Department of Electrical Engineering

Power System - I Lab Manual

Year: -3rdYr. /V SEM

Lab Code: - 5EE4-21

1
INDEX
SR. PAGE
TOPIC
NO. NUMBER
1. Vision & Mission of Electrical Engineering Department 3
2. Program Educational Objectives (PEO’s) of PCE 4
3. Program Outcomes(PO’s) of Department 4
4. Program Specific Outcomes(PSO’s) of Department 6
5. Lab Outcomes 6
6. Mapping of PO’s and PSO’s with LO’s 7
7. Lab Rules 8
8. Safety Measures 9
9. Experiment List (as per RTU) 10
10. Evaluation Scheme 11
11. Lab Plan 12
12. Rotor plan 13
13. Zero Lab 14
14. Experiment 1 15
15. Experiment 2 30
16. Experiment 3 36
17. Experiment 4 43
18. Experiment 5 49
19. Experiment 6 55
20. Experiment 7 60
21. Experiment 8 77
22. Experiment 9 97
23. Experiment 10 106
24. Experiment 11 109
25. Experiment 12 119
26. Experiment 13 121

2
POORNIMA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, JAIPUR
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

VISION

To be a model of excellence in Professional Education and Research by creating electrical engineers

who are prepared for lifelong engagement in the rapidly changing fields and technologies with the
ability to work in team.

MISSION
 To provide a dynamic environment of technical education wherein students learn in collaboration
with others to develop knowledge of basic and engineering sciences.
 To identify and strengthen current thrust areas based upon informed perception of global societal
issues in the electrical and allied branches.
 To develop human potential with intellectual capability who can become a good professional,
researcher and lifelong learner.
POORNIMA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, JAIPUR
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

PROGRAM EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVES (PEO’s)

PEO 1: Graduates will have the ability to formulate, analyze and apply design process using the basic
knowledge of engineering and sciences to solve complex electrical engineering problems.
PEO 2: Graduates will exhibit quality of leadership, teamwork, time management, with a commitment
towards addressing societal issues of equity, public and environmental safety using modern engineering
tools.
PEO 3: Graduates will possess dynamic communication and have successful transition into a broad
range of multi-disciplinary career options in industry, government and research as lifelong learner.

PROGRAM OUTCOMES (PO’s)

Engineering Graduates will be able to:

1. Engineering knowledge: Apply the knowledge of mathematics, science, engineering

fundamentals, and an engineering specialization to the solution of complex engineering
problems.
2. Problem analysis: Identify, formulate, review research literature, and analyze complex
engineering problems reaching substantiated conclusions using first principles of mathematics,
natural sciences, and engineering sciences.

3. Design/development of solutions: Design solutions for complex engineering problems and

design system components or processes that meet the specified needs with appropriate
consideration for the public health and safety, and the cultural, societal, and environmental
considerations.
4. Conduct investigations of complex problems: Use research-based knowledge and research
methods including design of experiments, analysis and interpretation of data, and synthesis of
the information to provide valid conclusions.
5. Modern tool usage: Create, select, and apply appropriate techniques, resources, and modern
engineering and IT tools including prediction and modeling to complex engineering activities
with an understanding of the limitations.
6. The engineer and society: Apply reasoning informed by the contextual knowledge to assess
societal, health, safety, legal and cultural issues and the consequent responsibilities relevant to
the professional engineering practice.

7. Environment and sustainability: Understand the impact of the professional engineering

solutions in societal and environmental contexts, and demonstrate the knowledge of, and need
for sustainable development.
8. Ethics: Apply ethical principles and commit to professional ethics and responsibilities and
norms of the engineering practice.
9. Individual and team work: Function effectively as an individual, and as a member or leader
in diverse teams, and in multidisciplinary settings.
10. Communication: Communicate effectively on complex engineering activities with the
engineering community and with society at large, such as, being able to comprehend and write
effective reports and design documentation, make effective presentations, and give and receive
clear instructions.
11. Project management and finance: Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of the
engineering and management principles and apply these to one’s own work, as a member and
leader in a team, to manage projects and in multidisciplinary environments.
12. Life-long learning: Recognize the need for, and have the preparation and ability to engage in
independent and life-long learning in the broadest context of technological change.
PROGRAM SPECIFIC OUTCOMES (PSO’S)

PSO1: Graduate possesses the ability to apply fundamental knowledge of basic sciences, mathematics
and computation to solve the problems in the field of electrical engineering for the benefit of society.

