HOW TO USE THIS COMPETENCY-BASED

LEARNING MATERIAL

WELCOME to the unit of competency, “Evaluate Environmental Work

Practices”, is one of the competencies of Basic Competency, Plumbing NC
Level I
, a course which comprises the knowledge, skills and attitude required for a
TVET training possesses.

The module, APPLYING ENVIRONMENTAL WORK STANDARDS,

contains training materials and activities related to identifying learner’s
requirements, practice occupational health and safety procedures to complete.

In this module, you are required to go through a series of learning

activities in order to complete each learning outcome. In each learning outcome
are Information Sheets, Self-Checks, Task Sheets and Job Sheets. Follow
and perform the activities on your own. If you have questions, do not hesitate to
ask for assistance from your facilitator.

Remember to:
• Read information sheets and complete self-checks. Suggested references
are including supplementing the materials provided in this module.
• Perform the Task Sheets and Job Sheets until you are confident that your
output conforms to the Performance Criteria checklist that follows the
sheets.
• Submit your Task Sheets and Job Sheets to your facilitator for evaluation
and recording in the Accomplishment Chart. Outputs shall serve as your
portfolio during the Institutional Competency Evaluation. When you feel
confident that you have had sufficient practice, ask your trainer to
evaluate you. The results of your assessment will record in your Progress
Chart and Accomplishment Chart.

You must pass the Institutional Competency Evaluation for this competency
before moving to another competency. A Certificate of Achievement will
award to you after passing the evaluation.

You need to complete this before you can perform the module on common
competency,

Learning Activities Special Instructions

1. Read Information Sheet 8.1-1 on Read information sheets and
Interpret environmental complete self-check.
practices, policies and Suggested reference is including
procedures supplementing the materials provided
in this module.
2. Answer Self-Check no, 8.1-1 on
Interpret environmental practices, Compare your answer to answers
policies and procedures key, in case your result is below 80%
you are required to reread the
information
3. Compare your answer with
answer key 8.1-1 on Identify
environmental work hazards
1. Read Information Sheet 8.1-2
Establish targets to evaluate
environmental practices Output shall serve as your portfolio
during the Institutional Competency
2. Answer Self-Check no, 8.1- Evaluation. When you feel confident
Establish targets to evaluate that you have, a sufficient practice,
as your assessment, will record in
3. Compare your answer with your Progress Chart and
answer key 8.1-2 on Establish Accomplishment Chart.
targets to evaluate

Read Information Sheet 8.1-3 on

After this Learning Outcome (LO), you
Evaluate effectiveness of
may now proceed to the next
environmental practices
Learning Outcome.
Answer Self-Check no, 8.1-3 on
Evaluate effectiveness of
environmental practices

1. Compare your answer with

answer key 8.1-3 on Evaluate
effectiveness
of environmental practices

Learning Activities
Unit of Competency : EVALUATE ENVIRONMENTAL
WORK PRACTICES
STANDARDS

Module Title : EVALUATING ENVIRONMENTAL WORK

STADARDS

Module Descriptor : This module covers the knowledge, skills

and
attitude required Interpret environmental
practices, policies and procedures work
and establish targets to evaluate
environmental practices
evaluate effectiveness of environmental
practices

Suggested Duration : 3 Hours

Qualification Level : NC I

Summary of Learning Outcome:

LO1. Interpret environmental practices, policies and procedures

LO2. Establish targets to evaluate environmental practices
LO3. Evaluate effectiveness of environmental practices
Information Sheet 8.1-1
Interpret environmental practices, policies and procedures

Learning Objective:

After reading this INFORMATION SHEET, YOU MUST be able to:

 Discussion Environmental Issues regarding
 Water Quality - National and Local Government Issues
 Safety - Endangered Species
 Noise
 Air Quality
 Historic
 Waste

What are environmental issues?

Environmental issues are the set of challenges and problems facing

Earth and its natural systems. From climate change and pollution to
overpopulation and energy use, these issues are complex and
interconnected.
As they affect the health of the natural world, environmental issues can
have significant impacts on human health and well-being, as well as
organizations and business operations.

Environmental issues result from a combination of natural causes

and human impact. While the Earth's ecosystems are designed to handle
certain amounts of natural disturbances (such as forest fires and floods),
human activities can create circumstances in which they happen with
greater frequency or intensity.

Since the Industrial Revolution, the burning of fossil fuels and other
activities have increased the number of greenhouse gas emissions in
Earth’s atmosphere, leading to an increase in global warming. The
resulting climate change has accelerated disruption of the environment
and vital natural processes. Land use practices, extraction of natural
resources, waste disposal and other human behaviors also contribute to
environmental issues.

Guide7 sustainability trends to take action on

Take a look at the trends shaping the world of sustainable business

and the insights that can help drive business transformation.
What are the main types of environmental issues?

Each environmental issue contributes to a host of interconnected

challenges facing the Earth and human beings. Here's a closer look at
some of the main types of environmental issues:
1. Climate change
2. Loss of biodiversity
3. Air pollution
4. Ocean health
5. Water pollution
6. Overpopulation
7. Energy use
8. Weather events

Climate change
Climate change refers to the long-term changes in temperature,
precipitation, and other weather patterns caused by human activities such
as burning fossil fuels.

These activities have increased the number of greenhouse gas

emissions released; these emissions trap heat within Earth’s atmosphere,
leading to increasing global temperatures.

According to NASA, the Earth's average surface temperature has

risen by about 1°C since the late 19th century. 1 The results include
melting glaciers, rising sea levels, disrupted ecosystems and an increase
in severe weather events such as droughts, floods, heat waves and
wildfires.

Loss of biodiversity

Biodiversity refers to the variety of life on Earth, including animals,

plants, and microorganisms. From the Amazon to the tundra, biodiversity
is essential to the ecological balance of the planet.

