BIOLOGY UNIT TOTAL MARKS:

KOLEJ MATRIKULASI MELAKA

BIOBOOSTER ANSWER SCHEME 80
DB024 SESSION 2023/2024

1. (a) FIGURE 1A shows examples of variation in human phenotypes.

Hitchhiker's thumb Foot length

FIGURE 1A

(i) Define the term variation.

[1 mark]
Differences in characteristics (morphology, physiology, and
behaviour) among individuals of the same species.

(ii) Identify the types of variation in the table below.

[2 marks]

Example Types of variation

Hitchhiker's thumb Discontinuous variation
Foot length Continuous variation

(iii) Based on (a)(ii), which type of variation is not affected by the

environment.
[1 mark]
Discontinuous variation
(iv) State ONE difference between the types of variation stated in
(a)(ii).
[1 mark]
Discontinuous variation / Continuous variation /
Variation type of Variation type of foot length
Hitchhiker's thumb
No intermediate phenotypes Have intermediate phenotypes
fall between the extremes // fall between the extremes//
Individuals CAN be grouped Individuals CANNOT be
into distinct phenotypic classes grouped into distinct
phenotypic classes
Influenced by genetic factors Influenced by genetic and
only environmental factors
Characteristics controlled by Characteristics controlled by
one gene many genes
Show discrete distribution Shows a normal distribution
curve or bell-shaped curve
Qualitative // Characteristics Quantitative // Characteristics
cannot be measured can be measured

(b) FIGURE 1B below shows graphs representing three types of natural

selection.The arrows indicate selection pressures.

FIGURE 1B

(i) State the significance of selection in I?

[1 mark]
Favour one extreme phenotype but eliminate another extreme
phenotype.

(ii) Give ONE of the advantages of natural selection.

[1 mark]
Favorable genes can be passed to the next generation (survival of the
fittest) responsive to changes in environment/resistance to disease
and better adaptation to environment.
(c) Suggest TWO importance of the selection shown in FIGURE 1C.
[2 marks]

FIGURE 1C

i. Producing new breeds /strains /varieties of the organism

ii. Useful / for a specific purpose.
iii. Carried out by selective breeding on organisms showing desired
characteristics/traits.

2. FIGURE 2 shows the mechanism of enzyme action.

Enzyme Enzyme Enzyme

FIGURE 2

(a) Identify the mechanism shown in FIGURE 2.

[1 mark]
Induced Fit (model/mechanism)

(b) How does the enzyme speed up rate of reaction?

[1 mark]
(Enzymes speed up the reaction) by lowering the activation energy.

(c) What is the function of Z?

[1 mark]
Binding site for substrate
(d) Give TWO factors that cause denaturation of the enzyme.
[2 marks]
Extremely high temperature
Extreme pH

(e) Explain the formation of enzyme-substrate complex as shown in FIGURE 2.

[4 marks]
i. The active site of an enzyme is not fully complementary to 1m
the conformation of substrate
ii. Enzyme collides with the substrate molecule. 1m
iii. Substrates bind to the active site of the enzyme 1m
iv. The binding induces changes in the conformation of the 1m
active site of the enzyme.
v. The active site becomes fully complementary to the 1m
conformation of substrate.

Total: 5 marks
Max: 4 marks

3. FIGURE 3 shows the stages in aerobic respiration in eukaryotic cell.

Glucose
Stage A
Pyruvate
Stage B
Acetyl CoA

Stage C

Stage D

FIGURE 3
(a) Base on FIGURE 3, identify stage A, B, C, D and molecule X. [5 marks]
Stage A : Glycolysis
Stage B : Pyruvate oxidation
Stage C : Krebs cycle
Stage D : Oxidative phosphorylation
Molecule X : NADH (+H+)

(b) Name and describe the process in stage A that produce ATP. [3 marks]
Name : substrate-level phosphorylation
i. 1,3-Bisphosphoglycerate transfer its phosphate group to ADP
forming ATP and 3-Phosphoglycerate
ii. Phosphoenolpyruvate/PEP transfer its phosphate group to ADP,
forming ATP and Pyruvate

(c) Describe how X was produced from ONE molecule of glucose in stage A and stage
B that involve redox reaction. [4 marks]
i. (In glycolysis), 2( molecule) Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate is oxidized and
phosphorylated to form 2 (molecule) 1, 3-bisphosphoglycerete.
ii. 2 (molecule) NAD+ is reduced into 2 (molecule) NADH (+ 2H+).
iii. (In pyruvate oxidation) , 2 (molecule) pyruvate decaboxylated to form 2
(molecule) carbon fragment and oxidized ti form 2 (molecule) acetate.
iv. 2 (molecule) NAD+ is reduced into 2 (molecule) NADH (+ 2H+).

4 FIGURE 4 shows component involve in light dependent reaction.

FIGURE 4

a) State the types of photosystems involved in FIGURE 4.

[2 marks]
Photosystem I
Photosystem II
b) Describe photolysis of water that occurs during reaction in FIGURE 4.
[3 marks]
- Photolysis of water occur in order to replace the loss excited electron from
P680
- by photon of light
- Water split into two hydrogen ions / H+, one oxygen atom / ½ O2 and two
electron
- The oxygen atom will combine with another oxygen atom forming O2
- The H+ are released into thylakoid
- The electron will replace loss excited electron from P680

c) Compare between cyclic and non-cyclic photophosphorylation.

