2 Modern afar house

Abstract

Vernacular architecture can be defined as a type of local or regional construction, using

traditional materials and resources from the area where the building is located. Consequently,
this architecture is closely related to its context and is aware of the specific geographic features
and cultural aspects of its surroundings, being strongly influenced by them. For this reason,
they are unique to different places in the world, becoming even a means of reaffirming an
identity.
Vernacular architecture encompasses cultural building traditions that have been passed down
through several generations. While the styles and techniques evolve, each vernacular structure
is modest, cost-effective, and sustainable. These homes have been around since people first
began building primitive structures.

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Table of Contents
Introduction .................................................................................................................................................. 4
Cultural analysis of afar................................................................................................................................. 5
context ...................................................................................................................................................... 5
The essence of nomadism: ................................................................................................................... 5
Religious and spiritual influences: ........................................................................................................ 5
Cultural analysis from architectural point of view .................................................................................... 6
Culture and Space Working Together: .................................................................................................. 6
Adaptation and Resourcefulness: ......................................................................................................... 6
Beyond Concrete and Brick: .................................................................................................................. 6
Physical analysis of afar ................................................................................................................................ 7
Geography:................................................................................................................................................ 7
Climate: ..................................................................................................................................................... 7
Geology: .................................................................................................................................................... 8
Vegetation and Biodiversity: ..................................................................................................................... 8
Impact of Physical Environment: .............................................................................................................. 8
Building material and construction method ................................................................................................. 9
Construction method: ............................................................................................................................. 10
Architectural and spatial analysis ............................................................................................................... 11
Form and Function: ................................................................................................................................. 11
Materials and Sustainability:................................................................................................................... 12
Cultural Expression: ................................................................................................................................ 12
Challenges and Adaptations: .................................................................................................................. 12
Investigating specific elements ............................................................................................................... 13
SWOT analysis of afar ................................................................................................................................. 14
Strengths ................................................................................................................................................. 14
Weaknesses ............................................................................................................................................ 15
Opportunities .......................................................................................................................................... 15
Threats .................................................................................................................................................... 15
Design proposal .......................................................................................................................................... 16
MODEL ........................................................................................................................................................ 23

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Introduction

The Afar people found at Ethiopia's Danakil Depression, are renowned for their nomadic way of life,
have erected dwellings that embody both practicality and cultural nuance. This exploration delves into
the rich tapestry of Afar vernacular architecture, revealing its remarkable adaptation to the demanding
environment and its profound reflection of the Afar identity.

Afar vernacular architecture exhibits a distinct emphasis on portability and impermanence which is
inspired by their nomadic existence. Temporary shelters crafted from wood, grass, and animal hides
accompany the Afar on their seasonal migrations, offering flexible and readily dismantled living spaces.
Yet, alongside these transient structures, semi-permanent settlements emerge near oases and trade
routes, showcasing a more enduring architectural presence.

The ingenuity of Afar vernacular architecture lies in its resourcefulness. Local materials, readily available
in the arid landscape, form the foundation of construction. Timber provides structural support, while
woven mats and animal hides create walls and roofs, offering protection from the harsh elements. This
reliance on local resources demonstrates an intimate understanding of the environment and a profound
respect for its natural bounty.

However, the significance of Afar vernacular architecture extends beyond its pragmatic functionality.
Each element carries cultural symbolism. The circular form of many dwellings represents unity and
wholeness, while decorative patterns woven into mats express traditional beliefs and stories. These
aesthetic elements imbue the structures with a deeper meaning, transforming them into expressions of
the Afar people's heritage and identity.

By analyzing Afar vernacular architecture, we gain a deeper understanding of the cultural tapestry
woven by these resilient nomads. Their dwellings embody a profound adaptation to the environment,
an ingenious use of limited resources, and a vibrant reflection of their cultural values. This examination,
therefore, serves as a valuable lens through which to appreciate the Afar people's enduring spirit and
their harmonious relationship with the unforgiving landscape they call home.

