue more accurate and timely
C) has had
warnings to the public,” reports National Weather Service
D) have had
(NWS) director Louis Uccellini. Paul Schlatter of the National

Oceanic and Atmospheric administration (NOAA) explains 30

that meteorologists are now able to detect the subtle signs The writer is considering revising the underlined portion
to the following.
of impending changes in precipitation with up to one hour’s
precautions, such as shutting down public
advance notice of when such changes will occur. NOAA transportatton systems,
Should the writer make this revision here?
estimates that the improvements in forecasting made possible
A) Yes, because it clarifies the point being made with
by dual-polarization radar 29 has the potential to save the a relevant example of a safety precaution made
possible by advances in radar technology,
public about $700 million annually by facilitating safety
B) Yes, because it provides additional information about
30 precautions in advance of a storm. when changes in precipitation are likely to occur.
C) No, because it weakens the paragraph’s main
argument by adding irrelevant information about
public transportation.
D) No, because it fails to take into account other factors
that government officials must consider when
making decisions about public transportation.

28
31 In light of the job market for weather experts, the 31
ability to implement the new technology is crucial for Which choice provides the most effective transition from
the previous paragraph the this paragraph?
today’s meteorologists. The NWS provides online training
A) NO CHANGE
on operating the new 32 software. It also provides online B) Given the importance of this innovation,
training on interpreting the enhanced radar data to prepare C) Though Doppler radar has been used for a long time,
D) With upgrades to operational radar systems taking
aspiring meteorologists. College-level meteorology programs
place as early as 2011,
are also incorporating dual-polarization technology into

their curricula. With more detailed data at hand and the 32

technological savvy to interpret it, 33 a new generation Which choice most effectively combines the sentences at
the underlined portion?
of meteorologists can empower the public to prepare more
A) software while
effectively for severe weather. B) software and
C) software; there is also training provided on
D) software; while providing the same training on

33
A) NO CHANGE
B) severe weather can be prepared for more effectively
by a public empowered by a new generation of
meteorologists.
C) the public can be empowered by a new generation of
meteorologists to prepare more effectively for sever
weather.
D) more effective preparation for severe weather can
be accomplished by a public that is empowered by a
new generation of meteorologists.

29
Questions 34-44 are based on the following passage and 34
supplementary material.
Which choice provides an accurate interpretation of the
table?
Asteroid Mining
A) NO CHANGE
As finite resources such as metals begin to dwindle on
B) approximately 24 times more than that of its
Earth, private companies are turning their gaze to space. platinum reserves.
C) far less than that of Earth’s current estimated yearly
Recent research shows that resources in near-Earth asteroids
output.
are extensive. The asteroid 3554 Amun, for example, is D) about 2 trillion dollars more than that of its iron and
nickel reserves.
estimated to contain $8 trillion worth of iron and nickel,

compared with Earth’s current estimated yearly output of

35
$340 billion. The estimated value of 3554 Amun’s total cobalt
A) NO CHANGE
reserves is 34 approximately 4,615 times that of Earth’s B) has become
estimated yearly output. However, legal problems currently C) becomes
D) had become
hinder any possible asteroid mining. Additionally, the

technology for such a venture is not fully developed. Once

these issues are addressed, international cooperation and

investments in advanced spacecraft can ensure that asteroid

mining 35 became a successful industry.

Value of Metals in 3554 Amun and Earth (estimated)

Metal 3554 Earth’s 3554 Amun’s

Amun’s current reserves
reserves yearly compared with
(dollars) output Earth’s current
(dollars) yearly output
Iron and 8 trillion 340 billion approximately 24 times
nickel more
Cobalt 6 trillion 1.3 billion approximately
4 ,615 times more
Platinum 6 trillion 12 billion 500 times more

Adapted from Michael Allan McCrae, "Why Asteroid Mining is

Necessary." ©2012 by infoMine Inc.

30
36 Many leaders in the fields of engineering and 36
technology are in favor of asteroid mining. Platinum, for Which choice provides the most effective transition from
the previous paragraph to this one?
one, is used in a variety of technologies, from fuel cells to
A) NO CHANGE
computers. Cobalt, because of its 37 hardness can be alloyed B) Asteroids are rocky bodies that are too small to be
classified as planets.
with other metals for use in turbine generators; it is also
C) The immense resources from asteroids could serve
used for medical applications. 38 These metals have some many purposes.
promising uses, including ones in space itself, for building D) Other useful materials, such as water and gases, also
may be extracted from asteroids.
spacecraft and solar plants and for powering interplanetary

colonies—prospects that currently are almost impossible

37
because of cost constraints. A) NO CHANGE
B) hardness;
C) hardness—
D) hardness,

