.

A FIELD TRIP REPORT CARRIED OUT AT DEPARTMENT OF PLANT

SCIENCE AND BIOTECHNOLOGY BOTANY GARDEN KUSTA, AND

KANTA NATIONAL MUSEUM ARGUNGU,KEBBI STATE.

BY

19132037

FATIMA SAIDU BADA.

BEING AN INDUSTRIAL FIELD TRIP EXPERIENCE BIO 399

SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES

FACULTY OF SCIENCE, SOKOTO STATE UNIVERSITY, SOKOTO .

IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR

THE AWARD OF BACHELOR OF SCIENCE DEGREE .

(Bsc Hons)IN BIOLOGICAL.

MAY,2023.
ACKNOWLEDGEMET

All praise to Almighty Allah and may be peace and blessings of Allah be upon his beloved messenger,
the prophet Muhammad (S.A.W)and his family, companions and those that remain on the righteous
faith till the last day.

My special thanks goes to my parents for their moral and financial support, I pray Allah should guide,
protect and reward them abundantly , and JannatulFirdaus, Ameen ya rabbi.

special thanks to all my dedicated lectures most especially Dr.Aisha umar headAof department
(HOD)and the course coordinator mallam musa Tanko and the entire staff in the department of
biological sciences.

Finally to all staff of department of plant science and biotechnology botanical garden(facultyoflife
sciences). Most especially the head of department and supporting Dr.Grace (doctors of
genetics),Dr.Abuga (doctors of health biotechnology)plant biology and Dr.shehu Muhammad
alero( doctors of mycology).May Almighty Allah reward you'll abundantly .Ameen.
TABLE OF CONTENTS

Tittle

Acknowledgement

Table of contents

CHAPTER ONE

1.0 introduction of field trip.

1.1 Aims and objectives of field trip

1.2 Important of field trip.

1.3 vegetational change.

CHAPTER TWO

2.0 Botanical garden .

2.1 Nursery, it's function and tools ues in nursery.

2.1 Ornamental plants .

2.2 Aquatic plant .

2.4 Green house .

CHAPTER THREE

3.0 Orchard.

3.1 forest reserves.

3.2 Mushrooms and it's types.

3.3 kitchen garden.

3.4 Cacti family.

3.5 honey bee .

CHAPTER FOUR

4.0 Kanta Museum.

4.1 history of kanta Museum.

4.2 Kebbi Emirate.

4.3 Ethnic galleries in kingdom.

4.4 Argungu Fishing Festival.

4.5 water Analysis.

The total land area:150 hectare

CHAPTER ONE.

1.0 Introduction.

Field trips are exciting educational opportunities for students and teachers alike. They are designed to
enhance the educational experience for all students and provide the students with an opportunity to
learn outside the classroom. While these trips are often informative and eye-opening experiences for
many students, they require planning and special considerations, especially related to the health needs
of students. Federal laws afford all students, including those with special health care needs, the right to
participate in these educational experiences. According to the National Association of School Nurses’
(NASN) Position Statement, School Sponsored Trips, Role of the School Nurse, there are approximately
26.6% of children with special health needs attending school (2013). Therefore, it is evident that the
school nurse is a critical partner in planning and executing safe and rewarding field trips for all students.

The most successful field trips are the result of collaboration and team planning among school
administrators, teachers, , other school staff, parents and students. In addition, school districts should
have clear districtwide policies and procedures that inform team planning regarding field trips. The
Connecticut State Department of Education’s (CSDE)

The Field Trip Guidelines include definitions of school-sponsored trips, including field trips and
extracurricular activities, and health related terms; applicable federal and state laws; planning and
assessment considerations; suggested responsibilities for the various professionals involved; and useful
checklists to assist in the planning and successful management of field trips.
1.1 Aim an objective of field trip.

The purpose of the field trip is usually observation for education, non-experimental research or to
provide students with experiences outside their everyday activities, such as going camping with teachers
and their classmates. The aim of this research is to observe the subject in its natural state and possibly
collect samples. It is seen that more-advantaged children may have already experienced cultural
institutions outside of school, and field trips provide common ground with more-advantaged and less-
advantaged children to have some of the same cultural experiences in the arts.

Aims.
1. It help in providing a change in routine for the students and keeps them engaged in learning.

2. Field Trip make it possible to take students to see an under water ecosystem.

3.the aim of the field is usually observation for education,non experimental research.

Objectives

1.2 Importance of Field Trips

Field trips require significant planning and coordination for teachers and administrators, but students
often see a field trip as a free day out of the classroom. However, students will likely have an
educational experience that they never could have had in the classroom.