A loss of biodiversity can lead to species extinction, put food and

water supplies at risk and reduce carbon sequestration (the natural
process of removing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, which is
essential to reducing climate change).

Human activities, such as deforestation, agricultural expansion, land

use changes and pollution, contribute to the overall loss of biodiversity.
The use of pesticides can also harm nontarget species and disrupt
ecosystems. According to the World Wildlife Fund, the Earth has lost 69%
of its wildlife populations since 1970.2
Air pollution

Air pollution refers to the presence of harmful substances such as

carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrogen dioxide in the air that people
breathe. The burning of fossil fuels, industrial processes, transportation,
and wildfires can have a negative impact on air quality.

Exposure to fine particles, ground-level ozone, and other pollutants

can cause respiratory problems, heart disease, cancer, and other health
conditions. According to the World Health Organization, outdoor air
pollution causes 4.2 million premature deaths every year. 3

Ocean health

The Earth’s oceans face several threats. Oceans absorb almost a

third of the carbon dioxide that is released into the atmosphere; as global
carbon emissions rise, so does the amount that is absorbed by oceans,
leading to acidification. Ocean acidification can harm marine life, disrupt
ecosystems, and impact global food security.

Pollution also puts the oceans at risk: the United Nations estimates
that 11 million metric tons of plastic enter the water each year. 4 While
wastewater, oil spills, chemicals, and other pollutants cause harm to living
organisms and their habitats. Also, as global warming melts Earth’s
glaciers, sea levels rise, which can harm marine life and cause coastal
flooding and erosion.

Water pollution

Beyond the ocean, Earth’s other water supplies are also facing
challenges. Safe drinking water is critical for human health; however,
industrial waste, pesticides, and agricultural processes can pollute water
sources.

The presence of the resulting bacteria and chemical concentrations

in drinking water can cause digestive problems, neurological illnesses,
skin infections and more.
More than a billion people worldwide do not have access to clean water.
As climate change and human actions shrink the available water supply,
two-thirds of the world’s population may face water shortages by 2025. 5

Overpopulation

According to the United Nations, the world's population is expected

to reach 9.7 billion by 2050. 6 As the global population grows, so does
demand for natural resources, as well as human impact on the
environment. Without sustainable development, overpopulation can lead
to shortages in food and water and other resource depletion. It can also
exacerbate issues like waste disposal, pollution, and deforestation that
can contribute to public health problems.

Energy use

Overall energy use can have a major impact on the environment.

Today, fossil fuels are the primary source of energy for most individuals,
businesses, and industries. However, their combustion is a significant
source of greenhouse gas emissions and may contribute to other
environmental problems such as acid rain.

Renewable energy sources such as solar, wind, and hydropower

may offer ways to reduce carbon emissions but come with potential
environmental impacts of their own.

Weather events

Extreme weather events—such as hurricanes, floods, wildfires,

droughts, and snowstorms—are becoming more frequent and severe due
to climate change. These events pose a threat to both the environment
and human populations, and can cause significant damage to
infrastructure, homes and ways of life.

Rising temperatures and rising sea levels, among other factors,

contribute to the increase in extreme weather [Link] to the
World Meteorological Organization, extreme weather and climate events
were responsible for 2 million deaths and USD 4.3 trillion in economic
losses between 1970 and 2021.7

How are people and organizations addressing environmental issues?

Individuals, governments, organizations, and communities are attempting
to address environmental issues in various ways:

Research and education

Through scientific research and development, people are learning

more about the causes of environmental issues and ways to limit or repair
their negative consequences. New technologies, including advances in
renewable energy sources and energy-efficient operations, can help
reduce carbon emissions.

Ecology and environmental science can offer a better understanding

of how human activities affect Earth in complex ways. Public education
efforts spread knowledge about the harmful impact of some behaviors
and practices on the environment and can drive interest in environmental
protection and sustainable development.

International cooperation

Collaborative international efforts are attempting to find and

implement solutions that mitigate environmental problems. Environment,
health and safety (EHS) organizations focus on safeguarding the
environment from pollution and degradation.

They play a role in researching and advising on environmental

management and protection measures to reduce the negative impact of
human activities, emissions, and hazardous materials on ecosystems.
Treaties, such as the Paris Agreement, are aimed at addressing climate
change on an international scale. Sharing resources and best practices
between countries can also lead to more effective environmental
protection efforts.

Corporate responsibility

More companies are adopting corporate social responsibility policies

and operating with environmental challenges in mind. They seek to
increase sustainability in business to minimize any contribution to
environmental change. Their efforts might include reducing
emissions and their carbon footprint, by using less water and energy, and
minimizing waste and improving waste management.

Transparency in reporting their environmental impact, by

using environmental, social, and governance (ESG) reporting
frameworks. And as mandated by directives like Europe’s Corporate
Sustainability Reporting Directive (CSRD), helps hold companies
accountable and allows consumers to make informed choices.

Many are following the recommendations set forth by the Task

Force on Climate-related Financial Disclosures, or TCFD, to inform
investors, shareholders, and the public of their climate-related financial
risks. Efforts to address environmental impact might help businesses find
cost-saving measures and build trust and loyalty from consumers and
investors.

Economic incentives

Some governments use economic incentives, such as taxes and

subsidies to address environmental problems and foster environmentally
friendly practices. For example, some used carbon taxes in an attempt to
deter pollution-causing activities or used subsidies to help make electric
cars or solar panels more affordable. Investments in sustainable
infrastructure, such as public transportation and energy-efficient
buildings, can also provide long-term economic and social benefits while
reducing environmental impact.

Individual action

Some people are making lifestyle choices with the goal of reducing
their environmental impact at an individual level. These choices may
include reducing energy use, recycling, choosing sustainable products, or
reducing water waste. Individuals can also advocate for environmental
issues and support policies and businesses that prioritize sustainability.