PSO2: Graduate possesses the ability to professionally communicate and ethically solve complex
electrical engineering problems using modern engineering tools.

PSO3: Graduate possesses sound fundamental knowledge to be either employable or develop

entrepreneurship in the emerging areas of renewable and green energy, electric and hybrid vehicles and
smart grids and shall be susceptive to life- long learning.

LAB OUTCOMES

LO1: Illustrate the basic layouts of hydro, thermal, nuclear and gas power plants.[Apply]

LO2: Distinguish the parameters of the feeders, distributors, and EHV transmission lines. [Analyze]

LO3: Evaluate the dielectric strength of transformer oil, insulating materials & insulators.

LO4: Create a probability tool to forecast load for short, medium, and long term planning.
MAPPING OF LO WITH PO
LO LAB OUTCOME PO
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Student will able to Illustrate the basic
1 layouts of hydro, thermal, nuclear and - 3 - - - - - - - - - -
gas power plants.[Apply]
Student will able to Distinguish the
2 parameters of the feeders, distributors, - - - - 2 - - - - - - -
and EHV transmission lines. [Analyze]
Student will able to Evaluate the
3 dielectric strength of transformer oil, - - - - - - - - - - - 2
insulating materials & insulators.
Student will able to Create a
4 probability tool to forecast load for - - - - 3 - - - - - - -
short, medium, and long term planning.

MAPPING OF LO WITH PSO

LO LAB OUTCOME PSO1 PSO2 PSO3

Student will able to Illustrate the basic layouts of hydro,
1 2 - -
thermal, nuclear and gas power plants.[Apply]
Student will able to Distinguish the parameters of the feeders,
2 - 2 -
distributors, and EHV transmission lines. [Analyze]
Student will able to Evaluate the dielectric strength of
3 - - 1
transformer oil, insulating materials & insulators.
Student will able to Create a probability tool to forecast load
4 - 2 -
for short, medium, and long term planning.
LAB RULES

DO’s
1. Enter the lab on time and leave at proper time.
2. Keep the bags outside in the racks.
3. Utilize lab hours in the corresponding experiment.
4. Make the Supply off the Kits/Equipments after completion of Experiments.
5. Maintain the decorum of the lab.

DON’T’s
1. Don’t bring any external material in the lab.
2. Don’t make noise in the lab.
3. Don’t bring the mobile in the lab.
4. Don’t enter in Faculty room without permission.
5. Don’t litter in the lab.
6. Don’t carry any lab equipments outside the lab.
SAFETY MEASURES / INSTRUCTIONS

BEFORE ENTERING IN THE LAB

1. All the students are supposed to prepare the theory regarding the present Experiment.
2. Students are supposed to bring the practical file and the lab copy.
3. Previous experiment should be written in the practical file.
4. Object, Apparatus Table & Brief Theory of the current practical should be written in the lab copy.
5. Any student not following these instructions will be denied entry in the lab and sessional Marks
will be affected.

WHILE WORKING IN THE LAB

1. Adhere to experimental schedule as instructed by the faculty.
2. Record the observations in lab copy & checked by the faculty
3. Each student should work on his assigned table of the lab.
4. Take responsibility of valuable accessories.
5. Concentrate on the assigned practical and be careful.
6. If anyone is caught red-handed carrying any equipment of the lab, then he will have to face serious
consequences.
LIST OF EXPERIMENTS
Max. Marks=50

1) Generating station design: Design considerations, basic schemes and single line diagram of hydro,
thermal, nuclear and gas power plants. Electrical equipment for power
stations.
2) Distribution system Design: Design of feeders & distributors. Calculation of voltage
drops in distributors. Calculation of conductor size using Kelvin’s law.
3) Study of short term, medium term and long term load forecasting.
4) Sending end and receiving end power circle diagrams.
5) Substations: Types of substations, various bus–bar arrangements. Electrical equipment for
substations.
6) Study high voltage testing of electrical equipment: line insulator, cable, bushing, power capacitor,
and power transformer.
7) Design an EHV transmission line
8) Study filtration and Treatment of transformer oil.
9) Determine dielectric strength of transformer oil.
10) Determine capacitance and dielectric loss of an insulating material using Schering bridge.
11) Flash over voltage testing of insulators.
EVALUATION SCHEME