1.Interactive Learning

Field trips help students interact with what they are learning. The experience goes beyond reading
about a concept; students are able to see it, manipulate it or participate in it physically. Students are
able to see elements with their eyes rather than reading about it and believing what they are told
because it's in print. Visiting a farm and milking a real cow is much more powerful than reading about
milking a cow.

2. Entertainment.

Field trips provide entertainment for students. They often serve as a powerful motivator for students,
stirring up excitement as the trip nears. Breaking away from the routine provides kids with a refresher
that might make them more focused back in the classroom. Learning and fun make a great combination.
Field trips are considered fun, but the children learn as well, whether they realize it .

3. Extension of Classroom Study

Field trips take the book learning from the classroom and extend it to life. Students often question the
importance of topics they study in class. Field trips, particularly for older students, can answer the
question of how learning can be applied in life. For example, a field trip to a bakery proves that
measurement and chemistry apply beyond the science classroom.

4. Social interaction

Leaving the classroom for a field trip places the kids in a different social environment. They encounter a
new set of adults and possibly other children during the course of the average field trip. These
interactions teach them how to behave in different settings. They employ more self-control because it is
a less contained environment than the classroom.

5. New experience.

. Many children don't get to experience the typical field trip locations with their families. A school trip
gives students the opportunity to experience new venues. Because of money constraints or lack of
resources, not all parents are able to take their kids to zoos, museums and other field trip destinations.

1.3 vegetational change

_The whether has change due to the rainfall.

_The Areas was cool due to the rain fall.

_ only few trees are planted.

_vegetation I in sifawa is higher than boring.while in yabo no

vegetational change occurs during the period of field trip.
_in shagari there is a big dam_ river along the side is farm which
cultivated rice,cassava, carrot and tomatoes. And the stone are much
in nature. High vegetational occur

_gambu high vegetational.

_Dogondagi alot of Mongafera indica, much of neem trees, higher

vegetational change occurs. And alot of borrassus(African palm trees).

_Malian high vegetation occur ,much of water(bridge at the top with

alot of water lily(Nymphaeaceae)

_in tambuwal high vegetation,greenhouse, planty Mongafera indica.

-Allassan high vegetation, panties of Anacardium occidentalis

(Cashew) ,Mongafera indica (mangoes), Adonsonia digitata (baobab).

CHAPTER TWO .

botanical garden, also called botanic garden, originally, a collection of living plants designed chiefly
to illustrate relationships within plant groups. In modern times, most botanical gardens are concerned
primarily with exhibiting ornamental plants, insofar as possible in a scheme that emphasizes natural
relationships. Thus, the two functions are blended: eye appeal and taxonomic order.

. A display garden that concentrates on woody plants (shrubs and trees) is often referred to as an
arboretum. It may be a collection in its own right or a part of a botanical garden.

A major contemporary objective of botanical gardens is to maintain extensive collections of plants,

labeled with common and scientific names and regions of origin

A contemporary botanic garden is a strictly protected natural urban green area, where a managing
organization creates landscaped gardens and holds documented collections of living plants and/or
preserved plant accessions containing .

Role and functions of botanical gardens.

1. Availability of plants for scientific research

2. display of plant diversity in form and use

3. display of plants of particular regions (including local)

4. plants sometimes grown within their particular families

5. plants grown for their seed or rarity

6. major timber (American English: lumber) trees

7. plants of economic significance

8.glasshouse plants of different climates

9. all plants accurately labelled

10. records kept of plants and their performance

11. catalogues of holdings published periodically

12. research facilities utilising the living collections

13. studies in plant taxonomy

14 examples of different vegetation types

15.student education

16. I.at least one collector maintained doing field work

Different Types of Classification.

There are mainly three types of classification:

1. Artificial System of Classification

In the artificial system of classification, morphological features of an organism are taken into
consideration for grouping organisms in a different category, but few of them use the habit and habitat
of an organism. As per Aristotle law, animals are divided into two categories like enaima ( animal having
red blood cell ) and anima ( animals without red blood cells ).

2. The Natural System of Classification

In the natural system of classification, a number of resembling characters are considered like many
similarities and dissimilarities present in an organism. This would help to set up relations between
different organisms. In this system of classification, we mainly consider morphological features,
anatomical features, cytological features, reproductive features, etc which is used to classify organisms.
3.Phylogenetic Classification

In phylogenetic classification, the evolutionary relationship of an organism is taken, which is known as a

phylogenetic relationship, which is used to classify organisms into different categories. The phylogenetic
system was proposed by Engler and Prantl (1887-99) zoologists who believed that similarity in structure
represents a close evolutionary relationship. And their natural classification represents evolutionary and
phylogenetic classification.