38
Which choice provides the most effective expression of
the underlined portion?
A) NO CHANGE
B) Some of the most promising uses of these metals are
C) There are promising uses of these metals, and some
are
D) Promising uses of these metals include ones that are

31
If asteroid mining is to become a reality, several legal and 39
technological hurdles must be overcome. The Outer Space A) NO CHANGE
B) its own
Treaty of 1967, signed by over 100 countries, bans countries
C) their
from taking any celestial bodies into 39 its possession;
D) one's
however, the treaty does not clarify 40 does it apply to private

companies looking to mine asteroids? Additionally, spacecraft 40

that can travel longer distances, have advanced storage A) NO CHANGE
B) does it apply to private companies looking to mine
capabilities, and can either carry people to the asteroids or be
asteroids.
remotely controlled from Earth are yet to be developed. In the C) whether it applies to private companies looking to
mine asteroids.
United States, hearings have been taking place in Congress to
D) if it applies to private companies looking to mine
allow companies to keep the resources they mine, which has asteroids?
the potential to address both of these issues at least 41 in the

United Stated domestically, if not internationally. If companies 41

A) NO CHANGE
are permitted to keep what they mine in space, it will
B) domestically,
42 nevertheless encourage companies to invest in the
C) domestically and nationally,
technology required to make mining possible. D) in a national, domestic sense,

42
A) NO CHANGE
B) in turn
C) for one thing
D) furthermore

32
Of course, with tremendous potential 43 comes 43
difficulties. Only one space probe to date has ever successfully A) NO CHANGE
B) does come
returned asteroid material to Earth. 44 But considering that
C) came
the alternative is to mine Earth’s finite resourses to depletion,
D) come
private companies would be wise to invest further in the

nascent field of asteroid-mining research. 44

At this point, the writer is considering adding the
following sentence.
Additionally, developing spacecraft can cost billions
of dollars in labor, research, materials, trials, and
more.
Should the writer make this addition here?
A) Yes, because it provides an additional example that
supports a claim made in the paragraph.
B) Yes, because it serves as a conclusion that restates the
main idea of the passage.
C) No, because it introduces an idea that is not relevant
to the focus of the paragraph.
D) No, because it includes information that contradicts
a claim made earlier in the passage.

33
34
1 2

A system of two linear equations is graphed on the xy-

plane above. Which of the following ordered pair (x, y) is Which of the following is an equation of the line shown
the solution to the system? in the xy-plane above?
A) (1, 1) A) y = 2
B) (1, −2) B) x = 2
C) (2, −1) C) y = 2x
D) (2, 1) D) x = 2y

3
Sarah ordered a set of golf clubs and a golf bag online,
which were shipped to her house. The weight w , in
pounds, of the bag and the clubs is estimated by the
equation w = 1.2c + 13 , where c is the number of clubs
in the bag. What is the best interpretation of the number
1.2 in the equation?
A) The estimated weight, in pounds, of 1 club
B) The estimated weight, in pounds, of 13 clubs
C) The estimated weight, in pounds, of the bag with no
clubs
D) The estimated weight, in pounds, of the bag with 13
clubs

35
4 6
x 2 + 3x + 2
Which of the following is equivalent to x+3 ?
A) 3x

B) x+2
2x
C) x+ x+3
2
D) x + x + 3

In the figure above, four lines intersect at a point. What is

the value of x ?
A) 30
B) 45
C) 55
D) 65
7
In the xy-plane, what is the slope of the line that passes
through the points (0,0) and (3,4) ?
3
A) 4
4
B) 3
5
C) 3
(x + 1)2 − 9 = 0
If x = k is a solution to the equation above, which of the D) 4
following must be true?
A) k < −5
B) −5 < k < 3
C) 3 < k < 4
D) 4 < k

36
8 10
In the xy-plane, the point with coordinates (a, 2) and The equation x2 + y2 = 169 represents a circle graphed in
(b, 2) lie on the graph of the equation y = 5x2 − 3 . If the xy-plane. Which of the following points (x, y) lies on
a ≠ b what is the value of b2 − a2 ? the circle and also on the line with equation y = x − 7 ?
A) −3 A) (10, 3)
B) 0 B) (−3, 10)
C) 5 C) (−5, −12)
D) 17 D) (−12, 5)