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Cultural analysis of afar

context

The Afar people have developed a lively and resilient culture that is intricately linked to their nomadic
lifestyle. This study dives into the complexities of Afar culture, examining its distinctive traits, historical
influences, and continuous adjustments in response to contemporary difficulties.

The essence of nomadism:

Livestock Husbandry: Most Afar people are pastoralists who depend on sheep, goats, and camels for
food and financial security. Social structures, gender roles, and even traditional knowledge systems—
which are closely related to our understanding of animal behavior and the environment—are
determined by this nomadic way of life.

Clan System & Social Organization: The patrilineal clans that make up Afar society are led by elders
with considerable social and political power. In order to survive in the hostile environment and to build a
strong feeling of community and shared identity, interdependence and collaboration are essential.

Gender Roles & Family Life: Although Afar society is predominantly patriarchal, women are
nevertheless heavily involved in home duties like as food preparation, childrearing, and building
shelters. Their work represents a flexible division of labor that is necessary for a mobile lifestyle.

Religious and spiritual influences:

Islam: The majority of Afars are Muslims, and their cultural customs and societal ideals have been
greatly influenced by Islam. Clan elders and religious leaders share power, influencing choices and
promoting harmony within the community.
Ancestral devotion: Pre-Islamic animistic beliefs continue to exist in spite of Islam, especially with
regard to the devotion of local spirits and ancestors. This syncretism is the result of a sophisticated
interaction between cultural adaptability and religious influences.

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Cultural analysis from architectural point of view

Culture and Space Working Together:

Nomadic Rhythm: Their erratic existence is reflected in distant architecture. Temporary enclosures
made of easily obtained materials such as wood and skins emphasize portability and ease of disassembly
and reassembly. Near oasis, semi-permanent villages demonstrate adaptability by changing their shapes
in response to local interactions and seasonal needs.

Harmony in Circles: The common circular shape represents wholeness and togetherness, reflecting the
community nature at the core of Afar culture. By promoting storytelling, decision-making, and the tying
of the social fabric together, shared places promote social cohesiveness.

Decorative Tales: The animal hides and woven mats that embellish homes serve many purposes than
merely practical ones. Intricate patterns and geometric shapes convey stories, ideologies, and clan
affinities, fusing cultural identity into the very fabric of the buildings.

Adaptation and Resourcefulness:

In Reaction to the Arid: Materials that are easily obtained in the hostile environment, such as wood,
grass, and animal hides, demonstrate a profound awareness of and reverence for the land. They
minimize environmental effect while providing wind and sun protection, thermal insulation, and other
benefits.
Interior spaces are arranged according to gender norms and social hierarchy. Men's, women's, and
animal areas reflect social standards and allow for efficient living in a small place.
Ecological Methods: A nomadic lifestyle demands ingenuity. Repurposed materials and organic
ventilation methods show environmental awareness and adaptability, which are essential for cultural
survival in the dry environment.

Beyond Concrete and Brick:

Afar vernacular architecture is not merely a collection of structures; it is a testament to resilience,

cultural continuity, and harmonious co-existence with the environment. Understanding its intricate
relationship with cultural practices offers valuable insights:

Adaptive design principles applicable to sustainable and context-sensitive architecture in challenging

environments.

The importance of community spaces in fostering social cohesion and cultural identity.

Sustainable practices rooted in deep respect for the natural world and available resources.

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Physical analysis of afar

The Afar region, encompassing the northeastern corner of Ethiopia, paints a picture of stark contrasts
and captivating landscapes. Here's a dive into its key physical features:

Geography:
Dominant landscapes: Characterized by the Danakil Depression, a vast, arid trough below sea level,
alongside volcanic mountain ranges, plateaus, and seasonal river systems.

Landforms: Active volcanoes like Erta Ale, salt flats like Danakil Depression, and rugged plateaus like
Afar Triangle highlight the region's geological diversity.

Drainage: The Awash River and ephemeral streams drain the highlands, feeding into closed basins or
evaporating in the desert.

Climate:
Arid and harsh, Characterized by scorching temperatures, reaching an average high of 32°C (90°F) and
minimal rainfall, averaging around 100mm (4 inches) annually.