Common Plant Names with their Unique Botanical Names

Some of the botanical names examples are given below:

1. Appl Malus domestica

2. Bamboo Bamboosa aridinarifolia

3. Bannana Musa parasidisiaca

4. Black pepper Piper nigrum

5. Banyan Ficus benghalenzsis

6. Black gram Plasoes mungo

7. Bringal Salanum melangena

8 . Carrot Daucas carota

9. Clove Syzygium aromatics

2.0 Nursery

A nursery is a place where plants are propagated and grown to a desired size. Mostly the plants
concerned are for gardening, forestry, or conservation biology, rather than agriculture.

.A "nurseryman" is a person who owns or works in a nursery.

Ornamental trees, shrubs, annuals, grasses, and other plants are cultivated and planted for aesthetic
and utility purposes in urban landscapes, including yards, parks, gardens, sports fields, cemeteries,
medians, and roadsides.

Types of Nursery
1. Vegetables nurseries
_.They are used for raising the seedlings of vegetable crops.

_ Tomatoes, cabbages, kale, onions, brinials and peppers

2.Tree nurseries

_These are used for raising tree seedlings.

_The seedlings can be raised in bare root nurseries or in containerized nurseries.

3. Grafting nurseries

_The part bearing the roots are referred to as root stock while the part which is grafted onto the root
stock is known as scion.

_The scion has buds which develop into the future plant.

4.layering nurseries

_It is the process by which a part of a plant is induced to produce roots while still attached to the mother
plant.

_Once the roots have been produced, the stem is then cut off and planted.

Types of layering;

_Marcotting or aerial layering.

_Tip layering.

_Trench layering.

_Compound or serpentine.

Tool used in Nursery section

1..grass shear it is used for uniform cutting of gasses.

2. Shovel it is used for digging the soil and transfer it form one place to another .

3. Hoe cum rake it is used for digging, hoeing eating up leaving and weed collection

4 .pick axe it is used for digging compact and stony soil.

5. Towel it is used to remove plant from nurseries and used for transplanting.

Others are building knife, axes,hand cultivator,hand spray,bill hook, fork, spade.
2.0 Ornamental plants
Ornamental plants or garden plants are plants that are primarily grown for their beauty[1] but also
for qualities such as scent or how they shape physical space. Many flowering plants and garden varieties
tend to be specially bred cultivars that improve on the original species in qualities such as color, shape,
scent, and long-lasting blooms.

There are many examples of fine ornamental plants that can provide height, privacy, and beauty for any
garden. These ornamental perennial plants have seeds that allow them to reproduce. maintenance.
[citation needed] Almost any types of plant have ornamental variety/varieties: trees, shrubs, climbers,
grasses, succulents, aquatic plants, herbaceous perennials and annual plants. Non-botanical
classifications include houseplants, bedding plants, hedges, plants for cut flowers and foliage plants. The
cultivation of ornamental plants comes under floriculture and tree nurseries, which is a major branch of
horticulture

Species name Family name Common name

1. Citrus lemon Rutaceae Lemon

2. Anacardium occidentalis Anacardiaceae Cashew

3. Mongafera indica Anacardiaceae Mongo

4. Bougainvillea spectabilis Nyctaginaceae Paper flower

5. Peonies Paeonaceae Golden peony

6. Musa paradisica Muscaceae Bannana

2.1 Aquatic plants.

Aqutic plants are plants that have adapted to living in aquatic environments (saltwater or freshwater).
They are also referred to as hydrophytes or macrophytes to distinguish them from algae and other
microphytes. A macrophyte is a plant that grows in or near water and is either emergent, submergent,
or floating. In lakes and rivers macrophytes provide cover for fish, substrate for aquatic invertebrates,
produce oxygen, and act as food for some fish and wildlife.

Macrophytes are primary producers and are the basis of the food web for many organisms.[2] They have
a significant effect on soil chemistry and light levels [3] as they slow down the flow of water and capture
pollutants and trap sediments. Excess sediment will settle into the benthos aided by the reduction of
flow rates caused by the presence of plant stems, leaves and roots. Some plants have the capability of
absorbing pollutants into their tissue.[4][5] Seaweeds are multicellular marine algae and, although their
ecological impact is similar to other larger water plants, they are not typically referred to as
macrophytes.

Classification of macrophytes
Based on growth form, macrophytes can be characterised as:

Emergent

Submerged

Rooted: rooted to the substrate

Unrooted: free-floating in the water column

Attached: attached to substrate but not by roots

Floating-leaved

Free-floating

Emergent
An emergent plant is one which grows in water but pierces the surface so that it is partially exposed to
air. Collectively, such plants are emergent vegetation.