9 11
3x = y A scooter rental company charges $11 for the first hour of
3x = 36 − y renting a scooter and $6 for each additional hour. Which
Based on the system of equations above, what is the value of the following functions gives the cost s(t) , in dollars,
of y ? of renting a scooter for t hours?
A) 9 A) s(t) = 11t
B) 12 B) s(t) = 11t + 6
C) 15 C) s(t) = 5t + 6
D) 18 D) s(t) = 6t + 5

37
12 14
x2 + 3x − 1 = 0 Which of the following is equivalent to the product of the
Which of the following is a solution to the equation expressions −d and d − 1 ?
above? A) −d2 + d

- 3 + 13 B) −d2 − d
A) 2 C) −d2 − 1
3 - 13 D) −1
B) 2
-3 + 7
C) 2
3- 7
D) 2

15

13
2 1
4ax - 3 = 2x - 3 b
In the equation above, a and b are constants. If the
equation has infinitely many solutions, what is the value
of ab ?
A) 0
B) 1 In the figure above, a square with sides of length x
C) 2 inches has been removed from each of the four corners of
a square piece of cardboard that originally had an area of
D) 4
144 square inches. When the cardboard is folded upward
along the dashed lines, it forms an open box with no top.
Which of the following quantities is represented by
(12 − 2x)2 square inches?
A) The area of the bottom face of the box
B) The area of the five faces of the box
C) The area of the four squares that have been removed
from the box
D) The surface area of the closed box

38
39
16 19
y = 5x + 4 f (x) = (x − a)(x − b)
Given the equation above, if y = 12 , what is the value of The function f is defined above , where a and b are
x? integer constants. If f (l) > 0, f (4) < 0, and f (7) > 0,
what is one possible value of a + b ?

17
20
(3i2 + 2)(3i2 − 2)
The expression shown above can be written as the
complex number ai + b , where a and b are real
numbers. What is the value of a + b ? (Note: i = - 1 )

%above, OA and OB are radii. The

In the semicircle
length of arc AB is 14π and x = 70 . What is the length
of OA ?

18

If x + y = 2 (xy + 3) , what is the value of x2 + y2 ?

40
42
1 3
If 3x + 7 = 7 − 3x , what is the value of x ? A certain wind turbine spins at a rate of 22 revolutions
A) 0 per minute. At this rate, how many revolutions will the
wind turbine make in 5 hours?
B) 1
A) 110
C) 3
B) 300
D) 6
C) 1,320
D) 6,600

2
A survey was given to a random sample of 300 high
4
school students in California. The results of this
survey should be representative of which the following If g(x) = 30 + 2(x + 1) + x2 , what is the value of g(5) ?
populations? A) 65
A) All high school students in the United States B) 66
B) All high school students in California C) 67
C) All students in California D) 77
D) All students in the United States

43
5 7
If the expression 2x + 6 is equivalent to 2(x + a) , where The mean weight of a group of 10 automobiles is 3,316
a is a constant, what is the value of a ? pounds. The weights, in pounds, of 4 of the automobiles
A) 2 in the group are listed below.

B) 3
C) 4 Automobile Weight (in pounds)
A 1,800
D) 6
B 3,200
C 3,300
D 8,500

The removal of which of these automobiles from the

group will have the largest impact on the mean weight of
the group of automobiles?
6
A) Automobile A
B) Automobile B
C) Automobile C
D) Automobile D

8
Two equations are graphed in the xy-plane above. Which
of the following could be a solution (x1, y1) to this system The inside of a can of soup is in the shape of a cylinder
of equation? having an internal height of 10 centimeters and an
A) (0, 1) internal radius of 5 centimeters. To the nearest cubic
centimeter, what is the maximum amount of soup that
B) (2, 0) the can could hold?
C) (1, 4) A) 157
D) (−2, −1) B) 196
C) 250
D) 785

44
9 11
In a survey, 58 residents of a particular town were Hours (x) Total cost (y)
selected at random, and approximately 40% of them
reported that they recycle regularly. If the reported 1 9
percentage is used as an estimate for the proportion of all 2 11
residents in the town who recycle regularly, the margin 6 19
of error is 13%. Which of the following statements is
8 23
appropriate based on the data provided?
A) Less than 25% of all the town residents recycle
Selected values representing the total cost y , in dollars,
regularly.
to rent a canoe for x hours are shown in the table above.
B) Between 0% and 13% of all the town residents The relationship between x and y is linear. If the data
recycle regularly. are graphed in the xy-plane, what is the slope of the line
C) Between 27% and 53% of all the town residents that represents this situation?
recycle regularly. 1
A) 2
D) Approximately 12.6% of the surveyed residents
misstated how often they recycle. B) 1

C) 2
1
D) 2 2

10
A recipe for pound cake instructs a cook to use 3 cups
3
of flour for every 4 teaspoon of vanilla extract used.
12
According to the recipe, if a cook uses 2 teaspoons of
60
vanilla extract, how many cups of flour should be used? If c + 2 = 10 , what is value of c + 2 ?