Temperature extremes: The Danakil Depression boasts some of the highest recorded temperatures on
Earth, exceeding 50°C (122°F).

Evaporation: High rate of evaporation exceeds precipitation, contributing to the aridity and highlighting
the delicate water balance.

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Geology:
Volcanic activity: Numerous volcanoes, both active and dormant, mark the Ethiopian Rift Valley, shaping
the landscape and contributing to geothermal resources.

Afar Triangle: Located at the junction of three tectonic plates, this geologically active region witnesses
continuous land movement and earthquakes.

Mineral wealth: Rich in minerals like potash, salt, and gold, exploited in various locations across the
region.

Vegetation and Biodiversity:

Adaptable plant life: Desert scrub vegetation with acacia trees, succulents, and drought-resistant grasses
dominates the lowlands.

Seasonal variations: During short rainy seasons, some areas witness brief periods of green growth with
ephemeral wildflowers.

Unique wildlife: Home to endangered species like the Afar wild ass, Beisa oryx, and Somali wild ass,
adapted to the harsh environment

Impact of Physical Environment:

Livestock and agriculture: Nomadic pastoralism with camels, goats, and sheep forms the primary
livelihood, dictated by water availability and seasonal movements.

Limited water resources: Scarcity of water poses a significant challenge for communities and ecosystem
health, highlighting the need for sustainable water management.

Vulnerability to climate change: Rising temperatures, droughts, and erratic rainfall patterns threaten
both ecosystems and livelihoods, demanding adaptation strategies.

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Building material and construction method

The dwellings of the Afar nomads are made from a locally found materials and construction ingredients
as well as construction techniques which are built to resist the hard conditions and nomadic lifestyle of
the Danakil Depression.

materials:

wood:
The basic structural framework is made of wood which is locally found primarily doum palm and acacia.
They cut the trees with the desired length , then they bend and tie it to make it curve without braking,
then they let it dry in the sun.

Structural Framework:
Acacia and Doum Wood Palm: These sturdy and readily available woods form the skeleton of the
structures, providing essential support and stability. Their lightweight nature facilitates disassembly and
reassembly during nomadic movements.

Walls and Roofs:

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Woven Grass Mats (Elephant Grass and Reeds): Woven into intricate mats, these grasses function as
walls and roofs, offering essential insulation from the scorching sun and desert winds. Their natural
ventilation properties aid in keeping the interiors cool and comfortable.

Shelter and Protection:

Animal Hides (Goat and Camel Skins): Primarily sourced from their livestock, these hides serve as
additional layers of protection, particularly against rain and dust storms. Their waterproofing capabilities
enhance the overall durability of the dwellings.

Additional Elements:
Ropes and Hide Strips: Employed for lashing and securing various structural components, these readily
available materials replace the need for complex tools and contribute to the modularity of the
structures.

Decorative Adornments: Geometric patterns and symbols woven into the grass mats or displayed on
hides serve as cultural expressions, reflecting clan affiliations and beliefs.

Construction method:
Afar nomadic houses, known as "ari" and "manka", rise from the desert soil with remarkable
ease. Starting with a simple earthen base, the skeleton takes shape using lashed acacia or doum
palm poles, designed to be modular and easily dismantled for their nomadic lifestyle. Woven
grass mats, crafted from elephant grass or reeds, become both walls and roof, their layers
providing natural insulation and ventilation.
Animal hides, stretched across the top or strategically placed, add weatherproofing and a
touch of cultural expression through their patterns and symbols. Doorways carved into the
woven walls control access and airflow, completing the dwelling with a minimalist touch. This
construction process, relying on readily available materials and minimal tools, showcases the
Afar people's deep understanding of their environment and their remarkable resilience. Each
detail, from the modular design to the decorative hides, reflects their adaptation to a
challenging yet captivating landscape, where their homes stand as testaments to both
practicality and cultural expression.