Submerged

Submerged macrophytes completely grow under water with roots attached to the substrate (e.g.
Myriophyllum spicatum) or without any root system (e.g. Ceratophyllum demersum). Helophytes are
plants that grow partly submerged in marshes and regrow from buds below the water surface

Floating-leaved
Floating-leaved macrophytes have root systems attached to the substrate or bottom of the body of
water and with leaves that float on the water surface. Common floating leaved macrophytes are water
lilies (family Nymphaeaceae), pondweeds (family Potamogetonaceae).

Free-floating

Free-floating macrophytes are found suspended on water surface with their root not attached to the
substrate, sediment, or bottom of the water body. They are easily blown by air and provide breeding
ground for mosquitoes. Example include Pistia spp. commonly called water lettuce, water cabbage or
Nile cabbage.
Species name Family name Common name

1 Pistia strategies Acaceae White lettuce or she'll flower.

2 . Nymphar lutea Nymphaeaceae Yellow water lilly

3. Nymphaeaceae tetragona Nymphaeaceae Pygmy water lily

4. Gymnocronis spilanthoids Asteraceae Tea plant

2.2. Green house

A greenhouse is a structure which allows people to regulate climatic conditions, such as temperature
and humidity. There are many different designs of greenhouses; however, in general these buildings
include large areas of transparent material to capture the light and heat of the sun. The three most
common transparent materials used in the roof and walls of modern greenhouses are rigid plastics
made of polycarbonate, plastic films made of polyethylene or glass panes] When the interior of a
greenhouse is exposed to sunlight, the internal temperature rises and shelters the plants from cold
weather.

The word greenhouse can be used interchangeably with the terms glasshouse and hothouse, depending
on the building's material and heating system. Buildings today are more commonly referred to as
greenhouses because they can be constructed of a variety of materials, like wood and polyethylene
plastic.A glasshouse, on the other hand, is a more traditional style of greenhouse that is only
constructed with panes of glass to allow light into the building. The term hothouse implies that the
greenhouse is heated through artificial means; however, both heated and unheated structures can be
defined generally as greenhouses.

Uses
In domestic greenhouses, the glass used is typically 3mm (or ⅛″) 'horticultural glass' grade, which is
good quality glass that should not contain air bubbles (which can produce scorching on leaves by acting
like lenses).

Plastics mostly used are polyethylene film and multiwall sheets of polycarbonate material, or PMMA
acrylic glass.

Commercial glass greenhouses are often high-tech production facilities for vegetables or flowers. The
glass greenhouses are filled with equipment such as screening installations, heating, cooling and lighting,
and may be automatically controlled by a computer.

Other types of structures

_Shade houses

_Screen houses

_Crop top structures

Classifying greenhouses

Greenhouses are a technology based investment.

1.High technology greenhouses

2. Medium technology greenhouses

3. Low technology greenhouses

Crops that can be grown in greenhouses;

Some examples of crops that are found in greenhouses

Aubergines.

Egg plants.

Sweet corn

Broccoli.

Cauliflower

Chinese cabbage

Coriander.

Parsley.

Arugula.

Habenero peppers etc.

Greenhouses can also be used for nursery of vegetable .e.t.c.

.
.

CHAPTER THREE.

3.0 Orchard
Orchids are plants that belong to the family Orchidaceae (/ˌɔːrkɪˈdeɪsi.iː, -si.aɪ/),[2] a diverse and
widespread group of flowering plants with blooms that are often colourful and fragrant.

An Ochard is unit or section in the garden where fruit trees ap planted eg Mongafera indica.

Orchidaceae is one of the two largest families of flowering plants, along with the Asteraceae. It contains
about 28,000 currently accepted species, distributed across 763 genera.Which of the two families is
larger is still unclear.

Orchids are easily distinguished from other plants, as they share some very evident derived
characteristics or synapomorphies. Among these are: bilateral symmetry of the flower (zygomorphism),
many resupinate flowers, a nearly always highly modified petal (labellum), fused stamens and carpels,
and extremely small seeds.

orchids are perennial herbs that lack any permanent woody structure. They can grow according to two
patterns:

Monopodial: The stem grows from a single bud, leaves are added from the apex each year, and the
stem grows longer accordingly. The stem of orchids with a monopodial growth can reach several metres
in length, as in Vanda and Vanilla..

Sympodial: Sympodial orchids have a front (the newest growth) and a back (the oldest growth). The
plant produces a series of adjacent shoots, which grow to a certain size, bloom and then stop growing
and are replaced. Sympodial orchids grow horizontally, rather than vertically, following the surface of
their support.

. Species name Family name Common name

1. Cymbidium Orchidaceae Boat orchids

2. Cattley Orchidaceae Queen of orchids or corsage

orchids.

3. Onchidium Orchid Bee orchids or tiger orchids

4. Vanilla Genus Flatted leaves

3.1 forest reserve
Forest reserves are portions of state lands where commercial harvesting of wood products is excluded in
order to capture elements of biodiversity that can be missing from sustainably harvested sites.