Nature and climate risks are getting the attention they deserve
— that’s a positive first step in addressing some of the greatest
challenges that we, as a global community, face. Just this week, scientists
announced that temperatures in 2023 reached 1.48°C above preindustrial
averages, with the 1.5°C threshold that takes the Earth into an unsafe
operating space likely to be breached in the next 12 months.

The World Economic Forum’s Global Risks Report 2024 named

three key climate issues as critical challenges facing humanity: Extreme
weather events, critical change to Earth systems — which is a new
entrant this year — and biodiversity loss and ecosystem collapse.
These climate-related risks sit alongside challenges like disinformation,
geo-political competition and inflation as the definitive risks of 2024 and
beyond.
Discover
What’s the World Economic Forum doing about climate change?

The 3 key climate challenges of our time

All risks in the report are, to a greater or lesser extent, interrelated

— but, when it comes to climate risks, their connected and mutually
reinforcing nature is abundantly clear. Abrupt and irreversible changes to
Earth systems lead to more extreme weather events and risk collapses in
ecosystems that are not well adapted to new climates.

For example, scientists estimate that 99% of coral reefs will not
survive a 1.5°C world, yet this threshold will be crossed in nearly
all IPCC scenarios in the early 2030s. This will lead to a critical change in
Earth systems, as the die-off of low-latitude coral reefs is a climate tipping
point.

Coral reefs offer an effective barrier to extreme weather from

coastal storm surges, and so the gravity and extent of extreme weather
damage will grow in their absence. This vortex of climate risk factors has
significant and cascading consequences. In the case of coral reefs, 25% of
all marine life is dependent on coral reefs at some point in their life cycle.

This means their collapse fundamentally undermines the underlying

structure of marine ecosystems, tourism and global food security.
In Jared Diamond’s Collapse of Civilisation, he outlines a five point
framework that explain why humans have destroyed their lives and
societies throughout history.

Three of the five are environmental: environmental damage,

climate change and society’s inability to respond to environmental
problems. They reflect the findings of the 2024 Global Risk Report, and
highlight the gravity of our current situation, where we are confronted by
non-linear, mutually reinforcing existential threat to the ability of life –
including human life – to survive.
Tipping points are critical thresholds beyond which a system reorganizes,
often abruptly and/or [Link]: Anthony Watts

Responding to climate risk

There is no doubt that the challenge is great — it is perhaps the

greatest challenge humanity has ever or will ever face. The good
news: the solutions are available to us.

The priority solution is faster emissions reduction and credible steps

by all actors in our economic system to accelerate the speed and scale of
a clean transition. Human emissions is the swiftest lever to postpone or
avoid critical changes to Earth systems.

Once a climate tipping point has been reached, Earth’s natural

systems reinforce changes, and so delaying these for as long as possible
will give our civilization time to develop appropriate adaptation and
resilience strategies. Here then lies the second priority for addressing
systemic collapse from climate risk: effectively adapting to coming
changes.

For example, as sea levels rise from accelerated glacier melt, we

need an ecosystem of interconnected solutions to effectively address
threats to human life, landscapes and property. Many of the solutions
already exist – like new EU policies to better support forced displacement.

Grassroots innovation in managing the relocation of Arctic

communities — the canaries in the coal mine of the climate disaster —
can be harnessed to understand the policy, safeguard and approaches
that are least and most effective in managing mass involuntary migration.
Global Risks Report 2024: Global outlook Image:

World Economic Forum

And the innovation isn’t just coming from developed countries.

Innovations from African farmers, who are at the forefront of drought and
flood management, are being harnessed to help European farmers protect
their crops.

Every sustainable development agenda, societal and economic

system will need to develop resilience approaches. Much can be learned
from nature’s forms, processes and ecosystems that have survived five
previous mass extinctions to create more regenerative designs – known
as biomimicry.

Cultivating the mentality for action

Given the nature of the existential threat, it is essential to pair a

realistic view of risks alongside hope and optimism. Too much focus on
the risks will leave humans with a trauma response of fight, flight, freeze
and fold – leading to ecoanxiety and climate grief. These responses
induce inaction and serve to propel the risk rather than mitigate it. On the
other hand, an overly optimistic view that is reliant on technological fixes
further down the line is also unhelpful, as decision-makers kick the can
down the proverbial road.

What is needed is a mindset that recognizes the full scale of the

climate risk, whilst maintaining the optimism that we can and will respond
in a way to avoid and mitigate the worst risks from occurring. In the words
of James Stockdale: “You must never confuse faith that you will prevail in
the end — which you can never afford to lose — with the discipline to
confront the most brutal facts of your current reality, whatever they might
be.”

We are both the species that has caused the 6 th Mass Extinction and
we are uniquely positioned to respond to avert its worst consequences.
The future of life on our planet is in our hands, and the way the current
generation reacts will determine our ability to survive this mass extinction
event.

Have you read?

 COP28: Are businesses doing enough to adapt to climate

change and manage risk?
 Can we engineer positive climate tipping points?
 Why businesses are waking up to the threat of nature-
related risks

The World Economic Forum will launch at our 2024 Annual

Meeting Earth Decides — a diverse community of world-class experts and
influencers who cultivate informed optimism among decision-makers in
support of credible Earth-centred action.

Informed — to recognize the hard truths of our current reality. Optimism

— because collectively we hold the power to shift our trajectory.

The ocean is our best chance to survive climate change

 The ocean absorbs heat and carbon dioxide, helping to regulate the
climate.
 A sustainable ocean economy can provide economic opportunities.
 The ocean is a vital resource that we must protect for future
generations.
 We must act quickly to protect the ocean from climate change.