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Architectural and spatial analysis

The Afar nomads' homes are not just for living, they provide an enthralling glimpse into their way of life,
culture, and close ties to the harsh surroundings of the Danakil Depression. Through an examination of
these buildings' architectural features, this study uncovers untold tales and adaptations:

Form and Function:

Circular Design: The dominant circular form symbolizes unity and community, fostering shared living
spaces and reflecting social cohesion. This shape also optimizes interior space while minimizing
materials needed.

Portability and Modularity: Disassembly and reassembly are crucial for nomadic life. Prefabricated
sections using simple lashing techniques enable easy transport and reconstruction, showcasing
remarkable adaptability.

Spatial Organization: Interiors are divided based on social norms and practical needs. Separate areas for
men, women, and livestock ensure efficient living despite limited space.

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Materials and Sustainability:

Resourcefulness: Local materials like wood, grass, and animal hides are readily available, minimizing
environmental impact and reflecting a deep understanding of the arid landscape.

Multifunctionality: Each material serves multiple purposes: wood for structure, grass for insulation and
ventilation, hides for protection and waterproofing. This approach reflects resourcefulness and
maximizes utility.

Minimal Waste: Upcycled materials and natural ventilation techniques demonstrate environmental
awareness and sustainable practices.

Cultural Expression:
Decorative Elements: Geometric patterns and symbols woven into mats or displayed on hides are not
just ornamentation. They reflect cultural identity, clan affiliations, and even spiritual beliefs.

Adaptability to Location: While core principles remain, construction details vary based on location and
purpose. Temporary shelters prioritize portability, while semi-permanent settlements showcase more
features and sturdier materials.

Challenges and Adaptations:

Harsh Climate: The scorching sun and limited rainfall necessitate adaptations like ventilation strategies
and waterproofing. Circular form minimizes exposed surface area, reducing heat absorption.

Scarcity of Resources: Material choice reflects resourcefulness and adaptation to the environment.
Modern materials like tarpaulin are gradually incorporated without compromising traditional design
principles.

Nomadic Lifestyle: Portability and modularity are crucial aspects, allowing easy breakdown and
reconstruction during migrations.

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Investigating specific elements

Doorways:
Placement: Often facing east for morning light and prevailing winds, promoting natural ventilation and
cooler temperatures. In circular dwellings, multiple entrances might exist, facilitating movement and
social interaction.

Size and Design: Low doorways encourage stooping, signifying respect and humility when entering the
living space. Simple coverings like hides or woven mats offer privacy and protection from sand and dust.

Ventilation Systems:
Strategically placed openings: Windows or vents positioned high on walls allow hot air to escape,
promoting natural air circulation and reducing reliance on scarce water for evaporative cooling.

Roof design: Conical or domed roofs with overhangs create shade and channel wind currents, further
enhancing ventilation and thermal comfort.

Decorative Patterns and Symbols:

Geometric motifs: Woven into grass mats or displayed on hides, these patterns hold cultural
significance. They might represent clan affiliations, spiritual beliefs, or even offer protection against evil
spirits.

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Color choices: Earthy tones and natural dyes reflect the surrounding landscape and cultural preferences,
often symbolizing harmony with nature and community.

Animal Hides:
Strategic placement: Beyond waterproofing, hides can be used for insulation, covering doorways or
windows during colder nights. Specific animal hides might hold symbolic meaning or represent wealth
and status.

Decorative elements: Hides can be adorned with tassels, fringes, or embroidery, showcasing cultural
artistry and reflecting community identity.

Additional Elements:

Fire pits: Often located centrally, providing warmth, light, and a space for cooking and community
gatherings. Smoke escaping through designated openings can also contribute to ventilation.

Storage spaces: Built-in niches or woven baskets efficiently store belongings within the limited space,
reflecting both practicality and cultural organization.

SWOT analysis of afar

Strengths:
Adaptability: Modular design and local materials facilitate movement and respond to diverse
environments.

Sustainability: Reliance on readily available resources minimizes environmental impact and waste.

Cultural expression: Design elements reflect identity, beliefs, and connection to the land.

Resilience: Withstands harsh climate and demonstrates resourcefulness in challenging conditions.