Free Areas

Free areas are forested areas that are not under strict management by the SFDs. However, permission
to exploit trees from free areas still have to be obtained from SDFs. As can be seen in Table 3, the total
area in free forest areas in the study area is 11,780,896 ha. They provide additional sources of forest
products and services. In fact, they are considered to be very important for private forestry
development. Some of the areas have been targeted as Potential Plantation Areas (PPAs).

Examples of forest reserves tree plans are

1. Adonsonia digitata(bombacaceae)bobbob

2.gra senegatensis(combretaceae)sattellite

_ Benefits:

1 . Allow comparison of species, natural communities, and ecological processes on harvested sites

with sites reserved from harvest of wood products.

2. Provide late-successional forest habitats for wildlife that represent the diversity of forest

ecosystems in Massachusetts.

3. Inform management of harvested sites with knowledge of structural attributes that develop on

reserve sites.

4. Provide unique recreational and aesthetic opportunities in biologically mature forest habitats that

will develop over time in reserves.

3.2 mushrooms
A mushroom or toadstool is the fleshy, spore-bearing fruiting body of a fungus, typically produced
above ground, on soil, or on its food source. Toadstool generally denotes one poisonous to humans.

The standard for the name "mushroom" is the cultivated white button mushroom, Agaricus bisporus;
hence the word "mushroom" is most often applied to those fungi (Basidiomycota, Agaricomycetes) that
have a stem (stipe), a cap (pileus), and gills (lamellae, sing. lamella) on the underside of the cap.
"Mushroom" also describes a variety of other gilled fungi, with or without stems, therefore the term is
used to describe the fleshy fruiting bodies of some Ascomycota.

Typical mushrooms are the fruit bodies of members of the order Agaricales, whose type genus is
Agaricus and type species is the field mushroom, Agaricus campestris.

Types of mushrooms.
1.There are those who tend to stick to a straight-forward diet (think pasta with red sauce or mac-n-
cheese) or prefer to choose the things they have tried and know they like (like mom's tuna noodle
casserole or chicken scallopini from your favorite restaurant).

1.Button Mushrooms

The most common type of mushroom in the U.S., button mushrooms are related to cremini and
portabellos; the difference is their age. Think of buttons as the youngsters, cremini as a teenager, and
portabellos as an adult. For a delicious side dish, sauté button mushrooms in butter and thyme with a
splash of white wine.

2.Crimini Mushrooms

Another form of agaricus bisporus—cremini mushrooms (also known as baby bellas) are just an older
version of the button mushroom. Because of their age, they are a bit browner and firmer, which means
they're great for soups and stews as they maintain some texture when cooked.

3. Portabello Mushrooms

A type of agaricus bisporus, the portobello is the oldest variety of the three featured here. While they
were once only imported from Italy, they now grow all over the United States. Thanks to their large size
and meaty flavor, they can be swapped in for meat on pretty much anything—sandwiches, pizza, pasta
sauces, omelettes, and more!

4.Edible mushrooms

Edible mushrooms are the fleshy and edible fruit bodies of several species of macrofungi (fungi which
bear fruiting structures that are large enough to be seen with the naked eye). They can appear either
below ground (hypogeous) or above ground (epigeous) where they may be picked by hand.

5 non edible mushroom

Seven of the world's most poisonous mushrooms are: death cap (Amanita phalloides), Conocy bettilaris,
web caps (Cortinarius species), Autumn skullcap (Calerina marginata), destroyin angels (Amanita
species), Podostron a cornu-damae and deadly dapperliry (Lepiota brunneoincarnata).
3.3 kitchen garden
The traditional kitchen garden, vegetable garden, also known as a potager (from the French jardin
potager) or in Scotland a kailyaird, is a space separate from the rest of the residential garden – the
ornamental plants and lawn areas. It is used for growing edible plants and often some medicinal plants,
especially historically. The plants are grown for domestic use; though some seasonal surpluses are given
away or sold, a commercial operation growing a variety of vegetables is more commonly termed a
market garden (or a farm).

The kitchen garden is different not only in its history, but also its functional design. It differs from an
allotment in that a kitchen garden is on private land attached or very close to the dwelling. It is regarded
as essential that the kitchen garden could be quickly accessed by the cook. E.g

_Tomato: Tomato is the most popular crop grown in greenhouses worldwide. In Nigeria, greenhouse
grown tomatoes command better prices than open field grown tomatoes because of their high quality.

_cucumbers, cucumber farming is called farmers’ ATM in Nigeria because of the popularity and
profitability of this crop in Nigeria. Cucumbers can be grown in greenhouses.

Aubergines.

Egg plants.

Sweet corn

Broccoli.

