Los Baños National High School - Poblacion

Jamboree Road, Brgy. Timugan, Los Baños, Laguna

Effectiveness of Star Fruit (Averrhoa Carambola L.) Extract

as Household Dishwashing Liquid

Science Investigatory Project Proposal

Presented in Los Baños National High School – Poblacion

ALCANTARA, JUDEA SAMARIA LONGAYAN

CAPILI, MARICON ARIOLA

CASILI, JEAN ACHILES ORTEGA

DRIO, MARK ANGELO LARIRIT

DURON, JUSTINE JOICE GULAHAB

IRLANDEZ, RION KYLE SOLOMON

MAQUE, JAYRALD BALITA

SARABIA, ANGEL CZARINETTE JOYCE MARANAN

July 2023
CHAPTER 1

THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

Introduction

This pandemic taught us to be more concerned about our health,

surroundings, and cleanliness. In this 21st century, the influences of a long-lasting

pandemic are not only worsened by social isolation and economic constraints but

also it poses a great threat to our way of life. Cleanliness during pandemic is the

most important thing and it is the only way to live. The virus COVID-19 is everywhere

even in the air that we breathe in. Your actions should be more hygienic and very

clean whenever and wherever you go, especially in our house, we all don't want the

virus to come inside our house and harm our family. In the midst of this pandemic,

we have been reminded of our responsibilities to our environment. We must be more

aware of our safety and cleanliness at home to prevent and utilize the spread of the

virus.

Skin, as the most exposed part of the body, the hands particularly carry a lot

of bacterial flora that is picked up from various objects that come into contact, so

maintaining good hygiene is the most essential, simple, and affordable way to

prevent getting sick and the bacterial resistance. The emergence of bacterial

resistance to the currently available antimicrobial drugs necessities further research

in the discovery of new safe and effective antimicrobial agents (Londhe, 2015; Sajed,

2014). Medicinal plants have been used in developing countries as an alternative.

Soap is often a strongly foamy mixture of surfactant with little skin irritation,

and it is mostly used in a sink or bowl for hand washing glasses, plates, cutlery, and

kitchen utensils. Dishwashing liquid has a variety of informal applications in addition

to its principal purpose, such as producing bubbles and washing garments.

Inventions are used in today, back then, and all around the world, but soap is the

most important. Soaps come in a number of varieties, including detergents, personal

soaps, hand soaps, and glycerin soaps.

All of these soaps are necessary, but we sometimes take them for granted or

forget to realize them until we need them. The history, process, and application of

soap are all very relevant to us today because they explain how and why we use

soap. It is still required and used today. Because of dangerous infections, our

population would perish if we did not use soap. Some missions used to evacuate

objects resulted in significant discoveries, such as the fact that soap had been

created for over 5000 years. According to soap-history.net, the earliest record came

from a finding in ancient Babylon, which revealed that the Babylonians made soap

around 2800 BC, boiling fat with ashes. The soap was then used to clean wool and

cotton and used for medicine.

Averrhoa carambola, known as carambola or star fruit, is an attractive, exotic,

tropical, and shrub-like ornamental tree of the Oxalidaceae family. The star fruit is a

native to the orient despite the Spanish sound of its name. The star fruit has five

lobes covered by an edible waxy yellow skin. The flavor of the yellow flesh is

reminiscent of citrus fruits and varies from quit sour to mildly sweet depending on the

variety. Some contain small dark seeds in the center. Star fruit (Averrhoa Carambola

L.) occurs in a cultivated or semi- cultivated state throughout the Philippines.

It was introduced from tropical America and now is pantropic cultivation. The

ripe fruits can be consumed straight off the tree or made into juice, jelly, or wine. The

fruit is also frequently employed in conventional medicine to treat a variety of

diseases.
Additionally, it might include pectin. The carambola or Star fruit belongs to the

Oxalidaceae family, species Averrhoa carambola L. It is believed to have originated

in Ceylon and Moluccas but it has been cultivated in the South East Asia and

Malaysia for many centuries.

According to studies, carambola fruit juice contains nutrients that are active,

including vitamins, amino acids, ascorbic acid, oxalic acid, tartaric acid, and citric

acid, as well as carbs, lipids, and proteins. The pH of the fruits increased with

increasing fruit maturity, being 2.4 for green mature, 2.7 for half-ripe, and 3.44 for

ripe fruits, according to an analysis of the physicochemical parameters of carambola

fruit juice from ripe and unripe fruits. The fruits also contain 50 percent of reducing

sugars on a dry weight basis and vitamin A and C. Being rich in oxalic acid, the fruit

juice is effective in dyeing and removing iron rust and stains. It also possesses some

medical values. Its leaves and shoots when crushed are used as a remedy for

chicken fox, ringworm and headache.

The fruit is laxative, refrigerant, antiscorbutic and can simulate the appetite.

Seeds when powdered are made into infusion are a good soother for asthma, colic

and jaundice. The tree is also used for landscaping and shade. The acid type star

fruit is used for cleaning and polishing metal since the former dissolves tarnish and

rust the juice. The star fruit botanically known as Averrhoa Carambola L. is a native

to the orient despite the Spanish sound of its name. The star fruit has five lobes

covered by an edible waxy yellow skin.

