Unidad 5

5.

PERFECT TENSES

PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE

When we talk about a situation in a period that continues from the past until now,
we use have or has.
Have
I
We
You have + participle
They
Example
I have visited the doctor ordinarily.
Has
He
She has + participle
It
Example
Mr. Sanchez has visited the doctor continually.
Irregular verbs
Participles are equal to simple and past Participles are equal to past
Simple Past Participle Simple Past Participle
Beat beat Beat Buy Bought Bought
Bet Bet Bet Sit Sat Sat
Put Put Put Feel Felt Felt
Participles are equal to simple form Participles with change of a vowel

Become Became Become Begin Began Begun
Come Came Come Drink Drank Drunk
Run Ran Run Sing Sang Sung
“Donde lo inexplicable se vuelve conocimiento”

Participles formed by adding a consonant Participles formed by adding a syllable
Blow Blew Blown Eat Ate Eaten
Draw Drew Drawn Give Gave Given
Know Knew Known Take Took Taken
Special changes
Simple Past Participle
Be Was / were Been
Do Did Done
Go Went Gone
Regular verbs
Regular verbs change to participle form by adding-ed.

Work Worked Worked
Dance Danced Danced
Verbs ended in “y” changed to “-ied”.

Study Studied Studied
Verbs ended in “y” precede by a vowel its participle just by adding “-ed”.

Play Played Played
PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOS
When we talk about a situation or an activity that recently finished, we use present
perfect continuous.
Example:
Perla has been eating too much these days.
Look at the structures!

I
We
have + been + verb – ing.
You
They
He
She has + been + verb – ing.
It
TIME EXPRESSIONS: SINCE, FOR, JUST

Since: Indicates prolongation
Example:
Lucy has been working at Sam’s since 1990.
For: Indicates duration
Example:
The boy has been bothering his sister all morning.
Andrea and Mario have been living together for the

last six months.
Just: Indicates ending.
Example:
Gerardo was just here a minute ago.
EXPRESSIONS WITH YET AND ALREADY

Already
ALREADY indicates that something happened sooner than expected. We can use
ALREADY in affirmative statements.
Example:
The children have already eaten.

Noticed that ALREADY usually goes in the middle of a sentence.
Also, we can use ALREADY with tag questions in negative statements.
Example:
The children haven’t already eaten, have they?
Negative form
We put not after have or has to form negative sentences.
Present perfect simple

Example:
I have not seen my son up to now.
Present perfect continuous

Example:
Mario has not been attending to school lately.
Perfect tense with yes/no answers.

Present perfect simple
When we ask about a situation in a period of time that continues from the past until
now, we use has or have at the beginning of the sentence. Look at the structure.
Example:
A: Have you visited Cancun this week?

B: Yes, I have. (Affirmative answer)
No, I have not. (Negative answer)
With the third person, we use has

Example:
A: Has Rosa traveled to Cancun?

B: Yes, she has. (Affirmative answer)
No, she has not. (Negative answer)
Look!
We use the contractions:
have not = haven’t
has not = hasn’t

Present perfect continuous
When we ask about a situation of an activity that has recently finished, we use the
present perfect continuous.
Example:
A: Have you been traveling lately?

B: Yes, I have. (Affirmative answer)
No, I haven’t. (Negative answer)
With the third persons, we use has.

Example:
A: ¿Has Rosa been visiting Puerto Vallarta?

B: Yes, she has. (Affirmative answer)
No, she hasn’t. (Negative answer)
PAST PERFECT SIMPLE

When we talk about a past situation that happened before another past situation, we
use the past perfect simple.
Look at the structure.
+ had + participle + complement.
Example:
We had taken Mr. Villanueva’s class before.
Look!
We can use a sentence or phrase indicating past time linked by when, before, by the
time…
Example:
Class had finished when we returned to school.
(Past of the past action) (Past action)

Past perfect continuous
When we talk about the duration of a situation that happened over a period up to a
particular past time, we use past perfect continuous.
Example:
We had been watching a movie when class began.

(The duration of a past of the past action) (Past action)
NEGATIVE FORM
We put not after had in negative sentences. You can use the contraction of had not
= hadn’t.
Example:
I hadn’t seen you before class began.

They hadn’t been going to the movies before.
Past perfect simple with yes/no questions

When we ask a situation that happened before another past situation, we use the
past perfect simple. Look at the structure.
Had + + participle + complement +

?
Example:
A: Had you baked a cake before I returned?

B: Yes, I had. (Affirmative answer)
B: No, I hadn’t. (Negative answer)
Past perfect continuous with yes/no questions

When we ask about the duration of a situation that happened over a period up to a
particular past time, we use past perfect continuous.
Look at the structure.

Had + + been + verb–ing + complement
+?
Example:
A: Had you been working when I called you?

B: Yes, I had. (Affirmative answer)
B:No, I hadn’t. (Negative answer)
Forming questions
We form questions with a wh–word (wh–questions) at the beginning of a sentence.
Look at the example.
Example:
A: What had you been baking?

B: A cake
A: Where had the children been?

B: In the garden.

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5.

PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE

I have visited the doctor ordinarily.

Mr. Sanchez has visited the doctor continually.

Participles are equal to simple form Participles with change of a vowel

“Donde lo inexplicable se vuelve conocimiento”

Regular verbs change to participle form by adding-ed.

Simple Past Participle

Verbs ended in “y” changed to “-ied”.

Simple Past Participle

Simple Past Participle

PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOS

Perla has been eating too much these days.

Look at the structures!

“Donde lo inexplicable se vuelve conocimiento”

TIME EXPRESSIONS: SINCE, FOR, JUST

Lucy has been working at Sam’s since 1990.

For: Indicates duration

The boy has been bothering his sister all morning.

Andrea and Mario have been living together for the

Just: Indicates ending.

Gerardo was just here a minute ago.

EXPRESSIONS WITH YET AND ALREADY

The children have already eaten.

“Donde lo inexplicable se vuelve conocimiento”

The children haven’t already eaten, have they?

Present perfect simple

Present perfect continuous

Perfect tense with yes/no answers.

A: Have you visited Cancun this week?

With the third person, we use has

A: Has Rosa traveled to Cancun?

“Donde lo inexplicable se vuelve conocimiento”

A: Have you been traveling lately?

With the third persons, we use has.

A: ¿Has Rosa been visiting Puerto Vallarta?

PAST PERFECT SIMPLE

+ had + participle + complement.

We had taken Mr. Villanueva’s class before.

“Donde lo inexplicable se vuelve conocimiento”

We had been watching a movie when class began.

I hadn’t seen you before class began.

Past perfect simple with yes/no questions

Had + + participle + complement +

A: Had you baked a cake before I returned?

Past perfect continuous with yes/no questions

“Donde lo inexplicable se vuelve conocimiento”

A: Had you been working when I called you?

A: What had you been baking?

A: Where had the children been?

“Donde lo inexplicable se vuelve conocimiento”

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