Cauliflower

Chinese cabbage

Coriander.

Parsley.

Arugula.

Habenero peppers etc.

Greenhouses can also be used for nursery of vegetable .e.t.c.

3.4 HONEY BEE
uses, see Honey bee (disambiguation).

A honey bee (also spelled honeybee) is a eusocial flying insect within the genus Apis of the bee clade, all
native to mainland Afro-Eurasia. After bees spread naturally throughout Africa and Eurasia, humans
became responsible for the current cosmopolitan distribution of honey bees, introducing multiple
subspecies into South America (early 16th century), North America (early 17th century), and Australia
(early 19th century)

Bee balm (Monarda spp.) ...

White wild indigo (Baptisia alba) ...

Purple coneflower (Echinacea purpurea) ...

Black-eyed susan (Rudbeckia hirta) ...

Joe-pye weed (Eutrochium purpureum) ...

Marsh blazing star (Liatris spicata) ...

Wrinkleleaf goldenrod (Solidago rugosa)

3.5. CACTI.
A cactus is a member of the plant family Cactaceae

A cactus (pl cacti, cactuses, or less commonly, cactus])is a member of the plant family Cactaceae (/kæ
ˈkteɪsiaɪ, -siːiː/), a family comprising about 127 genera with some 1750 known species of the order
Caryophyllales.The word cactus derives, through Latin, from the Ancient Greek word κάκτος (káktos), a
name originally used by Theophrastus for a spiny plant whose identity is now not certain. Cacti occur in
a wide range of shapes and sizes. They are native to the Americas, ranging from Patagonia in the south
to parts of western Canada in the north, with the exception of Rhipsalis baccifera, which is also found in
Africa and Sri Lanka.

Some examples of cactus plants

1.Blue Columnar Cactus (Pilosocereus pachycladus)

2. Bunny Ears Cactus (Opuntia microdasys

3.Saguaro Cactus (Carnegiea gigantea)

4. Fairy Castle Cactus (Acanthocereus tetragonus)

5. Golden Barrel Cactus (Echinocactus grusonii)

3.6. ICU.(INTENSIVE CARE UNIT).

If you get a new variety and want to observe a plants in a good observation and treat even if it's
rooted, you will take the root part and treat it and digonise. Examples

Generic name Family name Common name

1. Anacardium occidentalis Anacardiaceae Cashew

2. Carica papaya Caricaceae Orange

3. Aloe vera Liliaceae Aloe

4. Annona squamosa Annonaceae Custard apple

5. Rose indica Roseaceaa Roce

CHAPTER FOUR

4.0 Kanta Museum

Under biology there is a field of molecular biology under ther is unit called
archeology.

study of ancient history"Archaeology or archeology is the study of

human activity through the recovery and analysis of material culture.
The archaeological record consists of artifacts, architecture, biofacts
or ecofacts, sites, and cultural landscapes. Archaeology can be
considered both a social science and a branch of the humanities. It is
usually considered an independent academic discipline, but may also
be classified as part of anthropology (in North America – the four-field
approach), history or geography
Archaeologists study human prehistory and history, from the
development of the first stone tools at Lomekwi in East Africa 3.3
million years ago up until recent decades. Archaeology is distinct from
palaeontology, which is the study of fossil remains. Archaeology is
particularly important for learning about prehistoric societies, for
which, by definition, there are no written records. Prehistory includes
over 99% of the human past, from the Paleolithic until the advent of
literacy in societies around the world. Archaeology has various goals,
which range from understanding culture history to reconstructing past
lifeways to documenting and explaining changes in human societies
through time.Derived from the Greek, the term archaeology literally
means "the HISTORY.
Kanta Museum is a museum in Argungu, Nigeria, adjacent to the main market.Kanta museum know as
gidan Nabame is an old Palace of kabi kingdom emirs and Kings,that was by the 22nd king of kabi
kingdom in 1831.

Established

1831

Location

Argungu, Nigeria

Founder

Yakubu Nabame.

The museum is divided into eleven compartments and has a notable collection of weapons, consisting of
charms, spears, swords, wood, stones, bows and arrows, local guns and even drums on display

The reason

4.1 History of kanta Museum.

Kanta Museum Argungu

The Kanta Museum is a historical and cultural gem located in Argungu, Nigeria. Situated adjacent to the
main market, the museum's building was constructed in 1831 and named after Muhammed Kanta, who
founded the Kebbi Kingdom in 1515. The building was erected by Yakubu Nabame, a former Emir of
Kebbi, and served as the Emir’s palace until 1942.

When the British built a new administrative palace during the reign of Muhammed Sani, this old building
became vacant. Recognizing its historical value, it was opened as a museum on July 1, 1958, serving as a
window into the rich and turbulent history of Kebbi State.