Over the last two years, a positive wave of ocean action has been
sweeping the planet. Its momentum offers the most powerful opportunity
in recent memory to improve humanity’s relationship with the ocean.
The ocean hosts 95% of the planet’s life; it also absorbs 93% of its excess
heat and about 30% of human-generated carbon dioxide.

The ocean produces more than half of the oxygen on the planet. In
fact, just one little photosynthetic creature in the ocean,
the Prochlorococcus, provides 20% of the oxygen in Earth’s biosphere.
The development of a sustainable ocean economy includes a myriad of
climate adaptation and mitigation opportunities. For example, by
protecting and restoring blue carbon ecosystems like mangrove forests,
seagrasses, and coral reefs, we can safeguard our coasts and the
livelihoods of millions of people who live there; by supporting sustainable
seafood, we can improve food security while keeping the carbon footprint
of global protein production low. Meanwhile, by developing offshore
wind alongside marine carbon dioxide removal projects, we could get
back on track to meet the Paris

Climate Agreement goal of keeping global temperature rise to 1.5°C

above pre-industrial levels. And green shipping could help maintain the
growth global trade in a carbon neutral manner.
Discover

What's the World Economic Forum doing about the ocean?

Show more

Basically, the ocean and climate change are inextricably entwined.

The good news is that recently there’s been a surge of engagement in
ocean conservation and the development of a truly sustainable ocean
economy that recognizes this reality. Corporations and banks now see the
wisdom of being in on the action. Ocean-related start-ups and innovation
are flourishing. The ongoing work of philanthropies, NGOs, and civil
society is compounding. Ocean science is receiving more attention than
ever before in human history, and despite current geopolitical tensions,
there has been remarkable momentum on the ocean front in international
arenas.

For example, in 2017, the United Nations General Assembly decision

to declare 2021-2030 the “Decade of Ocean Science for Sustainable
Development” is proof of the global commitment and momentum. And at
the U.N. Ocean Conference in Lisbon in June 2022, participants from
across governments, industry, and civil society presented a profusion of
workable, science-based solutions for the ocean’s problems, committing
at least $1 billion dollars towards the creation, expansion, and
management of marine protected areas to restore ocean health.

Kenya and Portugal, the co-hosts of the meeting, led the U.N. to
commit to investing the needed resources and creating the policies
necessary to protect and restore the ocean, while developing a
sustainable ocean economy. Their progress and accountability will be
closely examined at the next U.N. Ocean Conference in Nice in June 2025.

In Montreal last December, 196 countries agreed to the Global

Biodiversity Framework, which will undertake to fully protect 30% of the
planet —including ocean and coasts—from most human activities by
2030. And in June 2023, the Marine Biodiversity Beyond National
Jurisdiction High Seas Treaty was adopted in New York. It’s a ground-
breaking legal instrument that commits nations across the world to
sharing responsibility for managing and protecting international waters.
Meanwhile, at the World Trade Organization in Geneva, ongoing work to
rid the world of harmful fisheries subsidies, or those that foster
overfishing and illegal activities, is making steady progress, as are the
efforts out of Nairobi to negotiate a treaty to control the rampant plastic
pollution of our planet.

These are monumental steps in our struggle to meet the triple

planetary crises of our times—human-induced climate change,
biodiversity loss, and rampant pollution—but none will have any effect
until they enter into force. Further, if we do not stop burning fossil fuels,
we will continue to threaten biodiversity on our planet—and ultimately,
therefore, the very survival of humankind. That's why the phrase I always
use when asked what matters most is "ratify and implement."

Have you read?

 Why ocean depth is key for how warming will affect marine
life
 This is how biodiversity loss impacts medicine and human
health
 The Ocean Can Play a Bigger Role in Fighting Climate
Change than Previously Thought
 3 lessons on how we can work together to restore ocean
health

If any of this sounds like hyperbole, these are not ordinary times.
Based on the findings of Earth scientists and meteorologists, U.N.
Secretary-General António Guterres declared a red alert for humanity
back in 2021, and things have only worsened since then. The most recent
forecasts show we are on track for about 3°C global warming within the
lives of our grandchildren.

That is an unacceptable world of plague, fire, famine, and ferocious

storms. Indeed, at the U.N.

Ocean Conference in Lisbon, Guterres deeply apologized to the

youth of the world for the dystopian future our generation has been
preparing for them and promised to spend his remaining years working in
partnership with young people to work towards the 1.5°C warming goal.
He has since conveyed throughout the U.N. system that henceforth, youth
and early career ocean professionals must not be at the periphery of our
meetings but rather at the meeting tables, helping to negotiate the future
they will inherit.
The realities of our planetary responsibilities, and the absolute
moral imperative of intergenerational justice, hopefully imbued with love,
oblige us to start living in better balance with the world, to stop making
war on nature, to make peace with it, and thereby to stop the decline in
the ocean’s health.

There can be no fulfillment of the Paris Agreement without the

ocean. To meet the 1.5°C goal, the world must make a massive pivot
towards investment in ocean science, innovation, and the development of
a truly sustainable and socially responsible ocean economy. We must
make that pivot as if our grandchildren’s lives depend on it, because for
many of them, that will be the case.

Many of our natural ecosystems, which are the world's best inventions to
suck carbon out of the atmosphere, have been destroyed, eroded and can
no longer undertake their vital functions.

While human-centred approaches to emissions reductions are

putting all the focus and hope on big technologies to save humanity,
going back to the roots and basics might actually be one of the strongest
strategies we have.
The Paris Agreement of 2015 and the Kunming-Montreal Agreement of
2022 aim to generate planet-saving markets reversing, respectively,
climate meltdown and biodiversity collapse.

The carbon markets related to the Paris Agreement are increasingly

mired in uncertainty over credit verifiability. The biodiversity uplift
markets that the Kunming- Montreal Agreement aims to trigger are
minuscule and their growth faces profound uncertainty in biodiversity-
credit definition and verifiability.