A) 4 A) 3
1
B) 4 2 B) 4

3 C) 6
C) 5 4
D) 8
D) 8

45
13
Questions 15-18 refer to the following information.
The population of a town was 8,247 in 1990. In 2000, the
population of the town was 2.6% less than the population
in 1990, and the population in 2010 was 2.2% less than
the population in 2000. Which of the following was the
population of this town in 2010?
A) 4,763
B) 7,855
C) 8,062
D) 8,066

The scatterplot above shows the perihelion distance, in

astronomical units (AU), and the orbital eccentricity for a
14
random sample of ten comets. The line of best fit for the data
Frank walked 1,200 feet east and then walked 400 feet is also shown.
south on level ground to get from his home to his school.
If there were a straight, level path from his home to his 15
school, what would be the length, rounded to the nearest
100 feet, of the path? According to the line of the best fit, of the following
which best predicts the orbital eccentricity of a comet
A) 800 feet
with a perihelion distance of 0.75 AU?
B) 1,100 feet
A) 0.61
C) 1,300 feet
B) 0.78
D) 1,600 feet
C) 0.87
D) 0.95

46
16 18
Of the comets in the sample with orbital eccentricity A scientist reports the perihelion distance of an eleventh
greater than 0.6, what fraction have a perihelion distance comet to be 0.23 AU and the orbital eccentricity to be
less than 0.75 AU? 0.99. Which of the following statements best describes
7 the orbital eccentricity?
A) 10 A) It is approximately 0.08 greater than the value
5
B) 8 predicted by the line of best fit.

3 B) It is approximately 0.08 less than the value predicted

C) 8 by the line of best fit.
1
D) 7 C) It is approximately 0.22 greater than the value
predicted by the line of best fit.
D) It is the value predicted by the line of best fit.

17
Of the following, which best approximates the median
perihelion distance for the comets in the sample with an
orbital eccentricity less than 0.8?
A) 0.6
19
B) 0.9
In the xy-plane, line l passes through the point (−2, 1)
C) 1.0
3
D) 1.3 and has slope 2 . Which of the following is an equation

of line l ?
3
A) y = 2x+4
3
B) y = 2x+1
3 7
C) y = 2x- 2
3
D) y = - 2x + 2

47
20 21
Voyager 1 is a space launched by NASA to obseve the
outer solar system. If Voyager 1 is currently traveling
at a rate of 17.032 kilometers per second, how fast is it
traveling, in miles per hour, rounded to the nearest 100
miles per hour? (1 mile is approximately 1.61 kilometers)
A) 600
B) 1,600
C) 38,100
D) 98,700

22
Which of the following is closest to the slope of a line of
best fit for this scatterplot ? In the xy-plane, what is the x-intercept of the line that has
A) 2 4
a slope of - 3 and passes through the point (0, 12) ?
B) 4 A) −9
C) 8 B) −4
D) 10 C) 3
D) 9

48
24
Questions 23 and 24 refer to the following
Using the models and an estimate for the number of daily
information.
customers, the bakery owner calculates that profit on
The owner of Maple Street Bakery is estimating the bakery’s a typical day will be at least $3,150 and at most $3,600.
daily sales, S , daily expense, E , and daily profit, P . For a Which of the following inequalities is the estimate for the
day on which the bakery has x customers, the owner uses number of daily customers, x , that the owner is using ?
the models in the table below.
A) 525 ≤ x ≤ 600
B) 700 ≤ x ≤ 800
Quantity (in dollars) Model (x = number of
customers for the day) C) 880 ≤ x ≤ 980
Daily sales, S S(x) = 6x D) 2,100 ≤ x ≤ 2,400
Daily expenses, E E(x) = 810 + 1.5x
Daily profit, P P(x) = S(x) − E(x)

The daily expenses, E , consist of a fixed cost for wages and

rent and a variable cost for food supplies that depends on the
number of customers for the day.