The Kanta Museum is divided into eleven compartments, each holding a piece of the region's historical
narrative. The museum boasts a notable collection of weapons, including charms, spears, swords, wood,
stones, bows and arrows, local guns, and even drums. The museum is a testament to the ancient
architectural beauty of the region, with minimal renovations and reconstruction, thus maintaining its
historical charm. The exterior view of the museum echoes the ancient northern Nigerian structure and
edifice.

Gallery

1.Number of Galleries 6

2. Gallery 1

The first gallery showing the kings court.

3. Gallery 2

The second showing the different ethnic tribal marks in the kingdom.

4.Gallery 3

The third gallery showing different types of traditional occupation in the kingdom.

5. Gallery 4

The fourth gallery showing the different types musical instruments in the kingdom.

6. Gallery 5

The fifth gallery showing different types war weapons in kingdom.

Kanta Museum has been over by the national commission for mountains on 26 September, 2013.

4.2 Kebbi Emirate

The Kebbi Emirate, also known as the Argungu Emirate is a traditional state based on the town of
Argungu in Kebbi State, Nigeria. It is the successor to the ancient Hausa kingdom of Kebbi.[1] The
Emirate is one of four in Kebbi State, the others being the Gwandu Emirate, Yauri Emirate and Zuru
Emirate

Origin.
Kebbi is traditionally considered to belong to the Banza bakwai states of Hausaland. According to the
locally known Hausa legend, the Kebbi kingdom was one of the Banza Bakwai ("seven bastards") or
seven "illegitimate" states. The rulers of these states were supposed to trace their lineage to a
concubine of the Hausa founding father, Bayajidda, hence the locally disdainful term banza
("illegitimate").

The first historical references date to the time when the area came under Songhay rule during the reign
of Sunni Ali (1464–1492). The earliest documented mention of a Kebbi ruler is to be found in Al-Sa'di's
Ta'rïkh al-Südän where it is related that in the year 1516-7 Kanta Kuta, ruler of Leka, revolted against the
Dendi-fari ("governor of the eastern front"), a provincial governor of the Songhay empire and
established his independence which lasted until the downfall of the Songhay empire. The reason for
Kebbi's break with Songhay was the refusal of the Dendi-fari to give the Kanta his share of the booty
obtained in an expedition against the Sultanate of Air.In the year 1517-8, an attempt was made by
Songhay to re-establish its authority over Kebbi, but was unsuccessful. Kuta was succeeded, probably in
1523-4 by Muhammad Kanta and it was under him that Kebbi emerged as a formidable power in the
Central Sudan. Sudan. During the reign of the Songhay Askia Muhammad Bunkan, the Kanta was able to
inflict a crushing defeat on Songhay, the Askia's army was scattered 'pell-mell' and Muhammad Bunkan
was fortunate to get away with his lif] The Al-Sa'di's Ta'rïkh al-Südän, which records this incident, says
that no other Askia again attempted an expedition against Kebbi.During this period Surame, of which
the massive walls still survive, was the capital of the kingdom.

Kebbi became a major power in the region, resisting Songhay attacks, expanding into the Yauri and Nupe
lands to the south and defeating attempts by the Bornu Empire to invade and occupy the Hausa states.
However, after Kanta's death in 1556 the Hausa states stopped paying tribute, and his son and successor
Ahmadu did not attempt to force the issue. By the end of the sixteenth century Kebbi had become a
minor kingdom.

Rulers
Rulers of the Hausa kingdom before incorporation into the Sokoto Caliphate

Great Hausa kingdom based on Surame and Birnin Kebbi

No. Name Reign start Reign end

1 Muhammadu Kantu Kotal 1516 1561

2 Ahmadu I 1561 1596

3 Dawuda 1596 1619

4 Ibrahimu I 1619 1621

5 Suleimanu I 1621 1636

6 Muhammadu 1636 1649

7 Maliki dan Ibrahimu 1649 1662

8 Umarau Ciwa 1662 1674

9 Muhammadu Kaye 1674 1676

10 Ibrahimu II 1676 1684

11 Muhammadu na Sifawa 1684 1686

12 Ahmadu dan Amaru 1686 1696

13 Tomo 1696 1700

14 Muhammadu dan Giwa 1700 1717

15 Samaila 1717 1750

16 Muhammadu dan Tagande 1750 1754

17 Abdullahi Toga 1754 1775

18 Suleimanu II 1775 1803

19 Abubakar Ukar 1803

20 Muhammadu Fodi 1803 1826

21 Samaila II 1826 1827

Rulers of the Hausa Emirate established at Argungu

Hausa successor state based on Argungu

No. Name Reign start Reign end

21 Samaila (or Karari) 1827 1831

22 Yakubu Nabame (in exile from 1831 to 1849) 1831 1854

23 Yusufu Mainasara 1854 1859

24 Muhammadu Ba Are 1859 1860

25 Abdullahi Toga 1860 1883

26 Samaila II (or Sama) 1883 September 1915[1]

27 Suleimana 1915 1920

28 Muhammadu Sama 1920 1934

29 Muhammadu Sani 1934 1942

30 Samaila III 1942 1953

31 Muhammadu Shefe 1953 October 1959[1]

32 Muhammadu Mera 1959 1996[1]

33 Samaila IV. 1996 Incumbent.

4.3 ethnic galleries in the kingdom.