These uncertainties are a major impediment to investment on the

scale needed to hit the ambitious national nature-recovery targets that
governments have set. Because of the stakes, if biodiversity continues to
collapse and the climate continues to melt down, this catch-22 becomes
an existential threat to a liveable future.

Accordingly, the World Economic Forum’s Giving to Amplify Earth

Action (GAEA) initiative could not be better timed. Public institutions have
begun trying to make the nature-recovery market, and industry,
investable for private institutions. In the UK, for example, the UK
Infrastructure Bank made its first investment in nature recovery in 2023.
Philanthropic actors have the power to be catalytic in unlocking the
private finance and government public funds required to finance positive
tipping point interventions at speed and scale and there is huge scope for
them to do so. This is where GAEA can come in and help.
Discover

What’s the World Economic Forum doing about climate change?

The idea is to utilize climate philanthropy as a force for change in

corporate business practices. By bringing together a consortium of
foundations we can create the most promising public-private-
philanthropic partnership (PPPPs) vehicles for breakthroughs on the
frontier and we can focus their considerable pooled resources to support
those breakthrough solutions. The hope is that the aggregated signal can
mobilize a shift in the market, by unlocking private and public capital.

What might a dream ticket for such a breakthrough vehicle look

like?

Designing this is an ideal and urgent task for the consultancy

world’s finest. Here is one personal effort, rooted in thirty years of climate
campaigning, mostly as a social entrepreneur.

This suggestion has three themes outlined below:

1. A central role for data in investability

The breakthrough company would create multi-habitat, open-air

laboratories generating data that can guarantee verifiable credits in
natural capital markets. This would make the nature-recovery industry
confidently investable, triggering breakthroughs to - and continuity of -
the exponential growth sought.

The company running these outdoor 'labs' would seek, at the same
time, to create a data-rooted business with a model capable of rapid and
sustainable growth on an international basis. This would create an
exemplar of breakthroughs in taking nature-recovery to a global
landscape scale, while it furnishes the data that accelerates the
investability of its entire industry.
In its varied habitats, both terrestrial and marine, the breakthrough
company would operate a scientific research programme designed to
optimize natural capital, uplift-credit verification and seek innovations in
monetization.
The company would then sell its own credits ex-post, i.e. only after
they have been created, verified and Triple-A certified. Most market
players will sell credits that have yet to materialize (ex-ante sales). Ex-
ante sales are where much troublesome uncertainty arises, potentially on
a scale able to wreck the nature-recovery embryonic market. Ex-post
selling will allow market confidence to be built (and reinstated)
accordingly.

Beyond natural capital verification, in developing its commercial

offering, the company would seek to persuade other landowners to follow
the ex-post sales route too. It would doubtless need to use in-house
lending secured on future credit revenues as an incentive, given that
many landowners would have short-term finance concerns and be
tempted by the cash immediately available from ex-ante sellers.

2. Mass ownership

The premise here is that a multiplicity of owners, none of them

controlling the company either alone or in small groups, might be more
suited to the needs of a sustainable nature-recovery industry than most
company structures.

This would allow for a very different executive, advisory and

governance ecosystem: one more capable of patient investment, long-
term protection of the carbon sequestered and biodiversity uplifted and
resolute intent to use data acquisition and processing for good.

3. Local-community empowerment

This would breathe life into the widely-held belief that existential
global crises of the environment cannot be defeated without the full
fighting involvement of local communities. Empowerment means going
well beyond the provision of jobs and housing, to include full engagement
in nature-recovery decision-making and the use of proceeds from natural
capital monetization.
Information Sheet 8.1-2
Establish targets to evaluate environmental practices

Introduction:

In 2022, the industry sector is responsible for about a third of the

world's total final energy consumption and accounts for one-quarter of
global CO2 emissions (about 9.0 GtCO2)

Therefore, decarbonizing industry is critical to mitigating the

climate crisis and achieving carbon neutrality. Industry consumes energy
not only as a final product, but also as an intermediate input. In addition
to these energy-related emissions, industries also produce process-related
emissions, such as F-gases.

Decarbonizing industry is also a challenging goal because there are

industries where it is difficult to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions
due to the difficulty of substituting raw materials in the manufacturing
process. As a result, there has been a continuous and vigorous effort to
overcome the barriers and decarbonize industries.

How do you set and review environmental objectives and targets

for your project?6

What are environmental objectives and targets?

Environmental objectives are the specific outcomes that you want to

achieve for your project in relation to your environmental aspects and
impacts. They should be consistent with your environmental policy and
reflect your commitment to environmental improvement. Environmental
targets are the quantifiable indicators that show how you measure your
progress towards your objectives.
They should be SMART: specific, measurable, achievable, relevant,
and time-bound. For example, if your objective is to reduce your energy
consumption, your target could be to reduce it by 10% in one year.

This is where invited experts will be adding contributions.

Experts are selected based on on their experience and skills.

How do you set environmental objectives and targets?

The first step to set environmental objectives and targets is to

identify your environmental aspects and impacts, which are the activities,
products, or services that interact with the environment and cause
positive or negative changes. You can use an environmental aspect
register or matrix to list and evaluate them based on their significance,
legal compliance, stakeholder expectations, and opportunities for
improvement.

The second step is to prioritize the aspects and impacts that are
most relevant and important for your project, and align them with your
environmental policy and legal requirements. The third step is to define
your environmental objectives and targets based on the SMART criteria,
and document them in an environmental objective and target register or
matrix.

You should also assign responsibilities, resources, and timeframes

for achieving them.

How do you monitor environmental objectives and targets?