[3 marks]
Similarity
- Both produce ATP (by chemiosmosis)
- Both involved in light dependent reaction
- Both occur in thylakoid membrane
Any 1
Cyclic photophosphorylation Noncyclic photophosphorylation
Involve cyclic electron flow Involve noncyclic electron flow
Involve only Photosystem I / PSI Involve Photosystem I/ PSI / P700 and
/P700 Photosystem II / PSII/ P680
First electron donor is Photosystem I / First electron donor is water
PSI /P700
Final/ last electron acceptor is Final/ last electron acceptor is NADP+
Photosystem I / PSI /P700
Oxygen is not produced Oxygen is produced
Produces only ATP Produces ATP, NADPH (and oxygen).
Photolysis of water is absent/ does not photolysis of water is present/ involve
involve photolysis photolysis
Any 2

d) Describe carbon fixation phase in light independent reaction.

[4 marks]
• 3 CO2 combine with 3 molecules of ribulose bisphosphate / RuBP
• catalyzed by RuBP carboxylase-oxygenase / rubisco
• Forming 3 molecules of unstable 6C intermediate
• Which immediately splits in half, forming 2 molecules of 3-
phosphoglycerate (3C).
5 FIGURE 5shows the chemical reactions of carbon dioxide transport in blood.

FIGURE 5

(a) What are A, B, and E in FIGURE 5? [3

marks]

A: H2CO3
B: HCO3-
E: HHb

(b) What will happen to molecule B in FIGURE 5. [2

marks]
- It will diffuse out of the erythrocyte into the plasma and
- -- Transported to the lungs / alveoli

(c) Molecule D will combine with hydrogen ion (H+) forming E. State the importance of
this process. [1
mark]
To prevent the blood from becoming acidic / prevent decrease in pH
6 (a) FIGURE 6.1 shows the structure of mammalian heart.

FIGURE 6.1
(i) Identify structures M and N. [2 marks]
M is atrioventricular valve (AV valve) / tricuspid valve
N is semilunar valve // pulmonary semilunar valve

(ii) Describe how does the first sound of a heartbeat is

produced. [2 marks]
- During ventricle systole / contraction,
- the recoiling of blood, forces structures M/ tricuspid
valve/ AV valve to close.
- Producing ‘lub’ sound

(b) FIGURE 6.2 shows the pathway of transport via root in a plant.

FIGURE 6.2

(i) Name route A. Why water from route A cannot enter the xylem tube?
[2 marks]
- Route A is Apoplast (pathway).
- Water movement is stopped by suberin layer of Casparian strip
(in the wall of endodermis).
7 (a) FIGURE 3 below shows a graph of blood glucose levels over 8 hours period.
This graph is plotted from the data of a healthy 18-year-old female.

FIGURE 7
Based on FIGURE 7, name the hormone that causes the blood glucose level to
change: [2 marks]
(i) after 8.00 am - Insulin

(ii) after 10.00 am - Glucagon

(b) Describe what happens when glucose levels rise in the blood. [4 marks]
- β cells of islets of Langerhans in the/pancreas detect the changes/
increase in blood glucose level
- β cells/ beta cells of (islets of Langerhans in ) the pancreas secretes
insulin
- Insulin stimulates uptake of glucose from the blood by muscle/ liver/
adipose tissue// insulin stimulate cells to take up glucose to increase
glucose metabolism
- Glucose is converted to glycogen in muscle/liver//insulin stimulate
glycogenesis.//inhibit glycogenolysis
- Increase the rate of conversion of glucose to fat in adipose tissue/
glucose is converted into fat in adipose tissue.
- Insulin inhibit liver from releasing glucose
- Glucose level decreases back to normal level by negative feedback
mechanism
8 (a) FIGURE 8.1 shows the electric charges at the axon membrane during nerve
impulse transmission.

FIGURE 8.1

(i) Define action potential.

[1 mark]
An electrical signal that propagates / travel along the membrane of
a neuron

(ii) Identify A in FIGURE 8.1.

[1 mark]
Resting state

(iii) Explain why during D, no action potential is produced even when given
a strong stimulus.
[3 marks]
- +
Voltage-gated Na channels are closed.
- Some voltage- gated K+ remain open, Excessive K+ ions diffuse out
from axoplasm// Hyperpolarisation occur
- Inside axon membrane become too negative to achieve the action
potential
(b) FIGURE 8.2 shows a structure of the terminal end of neuron.

FIGURE 8.2

(i) Name the process when E is released into C.

[1 mark]
Exocytosis process

(ii) Explain what happens if non-functional occurs on all receptors of

structure D.
[4 marks]
- Neurotransmitters cannot bind to the receptors of structure D
/ligand gated ion channels.
- Ligand gated ion channels will not open.
- Na+ cannot diffuse into postsynaptic cell and K + cannot diffuse out
from postsynaptic cell.
- Depolarisation of postsynaptic membrane is not occur // no action
potential is produce at post synaptic membrane
9 (a) FIGURE 9.1 below shows the basic structure of an antibody.

FIGURE 9.1

(i) Label the structures of J, K and L.

[3
marks]
J : antigen-binding site
K : light chain
L : heavy chain

(ii) Why the conformation of J on the antibody molecule is different from

one antibody to another. [1
mark]
Each antibody is specific to a particular antigen.

(b) FIGURE 9.2 shows the antibody concentration in human after exposure to
antigen A and antigen B.

X Z

FIGURE 9.2
(i) State the level of development of immune response at Y and Z.
[2 marks]
Y: Secondary immune response to antigen A
Z: Primary immune response to antigen B

(ii) State TWO advantages of the antibodies produced at Y compared to Z.

[2 marks]
- Higher affinity towards antigen
- Faster/ effective response // Antibody production is faster
- Effect is long-lasting/ long-lived/ prolonged
- Higher concentration

(iii) Based on FIGURE 5.2, why is there a high antibody concentration at Y?

[2 marks]
- Memory B cells recognize the same antigen/ pathogen faster.
- Memory B cells (rapidly) proliferate and differentiate into plasma
cells to produce antibody.