Tribal marks Toms and kings Hair style Local babbing

1.balekaye(9&10) Tulu Bariki Tukkuwa

2. Bakabe(10&9) Kasko Tsanin yawa Docon Rai

3. Bazamfare Turmi Faskare Lauren

4.Bajube has 2 Tabarya Tsoron gaba Guga

5.falawa Gangan Zaman sa'a

6. Yar buzuwa Maburkaki Tsoron mangaye

7.Bagobiri Kwaarya Tsane

8.babule Yar Furlani

4.4 Argungu Fishing FestivalArgungu Fishing Festival

The Argungu Fishing Festival is an annual four-day festival in the state of Kebbi, in the north-western
part of Northern Nigeria. This is an annual four-day fishing festival that has been held in the
northwestern state of Kebbi since 1934. It is held at the beginning of March, and thousands of fishermen
come to compete to catch the largest fish on the Sokoto River using only traditional handmade nets.

What's the History behind the Argungu Fishing Festival?

The festival began in the year 1934, as a mark of the end of the centuries-old hostility between the
Sokoto Caliphate and the Kebbi Kingdom. The region is made up of fertile river areas, with lots of
irrigation and orchards, making a fishing festival an ideal way to celebrate the new peace, and it's been
celebrated every year since. Over the years, it's become extremely popular with tourists, both from
Nigeria and from further afield!

4 5 water analysis
Water testing is a broad description for various procedures used to analyze water quality. Millions of
water quality tests are carried out daily to fulfill regulatory requirements and to maintain safety.

Tĺesting may be performed to evaluate:ĺ

1 ambient or environmental water quality – the ability of a surface water body to support aquatic life as
an

2 wastewater – characteristics of polluted water (domestic sewage or industrial waste) before treatment
or after treatment.

3 "raw water" quality – characteristics of a water source prior to treatment for domestic consumption
4(drinking water). See Bacteriological water analysis and specific tests such as turbidity and hard water.

4. "finished" water quality – water treated at a municipal water purification plant. See Bacteriological
water analysis and Category:Water quality indicators.
5. suitability of water for industrial uses such as laboratory, manufacturing or equipment cooling. See
purified water.

4.5 important of water analysis.

The presence of certain contaminants in our water can lead to health issues, including gastrointestinal
illness, reproductive problems, and neurological disorders. Infants, young children, pregnant women,
the elderly, and people with weakened immune systems may be especially at risk for illness.

_Physical appearance of the water

The physical appearance of the water includeds:Test of the water,ordour, Tobidity,lead,copper,chlorine,

Mercury,

The water is tobid

The water colour is pale yellow .

_chemical analysis : showbelowin the table.

Lead of water 20

Copper 0

Ion 0

Chlorine 0

Bromine 0

Nittrate 0

Nitrite 0

Mercury 0

Chlorine 25

Hardness 2.00

PH 8.4

Alkanity of water 12

_Nutrient Agar
Nutrient agar is a general purpose medium that supports the growth of a wide range of non-fibrous
organisms. Nutrient agar is popular because it supports the growth of various types of bacteria and
fungi, and contains many of the nutrients necessary for the growth of bacteria.

Mix 28g of nutrient agar into 1000mls of dissolved water.

28g× 200/100=5600/1000=5.6g(200ml).

_Autoclave

operate at high temperature and pressure in order to kill microorganisms and spores. They are used to
decontaminate certain biological waste and sterilize media, instruments and lab ware.

_Inoculation

Is the process of introducing the sample into the media preparation.e.g

Bacteria incubate at 37⁰.

Fungi incubate at room temperature.

_Incubation.

Simply means putting the sample at a room temperature.

_gram staining .

The reagent that ar used: safranin or neutralred,,alcohol acetone, logo's iodine, crystal violent.

Used to differentiate the bacteria in to 2.

.Gram possitve purple in colour.

.Gram negative pink in colour.

_Bacteriologic analysis :

to identify the miro organism. Includes coliform, E coli,S Aureus, S, Salmonella spp,S Shigella spp,feucal
strep, mould and yeast ar presents .