To monitor your environmental objectives and targets, you need to

establish and implement a system of performance indicators, data
collection, analysis, and reporting. You can use an environmental
performance indicator register or matrix to define the indicators, methods,
frequency, and responsibilities for measuring and reporting your
environmental performance.

You should also use an environmental data management system or

tool to collect, store, and process the data from your indicators. You
should regularly review and communicate your environmental
performance results to your project team, management, and
stakeholders, and compare them with your environmental objectives and
targets.

How do you evaluate environmental objectives and targets?

To evaluate your environmental objectives and targets, you need to
conduct periodic audits, reviews, and feedback sessions to assess the
effectiveness and efficiency of your environmental management system
and your project activities.

You can use an environmental audit plan or checklist to conduct

internal or external audits of your compliance, conformance, and
performance against your environmental policy, objectives, targets, and
legal requirements. You can also use an environmental management
review or report to review the suitability, adequacy, and continual
improvement of your environmental management system and your
project results.

You should also seek feedback from your project team,

management, stakeholders, and customers on your environmental
performance and satisfaction.

How do you improve environmental objectives and targets?

To improve your environmental objectives and targets, you need to

identify and implement corrective and preventive actions, opportunities
for improvement, and best practices based on your monitoring and
evaluation results.

You can use an environmental corrective and preventive action

register or matrix to document the root causes, actions, responsibilities,
and timeframes for addressing any nonconformities, incidents, or risks
that may affect your environmental objectives and targets. You can also
use an environmental improvement plan or matrix to document the
opportunities, actions, responsibilities, and timeframes for enhancing your
environmental performance and sustainability.

You should also update your environmental policy, objectives,

targets, and indicators as needed to reflect any changes in your project
scope, context, or expectations.

Here’s what else to consider

This is a space to share examples, stories, or insights that don’t fit

into any of the previous sections. What else would you like to add?

Energy, material, and resource efficiency for industrial

decarbonization: A systematic review of sociotechnical systems,
technological innovations, and policy options
The series of reviews identified the decarbonization levers as energy
and resource efficiency, fuel and material switching, process optimization,
heat recovery, combined heat power (CHP), heat management,
electrification, recycling, carbon capture, utilization, and storage (CCUS),
renewable energy, bio-based materials, equipment change, furnace and
kiln, use of recycled materials, digitalization, and so on [[2], [3], [4], [5]].
In its recent comprehensive report, the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE)
divided them into four pillars: Energy efficiency, Electrification, Low
carbon resources, and CCUS (Fig. 1) [6].
As the DOE noted, energy efficiency is a key pillar of industrial
decarbonization and will be a net positive decarbonization measure in
2030, meaning it will cost less than $0/tCO2 Eq.

Another recent review, based on the DOE classification, found that

energy efficiency provides low-cost, foundational “near-term” routes for
industrial decarbonization, including energy management, smart
manufacturing, improved material and process efficiency, and the use of
CHP.

The other articles also indicated that efficiency improvements stand

out as the clear first choice when evaluating the effectiveness of industrial
decarbonization options [8,9].
Efficiency is a universal, cross-cutting solution for reducing carbon
emissions across all sectors.

The International Energy Agency (IEA) [10] reveals that, due to

investments in energy efficiency from 1974 to 2010, the amount of
energy saved by IEA member countries in 2010 surpassed that of any
other single supply source, such as oil, gas, coal, or electricity.

Also, the Centre on Innovation and Energy Demand estimated the

technical energy saving potential of UK households at 27 % by efficiency,
resulting in ₤34.4 billion of benefits from carbon emission reduction in
2035 [11]. This is why energy efficiency has long been called the “first
fuel”. This review aims to examine efficiency innovations with a focus on
industrial decarbonization through a socio-technical lens.

Alongside energy savings and carbon emissions reductions, energy

efficiency also has several desirable benefits for energy security, industrial
productivity, air quality, and energy poverty issues [12]. Adopting best
practices of energy-efficient procedures is a core task for energy-intensive
industries.

The recent growth of massive internet data centers and the ICT
(information & communication technologies) industry have also reminded
society of the importance of energy efficiency. However, despite these
significant benefits, the world has severely underutilized energy
efficiency. This paper addresses, inter alia, the following research
questions:

1. Which energy, material and resource efficiency practices are

prevalent and promising for industrial decarbonization?

2. What are the benefits of energy, material and resources efficiency?

3. What are the key barriers, why have they not been addressed and
how can they be overcome?

To tackle these research questions, we performed a systematic and

critical review of 380 studies selected from more than 2.8 million articles
found in an initial search for the topic of energy, material, and resource
efficiency to decarbonize industries. In particular, a sociotechnical lens is
applied to investigate the efficiency practices for industrial
decarbonization—raw materials and feedstocks, pre-processing,
manufacturing, and waste and recycling. This review also identifies
promising efficiency measures and their benefits, barriers, and policy
options.

The manuscript is organized into eight sections. Section 2

establishes the foundational background in industrial efficiency. Section 3
outlines the research design for a systematic review. Section 4 delves into
an analysis of promising decarbonization options. Section 5 categorizes
and discusses the benefits derived from these options. 6 The barriers to
decarbonizing industries by efficiency, 7 Policy instruments to overcome
barriers and maximize efficiency gains engage in a discourse on the
barriers to implementation and the policy instruments. Finally, Section 8
provides a conclusion to the study.

Critical and systematic review approach

Undertaking a review that is both critical and systematic is

indispensable for ensuring its value and relevance to the existing body of
literature. In this analysis on efficiency, we adopted a systematic
methodology, drawing parallels to the protocols utilized in prior reviews
concentrating on industrial decarbonization.

Such previous reviews include topics like oil refining [20], iron and
steel [3], and hydrogen [21]. As Grant and Booth [22] stated, a critical
review is demonstrative of the

Current and emerging efficiency technologies and practices by

industry
Because energy, material, and resource efficiency interventions are
often sector and technology specific, this section of the paper organizes
them by different types of industrial activity.