Name Of Exam Conducted By Experiment Viva Marks Total

Marks
I Mid Term PCE 15 5 20
II Mid Term PCE 15 5 20
End Term RTU 15 5 20

Name Of Exam Conducted By Performance Attendance Total

Marks Marks
Sessional PCE 15 5 20

DISTRIBUTION OF LAB RECORD MARKS

PER EXPERIMENT

Attendance Record Performance Total

2 3 5 10
LAB PLAN

Total number of experiment: 15

Total number of turns required: 16
NUMBER OF TURNS REQUIRED FOR
Experiment Number Turns Scheduled Day
Zero Lab 1 Turn 1
Exp. 1a 1 Turn 2
Exp. 1b 1 Turn 3
Exp. 1c 1 Turn 4
Exp. 1d 1 Turn 5
Exp. 2 1 Turn 6
Exp. 3 1 Turn 7
Exp. 4 1 Turn 8
Exp. 5 1 Turn 9
Exp. 6 1 Turn 10
Exp. 7 1 Turn 11
Exp. 8 1 Turn 12
Exp. 9 1 Turn 13
Exp. 10 1 Turn 14
Exp. 11 1 Turn 15
Exp. 12 1 Turn 16

DISTRIBUTION OF LAB HOURS

 Explanation of Experiment & Logic : 20 Minutes
 Performing the Experiment : 40 Minutes
 File Checking : 30 Minutes
 Viva/Quiz : 20 Minutes
 Solving of Queries : 10 Minutes
ROTOR PLAN

ROTOR I
1) Generating station design: Design considerations, basic schemes and single line diagram of
hydro, thermal, nuclear and gas power plants. Electrical equipment for power stations.
2) Distribution system Design: Design of feeders & distributors. Calculation of voltage drops in
distributors. Calculation of conductor size using Kelvin’s law.
3) Study of short term, medium term and long term load forecasting.
4) Sending end and receiving end power circle diagrams.
5) Substations: Types of substations, various bus–bar arrangements. Electrical equipment for
substations.
6) Instrument Transformers: Design Considerations of CT’s & PT’s for Measurement and
Protection.[BEYOND SYLLABUS]

ROTOR II

7) Study high voltage testing of electrical equipment: line insulator, cable, bushing, power
capacitor, and power transformer.
8) Design an EHV transmission line
9) Study filtration and Treatment of transformer oil.
10) Determine dielectric strength of transformer oil.
11) Determine capacitance and dielectric loss of an insulating material using Schering Bridge.
12) Flash over voltage testing of insulators
13) Auxiliary power supply scheme for thermal power plant.[BEYOND SYLLABUS]
ZERO LAB

Introduction to Lab:
a). Relevance to Branch:
Power System is a branch of electrical engineering that refers to the process of controlling the flow of
current and voltage and converting it to a form that is suitable for user loads. The objective of a power
system lab is to keep the power system stable and ensure efficiency and reliability is 100%.
b). Relevance to Society:
Power system allow for the variance of electric motor drive speeds, reducing the amount of energy
consumed by making processes more efficient. The energy saved by taking advantage of power
system is important for our changing environment by using less valuable resources.
c). Relevance to Self:
This subject has its own importance, for the personal growth this is must to have the knowledge the
power system because every core company required knowledgeable electrical engineers. Right now
this is the only sector which is touching sky-heights. There are many more projects in which students
can be imparted and in spite of that many research projects are going on to make the system of electrical
network economically.
d). Connection with previous year and next year:
In previous semester Electrical Circuit Analysis, Analog Electronics, Power Generation Process are
partially related to this subject, for further study good concept of this subject, will be very helpful in
further related subjects which will come in proceeding years.
e). Connection with Laboratory:
This subject is implemented practically in the power system lab by performing different practical and
the results obtained theoretically can be verified. It also gives idea that how the power electronics
devices and circuit works.
EXPERIMENT-1
1.1 Object:-Generating Station Design: Design considerations and basic schemes of hydro,
thermal, nuclear and gas power plants. Electrical equipment for power stations.
1.2 THEORY:-
1.2.1 GAS TURBINE POWER PLANT-
There are two types of power plant,
1. open cycle gas turbine power plant:-