Thermal comfort: Ventilation strategies and materials provide suitable living temperatures.

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Weaknesses:
Limited durability: Traditional materials may be susceptible to wear and tear, requiring frequent repairs.

Vulnerability to extreme weather: Heavy rains or strong winds can damage structures.

Limited space: Compact design can feel cramped, especially for larger families.

Fire hazards: Use of flammable materials poses safety concerns.

Limited privacy: Open layouts and thin walls offer minimal privacy within the dwellings.

Opportunities:
Modernization: Incorporation of durable materials and technologies can improve longevity and
resilience.

Tourism: Promoting cultural heritage through architectural experiences can generate income for
communities.

Education: Sharing knowledge and construction techniques can empower communities and preserve
cultural heritage.

Disaster preparedness: Adapting designs to better withstand extreme weather events.

Collaboration: Partnering with architects and designers to create culturally sensitive improvements.

Threats:
Climate change: Increasingly extreme weather events can damage structures and disrupt nomadic
lifestyle.

Loss of cultural heritage: Modernization and external influences may erode traditional knowledge and
construction practices.

Resource scarcity: Depletion of local materials could necessitate shifts in construction methods.

Displacement: Conflict or development projects could force communities to abandon their traditional
way of life.

Lack of recognition: The architectural significance and cultural value of these dwellings may be
overlooked.

This SWOT analysis highlights the unique strengths and weaknesses of Afar nomadic architecture, while
also recognizing both opportunities and threats for its future. By understanding these factors,
communities and stakeholders can work together to preserve this valuable cultural heritage while
ensuring its continued adaptation and resilience in a changing world.

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Design proposal
Since Afar houses are movable from place to place and dome shaped structure (which is used to reduce
the air pressure on the house as compared to rectangular shape structure and small material
requirement as compared to rectangular shaped structures) we use this characteristics as base for our
design proposal.

Design consideration of the modernized afar house

 creating good ventilation

 The new design must not be completely different from the original design
 The new design must contain the unique features of afar traditional house
 To create a comfortable and functional living space
 To incorporate innovative and modern design elements into the project.
 To use environmentally friendly materials and construction practices in the project.
 To optimize space utilization and maximize natural light and ventilation in the house
 To ensure the safety and security of the residents through proper planning and design.
MODIFIED AFAR VERNACULAR HOUSE

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The modified design is characterized by the following main points

 It has an opening in between the step of the roof which is important for good
ventilation of the house, since afar houses roof are made by overlapping the palm tree
mat, in the new design the overlapping roof symbolizes this character.
 It has light orange color which is used to relate the house to the desert
environment(which have almost light orange color)
 The new design can be moved from place to place which is made by joining acacia wood
which are found on the environment.
 In order to prevent dust entry to the house there is dust protector on the gaps between
the roof
 The new design have removable mezeani which allows sleeping area more private and
creates addition al space on the ground level

MODIFIED DESIGN DRAWINGS

FLOOR PLAN
We arrange the spaces in functional way those are

 Kitchen area is near to the door which is good for better ventilation
 Ingredient store is near to the kitchen area which is easily accessible for cooking purpose. In
addition to the storage area we made water tankers near to the cooking area which helps to
provide water supply for cooking area,
 Mat which is used for multipurpose is placed in front of the kitchen area which includes the
dining are and the sitting area. the mat is also near to the entry way which is help full for sitting
of guests easily and make other area private.
 The sleeping area is found on the mezeni on the upper part
 Under the mezeni there is storage area for rifle and valuable goods
 The room level height is around 5 meter which is help for cooling system
 We use curtain on the interior for the privacy of closet area

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DRAWINGS

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3D SOFTWARE RENDERED VIEWS

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MODEL
MATERIAL USED –Since The Afar Houses Are Mainly Made By Mats We Use
 Mats For The Purpose Of Roofing In The Model
 Cable Used As A Skeleton (Supporting Structure) For The House
 Net Used As The Ceiling Of The House In The Model
 Board Used As A Ground Level For The Model
 Cola Used To Attach Each Structures

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