These also align closely with the most energy intensive industrial
energy users and the largest source of industrial carbon emissions: iron
and steel, cement and concrete, chemicals, oil refining, food and
beverages, pulp and paper, glass, and ceramics.

The benefits of decarbonizing industries through efficiency

Industrial decarbonization by efficiency gives us multiple benefits

across financial, economic, environmental, and security dimensions. For
example, IEA [10] identified the benefits of energy efficiency
improvements with energy savings, GHG emissions reduction, energy
security, industrial productivity, resource management, and other
important sustainability factors. In this section, we review the benefits of
efficiency for industrial decarbonization, categorizing them into three of
the most

The barriers to decarbonizing industries by efficiency

Throughout the extensive history of innovations in energy efficiency,

there has been a consistent and diligent research effort aimed at
understanding and overcoming the obstacles impeding the widespread
adoption of such efficiencies.

For example, a UNIDO report prepared by Sorrel et al. [259]

suggested six barriers—risk, imperfect information, hidden costs, access
to capital, split incentives, and bounded rationality—and another notable
paper categorized the obstacles into seven groups [260]:

Policy instruments to overcome barriers and maximize efficiency

gains

The IEA Policy Tracker for the industrial energy system would be a
good starting point for discussing policy instruments to conquer the
barriers of decarbonization. Seven recommendations are suggested [269]:

1. Mandatory CO2 policies and international co-operation

2. Management of existing assets and near-term investments (smooth

energy transition)
3. Market for near zero-emission industrial products

4. Supporting infrastructure for industrial decarbonization

Investment in RD&D of near zero-emission

Conclusions

Energy, material, and resource efficiency stands as a formidable

means for industrial decarbonization. As the IEA [270] stated, adopting
improved energy management innovations can yield up to 15 % in
savings within the initial one to two years, often requiring minimal to no
capital expenditure.

However, investment in efficiency innovation in the industrial sector

has not spread as widely as expected due to various obstacles, such as
hidden costs, limited financing, split incentives, and

References (283)
 B.K. Sovacool et al.
Climate change and industrial F-gases: a critical and systematic review of
developments, sociotechnical systems and policy options for reducing
synthetic greenhouse gas emissions
Information Sheet 8.1-3
Evaluate effectiveness of environmental practices

Introduction:

Global businesses have started employing different environmental

management practices (EMPs) to mitigate the effects of surging
environmental threats. The findings of recent studies have confirmed that
industrial firms play a concomitant role in the destruction of the ecological
system and regulators, business managers, and scholars are exploring
various methods to combat these issues.

The current global business environment is complex which has

further enhanced the uncertainties about gaining a competitive
advantage and survival without complying with environmental legitimacy
and addressing the concerns of stakeholders.

A systematic review of the effectiveness of environmental

awareness interventions

Purpose: To evaluate and summarize evidence on the effectiveness of

interventions available to public health staff regarding the protection of
the public from environmental risks.

Method: This systematic review involved a comprehensive literature

search, screening for relevance, quality assessment of relevant studies,
data extraction and synthesis.

Results: Fourteen of 65 relevant studies were of 'moderate' or 'strong'

quality. Intervention types in these 14 studies included: mass campaign,
counselling, school curriculum, educational sessions, and distribution of
printed materials. Short-term improvements in awareness or knowledge
were observed in 13 of the 14 studies. Eight of 13 studies that examined
behavioural outcomes observed short-term improvements in self-reported
behavioural outcomes.
Conclusions: Positive short-term changes in health-protective
awareness, knowledge and self-reported behaviour appear to be
associated with relatively intensive interventions that use multiple
methods and settings, and/or are delivered over multiple sessions.

REPUBLIC ACT 11285

ENERGY EFFICIENCY AND CONSERVATION ACT

ISSUANCES BY THE PHILIPPINE DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY

ISSUED POLICIES BY THE DOE

(as of June 2021)

As of June 2021, the DOE have

issued the following issuances

MEMORANDUM CIRCULAR (MC)

DEPARTMENT ORDERS (DO)

DEPARTMENT CIRCULARS (DC)

ISSUANCES BY THE DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY

TARGET POLICIES BY THE DOE

Particulars Date
Start/Completion
Rule III Section 4.a - Create, update the development of the National
Energy Efficiency and Conservation Plan (NEECP) January – July 2021
Rule III Section 4.b - Develop monitoring system for targets under NEECP
August – December 2021
Rule III Section 4. c
Rule V. Section 27 - Develop and maintain National Energy Efficiency and
Conservation Database (NEECD) January-December 2021
Rule III Section 4.(M)
Rule XIX Section 85 - Develop and undertake a national awareness and
advocacy campaign on energy efficiency and conservation January –
December 2021
Rule III Section 4.(O) - Develop guidelines and procedures on the
imposition and collection fees for accreditation and certification services
August – December 2021
Rule III Section 5.
Rule VI Section 34 - Develop guidelines on Visitorial Powers and On-Site
Inspections for Designated Establishments and Energy End Users October
–
December 2021
Rule V Section 29 - Establishment of National Energy Efficiency and
Conservation Office July – December 2021
Rule VII Section 40 - Develop guidelines on the criteria for identifying
government energy efficiency projects and standard for approval July –
December 2021
Rule VIII Section 43.
Rule XI Section 57 - IAEECC to issue coverage of the GEMP and the use of
savings, on buildings
July December 2021
Rule IX Section 47 - IAEECC to issue modalities on financial arrangements
for government energy efficiency and conservation projects July –
December 2021
Rule XI Section 55 - Development of MEP for Sectors August – December
2021
Rule XII Section 60 - Develop and prescribe fuel economy performance
labelling requirements for transportJuly – December 2021

POLICIES BY EUMB ENDORSED FOR ISSUANCE

Proposed Implementing Guidelines for the Philippine Energy Labeling

Program

IMPLEMENTING GUIDELINES (IGs)

- Air conditioners
- Refrigerating Appliances
- Television Sets
- Lighting Products
- Registration, EMV, Compliance Mechanism

- The 1st and 2nd Virtual Public Consultations on the draft

Implementing Guidelines of the Philippine Energy Labeling Program (PELP
IG) was conducted on 03 October 2020 and 26 February 2021,
respectively.