A Turbine plant consists of a compressor, combustion Chamber, gas turbine and alternator. The
compressor takes in atmospheric air, compresses it and supplies. The pressurized air to the combustion
chamber fuel is injected into the combustion chamber and burnt in the stream of air supplied by the
compressor. The combustion raises the temperature of air and increases its volume under constant. The
hot pressurized gas expands in the turbine produces mechanical power and turns the rotor of the
turbine.Both the compressor and the alternator are coupled to the turbine shaft. Due to the high
temperature the products of combustion, the turbine output exceeds,and exhausted to the atmosphere.
Such plant areknow as open cycle gas turbine power plantThe efficiency of an open cycle power plant
is very low. The efficiency of an open cycle power plant can be improved through a combination of
regeneration, intercooling and reheating.
Regeneration-
Regeneration means transfer of heat energy from exhaust gases to the compressed air flowing between
the compressor and the combustion chamber.
Intercooling-
Intercooling means the removal of heat from compressed air between to stages low pressure and high
pressure. Intercooling reduces the internal consumption of power by the plant.
Reheating-
Reheating is the increase of temperature of expanded gas by burning more fuel in it.
2.Close cycle gas turbine power plant-
In the open cycle plant the fuel is mixed with air in the combustion chamber and heat rejection
process occurs in the atmosphere as the turbine exhaust is discharged into the atmosphere.
In a close cycle plant the fuel is not mixed with air or any other gas. The heat rejection process
occurs in heat exchanger or recooler. Thus, the same working medium is circulated again and again
through compressor, heater , turbine and recooler.The intercooling, regeneration and reheating features
can also be used.
Gas turbine fuels:-
1.Solid – coal,
2.liquid- kerosene, gas oil, diesel oil,
3.Gas- natural gas and liquid petroleum fuels.

Comparison of Gas turbine and steam power plants:-

 The capital cost of gas turbine plant is lower than steam plant.
 It requires lesser area than steam plant.
 It has less water requirement as compared to a steam plant.
 A gas plant can be located very near the cities and towns.
 The operating cost of a gas turbine plant are very high as compared to the steam plant.
 Gas turbine plant can be used only in small size about 50MW.

Combined gas turbine and steam cycles:-

The heat content of gas turbine exhaust is quite substantial. This exhaust has a
temperature of around 500*C. The oxygen content in this exhaust is around 16%. In stead of using
regeneration to recover this heat a combined gas turbine and steam cycle can be used. The gas exhaust
act as a heat source for the steam cycle.
The combined cycle in which gas turbine exhaust passes through a heat exchanger to heat the feed
water for the boiler of the steam plant .The full steam supply to the steam turbine is available for
expansion and producing mechanical power. About 5% improvement in plant heat rate can be
obtained by the use of combined cycle.

1.2.2 NUCLEAR POWER STATIONS MECHANISM:-

INTRODUCTION: ATOM & NUCLEUS
We see many substances around us. What are these made of really?This question has been asked since
ancient times. We now know thatevery substance is simply a collection of a large number of very
minuteparticles known as atoms. It has been found that there are 92 differentkinds of atoms present in
nature.
Some substances consist of only one kind of atoms. These substances are known as elements, e.g.
hydrogen, carbon, oxygen, uranium. Atoms of hydrogen are very much smaller than atoms of uranium.
Other substances contain two or more kinds of atoms joined together in groups, e.g. water which contains
atoms of hydrogen and oxygen joined together. Some atoms of hydrogen are heavier than others. When
these heavy hydrogen atoms combine with oxygen atoms, we get heavy water. What are the atoms made
up of, in their turn? For a long time, it was believed that atoms cannot be broken up into two smaller
parts. In fact, the word atom means indivisible. Modern scientific discoveries have shown that an atom
itself is a collection of still smaller particles. Three such particles are known namely electrons, protons,
and neutrons. The structure of an atom has also been identified.
The neutrons and protons are packed together in the central part of the atom called the nucleus.
Theelectrons keep hovering around the nucleus.

How is energy released from the atom?