23
Which of the following is the best interpretation of the
number 6 in the definition of S(x) ? 25
A) On average, each item at the bakery costs $6.
Danica is mixing iced tea and lemonade to make a
B) Each customer at the bakery spends an average of $6. punch. She likes the taste of the punch most when she
C) The bakery makes an average of $6 in profit for each mixes 2 ounces of iced tea with 5 ounces of lemonade. If
customer. she uses this same mixing ratio of iced tea to lemonade to
make 10.5 liters of punch , how many liters of lemonade
D) On average, each customer at the bakery buys 6
will she need ?
different items.
A) 3
B) 4.2
C) 7.5
D) 8.5

49
26 28
3x + 7y = 14 The amount of water y , in gallons, in a reservoir x
ax + 28y = 56 minutes after the reservoir begins to drain can be
In the system of the equations above, a is a constant. If modeled by the equation y = 1,500 − 3x . If the equation
the system has infinitely many solutions, what is the value is graphed in the xy-plane, which of the following is the
of a ? best interpretation of the x-intercept?
A) 2 A) The reservoir drains at the rate of 3 gallons per
minute.
B) 3
B) There are 500 gallons of water in the reservoir before
C) 4 it begins to drain.
D) 12 C) There are 1,500 gallons of water in the reservoir
before it begins to drain.
D) The water will completely drain from the reservoir
500 minutes after the reservoir begins to drain.

27
A partially filled glass containing 24 milliliters of
water is placed under a leaky faucet that produces one
0.05-milliliter drop of water every 5 seconds. Until
the glass is full, which of the following can be used to
represent the volume v , in milliliter, of water in the glass
s seconds after it is placed under the faucet?
A) v(s) = 0.25s + 24
B) v(s) = 0.05s + 24
C) v(s) = 0.01s + 24
D) v(s) = 6s

50
29 30
An online newsletter currently has 1,000 subscribes.
If the number of subscribes triples every six months,
which of the following functions N gives the number of
subscribes the newsletter will have t years from now?
t
A) N(t) = 3 $ (1, 000) 2
t
B) N(t) = 1, 000 $ (3)
C) N(t) = 1, 000 $ (3)
2t

t
D) N(t) = 1, 000 $ (3) 6

The function g is shown in the xy-plane above, and the

function f (not shown) is defined by f (x) = x2 + 4x + 3 .
Which of the following statements must be true?
I. The minimum value of f is greater than the
minimum value of g .
II. The y-intercept of f is less than the y-intercept
of g .
III. The functions f and g intercept on the x-axis.
A) I only
B) II only
C) III only
D) I and II only

51
52
31 33
At a coffee shop, Don combined arabica beans with
robusta beans to make a coffee bean blend. The arabica
beans cost $13.50 per pound, and the robusta beans cost Department
$9.25 per pound. He used 1.2 pounds of robusta beans in Faculty Math Physics Biology Total
the blend, and the total cost of the blend was $21.90. How Full-time 28 18 16 62
many pounds of arabica beans did Don use in the blend?
Part-time 32 25 39 96
Total 60 43 55 158

The table above shows the number of full-time and

part-time faculty in the math, physics, and biology
departments at a university. What fraction of the math
department faculty at the university is part time?
32
C(x) = 7,000 + 25x
A company uses the function above to estimate the cost
of C(x) , in dollars, to produce x units of a product.
Based on the model, how many units of the product can
the company produce at a cost of $25,000?
34
In 2008, the island of Guam had a population of
approximately 175,800 people and a population
density of 830 people per square mile. Based on these
approximations, if 9% of the island’s area was suitable for
growing crops, to the nearest whole number, what is the
area, in square miles, of land in Guam that was suitable
for growing crops?

53
35 36
The function h(t) = −l6t2 + 32t + 6 can be used to model
the height of a ball, in feet, t seconds after it is thrown
into the air. The function can be rewritten in the form
h(t) = −a(t − j)2 + k , where k is the maximum height of
the ball, in feet. What is the value of k ?

In the figure above, O is the center of the circle and

AC is tangent to the circle at D . If triangle ABC is

FE
equilateral, what is the ratio AC ?

54
38
Questions 37 and 38 refer to the following
information. Jennifer is a 55-year-old woman. Her recommended
calcium intake is 20% greater than that of her daughter.
Recommended Daily Intake of Calcium What is the youngest age her daughter could be, in years?

Age Calcium(mg)
0−6 months 200
7−11 months 250
1−3 years 700
4−8 years 1,000
9−18 years 1,300
19−50 years 1,000
51−70 years (female) 1,000
51−70 years (male) 1,200
71+ years 1,200

The table above shows the recommended daily intake of

calcium, in milligrams (mg), by age and gender.

37
Heather and her husband Roger are 32 and 35 years old,
respectively. Their three children are 4 months old , 3
years old, and 5 years old. What is the range of the values
of the recommended daily calcium intakes, in milligrams,
for the members of the family?

55