- The 3rd Virtual Pubcon on the draft PELP IG was conducted on 07

April 2021.

The proposed guidelines will institutionalize the use of energy labels

among energy consuming labels, streamline the process for energy
product registration and issuance of the energy labels and strengthen the
monitoring, enforcement and verification measures to ensure the effective
implementation of the program.

POLICIES BY EUMB ENDORSED FOR ISSUANCE

Development, Establishment, and Operation of Electric Vehicle Charging
Stations (EVCS) in the Philippines

The proposed Department Circular shall provide a policy framework for

the Development, Establishment, and Operation of EVCS through
consolidation and harmonization of all existing issuances to ensure safe,
efficient operations and system reliability, and to accelerate investments
of EVCS in the country

By 2040, 57% of all passenger vehicles sales and just over 30% of the
global passenger vehicle fleet will be electric.

Vehicle to grid (V2G) - refers to plug-in electric vehicle interaction with the
electric grid, including charging as well as discharging and bi-directional
communication interface.

ISSUANCES BY THE DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY

POLICIES BY THE IAEECC (as of June 2021)

ISSUED: IAEECC Resolution No. 1 entitled Directing All Government

Agencies, including the LGUs and Foreign Service Posts, to Comply with
GEMP, Ordering the Department of Energy to Conduct Energy Audits and
Spot Checks, and Submit Proposed Improvements to the GEMP

FORTHCOMING: IAEECC Resolution entitled Directing All Government

Entities, including the Local Government Units (LGUs) and Foreign Service
Posts, to Use Energy Efficient Light Emitting Diode (LED) Lamps in
Government Buildings and Facilities as a Requirement for Compliance to
the Government Energy Management Program (GEMP)

IAEECC Resolution entitled Adopting the Government Energy Management

Program (GEMP) Guidelines

The Philippines Energy Efficiency and Conservation Roadmap 2017 –

2040 provides a framework for building an energy-efficient nation and in
making
energy efficiency and conservation a way of life for all Filipinos. Energy
efficiency will advance the country’s economic development and help
ensure
energy security, optimal energy pricing and sustainable energy systems.
The development of

this Roadmap commenced with a review of the energy demand context of

the Philippines and its current energy efficiency programs. This review
considered the effectiveness of current programs, identified gaps and
unrealized opportunities based on international best practice.

A first version of the Roadmap was completed in 2014. However, it

has been deemed essential to revise the roadmap in 2016 prior to
publishing.

This Roadmap is a consolidated national level document of policy

instruments to enhance energy efficiency in the Philippines for the period
2017 to 2040. It integrates identified opportunities with existing energy
efficiency policy instruments and strategies. The document also
incorporates the priority goals of the current administration
(2017-2022

The first part of this document sets the background to the integration
process and the development of the road map. Policy targets, opportunity,
priority
areas and further considerations are discussed. The second part of the
document embarks on the road map with introductory statements of
objectives and targets. This is followed by short, medium and long term
strategies to achieve the stated objectives.

The successful attainment of the goals and targets set is highly dependent
on the corresponding and complementing sector-based action plans,
which will detail the approach of implementing the recommendations of
the roadmap, including allocating roles and responsibilities and financial
resources.

Review of existing energy efficiency policies, targets and objectives

Setting the scene Targets

The Philippine Government has emphasized on energy efficiency since

1975 via a wide range of statements of strategic intent on energy
efficiency
(Annex 1) and the Republic Act 7638 which was the basis for the
formation of the Department of Energy (DOE).

These statements have both built on and augmented the mandates given
to the DOE and other bodies to pursue energy efficiency activities at
various levels. The Philippine Government has emphasized on energy
efficiency since 1975 via a wide range ofstatements of strategic intent on
energy efficiency (Annex 1) and the Republic Act 7638 which was the
basis for the formation of the Department of Energy (DOE). These
statements have both built on and augmented the mandates given to the
DOE and other bodies to pursue energy efficiency activities at various
[Link] Philippines has two long term statements on energy efficiency
clearly documented in the National Energy Efficiency & Conservation
Program (NEECP).

These existing statements

remain highly relevant and served as a concrete platform for this
roadmap.

In more recent times, the 2008 Philippine Energy Summit discussion on

Energy Efficiency and Conservation resulted in the drafting of several
major priority action plans. 1.2 To make energy efficiency and
conservation (EE&C) a way of life.

OBJECTIVE

Judicious conservation and efficient utilization of energy resources through

adoption of the cost-effective options toward the efficient use of energy to
minimize environmental impact.

1.4 Policy instruments

How targets and milestones will be achieved

Policy instruments are tools that the government can use to effect desired changes. These changes
should target the main players of the economy, namely the consumers and the producers (business).
Key policy instruments which can support the implementation of Energy Efficiency (EE) strategies are
d e picte d in fig ure 3 be low .

Figure 3 Types of policy instruments

Regulatory instruments Information instruments

Laws, regulations, administrative Information resources, communication
orders, circulars, guidelines campaigns, dissemination platforms,
Regulation is the strongest intervention public information activities
w hich a g ov ern m e n t c a n c h o os e to in flu e nc e the P ublic aw areness requires effective com m unication