Atoms of uranium are the largest and also the heaviest known to occur on earth. Being heavy they
arealso unstable. The nucleus of a uranium atom can easily break up into two smaller pieces. Thisprocess
is called fission. The two fragments so produced fly apart with tremendous speed. As theycollide with
other atoms in a lump of uranium they come to a stop. In the process they heat up theuranium lump. This
is how energy is released from the atom and converted to heat. The energyproduced in fission is
described as atomic energy by some and nuclear energy by others. Besidesuranium, the atoms of
plutonium arealso fissionable. But plutonium does notoccur in nature. It has been found that 2 or 3 free
neutrons are also released as a uraniumatom breaks up during fission. Whenone of these neutrons
collides withanother uranium nucleus that nucleusalso breaks up. In this manner using oneneutron from
every fission, we cancause another fission. This is known aschain reaction and produces heat at asteady
rate.In contrast to fission, when a lump ofcoal burns, the atoms of carbon in coal combine with atoms of
oxygen in the air and form carbondioxide. Heat is released in the process and we see it as a flame. Smoke
is also generated. Whenfission generates heat in uranium, there is no flame and no smoke.
How does a nuclear power station produce electricity?
Basically, all power stations adopt the same method to produce electricity. A turbine is caused to
rotate. A generator is attached to the shaft of the turbine. As the turbine turns, electricity is produced in
the generator. This electricity is sent out through transmission lines to a distribution station of the
Electricity Board.
In hydroelectric power stations, the turbine is turned by flowing water. In thermal power stations,steam
is produced by heating water in a furnace which burns coal or oil. In nuclear power stations, thesteam is
produced by the heat generated in the fission process.

How is power generation controlled in a nuclear power station?

Control of operation of the nuclear power station involves two things. i.e. regulation of power
generation to maintain it at a safe and steady level and secondly total shutdown of the reactor veryquickly
if needed.At MAPS, the power is kept constant bythe use of what are known as adjusterrods. These are
stainless steel rods.When these rods are introduced intothe reactor vessel, the chain reactionslows down
and heat generation drops.If the control rods are slightly pulled outof the reactor vessel, the chain
reactionpicks up and power level rises. Toshutdown the reactor completely, theheavy water is drained
out of thereactor vessel in a fraction of a second. In the absence of heavy water in thevessel, the chain
reaction ceasestotally.
What are the fuel requirements for a nuclear power station?
Compared to the burning of coal, the fission process is far more efficient. One gram of
fissionableuranium can produce a million times more heat than one gram of coal. At MAPS which
produces 400MW of electricity, only 20 kg of uranium fuel is required per day, i.e. about one truck load
of fuel permonth from Hyderabad where the fuel is produced. In comparison, a coal burning thermal
powerstation of the same capacity would require about 2000 tonnes of coal daily, i.e. 2-3 train loads of
coalto be transported everyday from the coal mines of Singareni over 1000km away. Also the coal has
to be continuously fed to the furnace at the rate of 4 tonnes each minute. At MAPS, fresh fuel is
chargedinto the reactor about once daily.

What Safety Measures are provided in Nuclear Power Stations?

Radioactive materials are produced in the core of the reactor when the fission process occurs. Most
ofthese remain within the uranium fuel itself. To prevent their release to the environment at least 3
successive barriers are provided. Failure of all 3 barriers at the same time is indeed highly improbable.
The uranium fuel is packed in a tube and the tube is completely sealed at both ends. There are 4000 such
tubes in the reactor. Experience shows that development of leak in a tube is very rare. If this occurs the
defective tube is quickly identified and removed from the reactor. Any radioactive materials released are
still contained in the heavy water flowing around the tube. The pipe work, pumps, valves and other parts
through which the heavy water flows are highly leak tight. As a further barrier the reactor is housed in a
massive containment building. The special feature of the containment at MAPS is that it is of double
walled construction. The walls are 60cm thick each. The inner wall is of prestressed concrete
construction and is stronger than the outer one. An area around the station upto 1.5 km is acquired and
kept totally free of any habitation.

Any large release of radioactive materials is possible only if the fuel is allowed to overheat and melt.
Multiple level safety provisions are included to avoid such a situation. The instruments that monitor the
power levels are provided in triplicate, so that even if one fails two others are available to indicate the
status. This also helps to check the instruments very frequently even when reactor is in operation. In the
same manner, the devices which shut down the reactor are also provided in triplicate. Their operation
status is checked everyday.
Flow of coolant water through the core is also ensured by providing 2 or 3 pumps and valves
whereverone is adequate. This assures that the flow will not be interrupted. As an additional measure
ofprecaution against failure of any pipe, other pathways are also available to send water to the core.
Ifheavy water coolant is not available, provision has been made to pump ordinary water into the core.To
ensure that electrical power is always available for all the instruments and equipment whichmaintain the
reactor in a safe condition, four different and independent supply lines have beenprovided. One of these
derives power from Emergency Diesel Generators. Here again 2 or 3generator sets are provided where
one will do. Finally, even if the diesel sets do not operate, a batterybank can supply essential power for
several hours.The safety provisions in nuclear power stations are indeed unmatched by any other
industry.

1.2.3 HYDRO ELECTRIC PLANTS:-

A generating station which utilizes the potential energy of water at a high level for the generation of
electrical energy is known as hydro electrical power plant.

1.2.3.1 ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT:-

Dam, intake, surge tank, powerhouse, lubricating oil pumps, constant pumps, drainage pumps, fans,
cooling oil pumps, air compressor.

1.2.3.2 HYDROLOGY:-
Run-off:- Only a small part of rain fall can be use for power generation.A significant part of water
evaporates, another part seeps into soil & forms underground storage and some portion is taken by
the vegetation.Itcontains flow duration curve, mass curve & storage.

1.2.3.3 CLASSIFICATION:-

Classification according to water flow regulation-

Hydro plant can be classified, according to extent of water flow regulation available, into following
types:

1. Run- off river plants without poundage

2.Run-off river plants poundage
3. Reservoir plant

Classification according to load:

According to load , hydro plants can be classified as :

1.Base load plants 2.Peak load plants 3.Pumped storage plants

Classification according to Head:-

1. Low head plant 2.Medium head plants 3.High head plants

1.2.3.4 HYDRAULIC TURBINES:-

Types of turbines:-

Hydraulic turbine convert the energy of water into mechanical energy which
Drives the alternators. They are highly efficient, simple in construction, can be
Control easily and pick up load in a very short time.
1. Peloton Turbine
2. Francis Turbine
3. Propeller & Kaplan turbines
4. Governor and speed regulation
A. speed regulation of peloton turbine
B. speed regulation of reaction turbine

1.2.3.5 GENERATION DESCRIPTION OF PUMPED STORAGE PLANT:-

A pumped storage plant is a special type of plant meant to supply peak loads. during peak load period,
water is drawn from the head water pond through the penstock and generates power for supplying the
plead
load.

1.2.3.6 PUMPED STORAGE PLANT FOR SUPPLYING PEAK LOADS:-

Every pumped storage scheme required dual conversion of energy, the efficiency being 60 to 70
percent. modern generation system are a mixture of hydro, steam and nuclear power stations so that
energy can be generated most economically.

ADVANTAGE OF HYDROELECTRIC PLANTS:-

1. The useful life of hydro electric plant is around 50 years as compared to around 25 to 30 for a
steam station .
2. There is no stand by losses in hydro plants.
3. Hydro plants are more robust as compared to steam plants.
4. The maintenance cost of hydro plants is very low as compared to that of steam and nuclear plants.
5. Hydro plants are free from air pollution due to smoke and exhaust gases.
6. Hydro plant are located in remote areas where land costs are low.

DISADVANTAGE OF HYDROELECTRIC PLANTS:-

1. Due to high cost of civil engineering work, the capital cost per KW of hydro plants is considerably
higher than that of steam plants.
2. Hydro power generation is dependent of availability of water.
3. The firm capacity of hydro plant is low and need to be backed up by steam plants.
4. Hydro plant reservoir submerges huge areas, uproots large population and creates social other
problems.

1.2.4 THERMAL POWER PLANT:-

A Thermal power station is a power plant in which the prime mover is steam driven. Water is
heated, turns into steam and spins a steam turbine which drives an electrical generator.
1.2.4.1 Introductory:-Almost all coal, nuclear, geothermal, solar thermal electric, and waste

incineration plants, as well as many natural gas power plants are thermal. Natural gas is frequently
combusted in gas turbines as well as boilers.
1.2.4.2 Efficiency:-
The energy efficiency of a conventional thermal power station, considered as salable energy as a
percent of the heating value of the fuel consumed, is typically 33% to 48%. This efficiency is limited
as all heat engines are governed by the laws of thermodynamics.

Typical diagram of a coal-fired thermal power station :-

1. Cooling tower 10. Steam Control valve 19. Superheated

2. Cooling water pump 11. High pressure steam turbine 20. Forced draught (draft) fan
3. transmission line (3-phase) 12. Desecrators 21. Reheated
4. Step-up transformer (3-phase) 13. Feed water heater 22. Combustion air intake
5. Electrical generator (3-phase) 14. Coalconveyor 23. Economiser
6. Low pressure steam turbine 15. Coal hopper 24. Air preheated
7. Condensate pump 16. Coal pulverized 25. Precipitator
8. Surface condenser 17. Boiler steam drum 26. Induced draught (draft) fan
9. Intermediate pressure steam 18. Bottom ash hopper 27. Flue gas stack
1.2.4.3 Boiler and steam cycle:-
In fossil-fueled power plants, steam generator refers to a furnace that burns the fossil fuel to boil
water to generate steam.In the nuclear plant field, steam generator refers to a specific type of
large heat exchanger used in a pressurized water reactor (PWR) to thermally connect the
primary (reactor plant) and secondary (steam plant) systems, which generates steam. In a
nuclear reactor called a boiling water reactor (BWR), water is boiled to generate steam directly
in the reactor itself and there are no units called steam generators.

1.2.4.4 Feed water heating and deaeration:-

The feed water used in the steam boiler is a means of transferring heat energy from the burning fuel to
the mechanical energy of the spinning steam turbine. The total feed water consists of recirculated
condensate water and purified makeup water.

1.2.4.5 Steam condensing:-

The condenser condensed the steam from the exhaust of the turbine into liquid to allow it to be
pumped. If the condenser can be made cooler, the pressure of the exhaust steam is reduced and
efficiency of the cycle increases.
1.2.4.6 Reheater:-

Power plant furnaces may have a reheater section containing tubes heated by hot flue gases outside the
tubes. Exhaust steam from the high pressure turbine is passed through these heated tubes to
collect more energy before driving the intermediate and then low pressure turbines.

1.2.4.7 Generator cooling:-

While small generators may be cooled by air drawn through filters at the inlet, larger units generally
require special cooling arrangements.

1.2.4.8 Battery supplied emergency lighting and communication:-

A central battery system consisting of lead acid cell units is provided to supply emergency electric
power, when needed, to essential items such as the power plant's control
systems,communication systems, turbine lube oil pumps, and emergency lighting. This is
essential for a safe, damage-free shutdown of the units in an emergency situation.
1.2.4.9 Transport of coal fuel to site and to storage:-
Most thermal stations use coal as the main fuel. Raw coal is transported from coal mines to a power
station site by trucks, barges, bulk cargo ships or railway cars. Generally, when shipped by
railways, the coal cars are sent as a full train of cars. The coal received at site may be of different
sizes.

1.3 Advantages of coal based thermal Power Plant:-

 They can respond to rapidly changing loads without difficulty

 A portion of the steam generated can be used as a process steam in different industries
 Steam engines and turbines can work under 25 % of overload continuously
 Fuel used is cheaper
 Cheaper in production cost in comparison with that of diesel power stations

1.4 Disadvantages of coal based thermal Power Plant:-

 Maintenance and operating costs are high

 Long time required for erection and putting into action
 A large quantity of water is required
 Great difficulty experienced in coal handling
 Presence of troubles due to smoke and heat in the plant
 Unavailability of good quality coal
 Maximum of heat energy lost

1.5 RESULT:-We have successfully studied generating station design: design considerations and
basic schemes of hydro, thermal, nuclear and gas power plants. Electrical equipment for power
stations.

VIVA QUESTIONS-

Que 1-What are the main circuits in the Thermal Power Plant?

Ans-Thermal Power plant consists of four main circuits, they are:-

 Feed water and steam flow circuit

 Coal and ash circuit
 Air and gas circuit
 Cooling water circuit

Que 2-On What Cycle does Thermal Power Plant operate?

Ans-Thermal Power plant works on the principle of Rankine cycle.

Que 3-Why Generation Voltage in Thermal Power Plant is between 11kV to 33kV?

Ans-The current carrying conductor cross section depends upon the magnitude of the current it is carrying and
insulation strength of the conductor depends on the maximum voltage it can withstand. Therefore while
designing the generator an optimum value is chosen between the amount of the current and voltage
conductor can withstand.

Que 4-Name the constituent elements present in coal?

Ans- Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen and small amount of sulphur and nitrogen are present in coal.

Que 5- Where are the thermal power plants generally setup?

Ans- Near coal or oil fields so that the fuel can be easily transported.