The flavor of the yellow flesh is reminiscent of citrus fruits and varies from

quite sour to mildly sweet depending on the variety. Some contain small dark seeds

in the center. Star fruit (Averrhoa Carambola L.) occurs in a cultivated or semi-

cultivated state throughout the Philippines. It was introduced from tropical America
and now is pantropic cultivation. Star fruit (Averrhoa Carambola L.) is one of the

country’s rarest fruits available in the market. It is usually grown as backyard fruits

and large-scale planting does not exist.

Considering its many economic value, it is believed that the crop can be

developed into an industry both for fresh fruits and processed food. The fruit is

fleshy, acid green or greenish-yellow ad edible. It is eaten with or without salt

rather extensively by Filipinos. The fruit can be made also into pickles or

sweets. It is considered a “super fruit”- it is rich in antioxidant and vitamins

and low in sugar, sodium and acid. Star fruit is a potent source both primary

and secondary polyphenolic antioxidants.

Background of the Study

Soap is now considered as a regular need for almost all of the living human

population across the world, mainly as a softening agent and as a product for other

personal hygiene purposes, wherein some are proven to be expensive and less

effective. One of its kinds is dish-washing soap which we use in washing the dishes

in removing the tough stains and grease that is all over the common kitchen tools we

use in our everyday lives. It is a great help to minimize the time of removing those

tough stains and grease on our kitchen tools. Buying and using the wrong dish-

washing soap could put your family’s safety to danger. Your food could pick up a part

of the residue that the dish-washing soap left and could cause food poisoning

especially because most products contain chlorine in a dry form that is highly

concentrated. It could also cause you a lot of skin damages such as unexpected

whitening, rashes, and dry skin problems. Putting all of these aside, the question in
everyone’s mind is, “What can be a lot safer, cheaper, and more effective ingredient

in making and producing dish-washing soap for every one’s daily consumption.

Star fruit is a juicy tropical fruit native to India and Southeast Asia, where it is

a very popular, mostly cultivated and exploited species native to southeast Asia. The

yellow, star-shaped fruit grows best in sunny, humid climates and can be found on

trees in India, Asia, South America, Australia and in limited areas of the US. It

belongs to the family Oxalidaceae. It has many different species, namely, A.

dolichocarpa, A.microphylla, A.leucocephala, A.bilimbi and A. carambola. Star fruits

have a little sour and slightly sweet flavor and are juicy and crisp. When small and

unripe, they are typically green; when ripe, they turn yellow. The term "star fruit" was

created to describe the oval-shaped carambola fruit's longitudinally stretched ridges,

which when sliced across appear to form a star. (Singhl, 2022)

The acid type star fruit is used for cleaning and polishing metal since the

former dissolves tarnish and rust. The juice is also used for washing clothes to

remove spots or stains as practiced traditionally in the Philippines. It contains

potassium oxalate which is used for dyeing. If this is tested to be effective in

removing stains in clothes, then the possibility of using it as an ingredient in making

dish-washing liquid is not remote.

Commercial dishwashing liquid is so expensive. Since Star fruit (Averrhoa

Carambola L.) was in season it can be used as one of the main ingredients in

making dish-washing liquid using balimbing extract. There was no specific time to

propagate and grow it. It is very affordable and can be extracted easily. The amount

of juice needed to create dish-washing liquid does not need so much time and effort.

This study will determine the effectiveness of the dish-washing liquid soap

from star fruit (balimbing) extracted by using the experimental method of research.
This study aims to present a product that is not costly and harmful to the health of

the user.

Statement of the problem

The goal of this study was to see how effective Star fruit as dishwashing liquid in the

household. The study sought to investigate the following things:

1. Is Star fruit considered suitable in terms of:

a. Efficiency

b. Appearance

c. Odor

d. Affordability

2. Are there a significant effect does Star fruit have as a household dishwashing

liquid?

3. Is there anything in the product that causes allergies?

4. How does the product represent the public demand?

Hypothesis

Ho = There is no significant difference on the general acceptability of the

quality attributes of the Star Fruit (Averrhoa Carambola L.) household dishwashing

liquid and the commercialized dishwashing liquid.

Ha = There is a significant difference among the three different formulation of

Star Fruit (Averrhoa Carambola L.) household dishwashing liquid in terms of odor

and grease removal.

Significance of the study

This study will be valuable and significant in terms of the following:

Students. The results of the study can help the students be safe from the

spreading of germs by using the product as handsoap, and it can also help them

widen their knowledge and interest in conducting experiments.

Parents. Instead of buying in malls, mothers who are busy with household

chores can save money and time by utilizing this organic dishwashing liquid.

Entrepreneurs. Hopefully, the findings of this study may help entrepreneurs

in starting their own small business by producing and selling Starfruit dishwashing

liquid.

Researchers. This study’s important and relevant information will motivate

the researcher to improve and develop the previous studies.

Definition of Terms

Color. It is the visual property of Balimbing dishwashing liquid to the

categories color of green, light green and dark green.

Grease removal. It is the effectiveness of the Balimbing dishwashing liquid to

remove residue of animal fats and oils.

Odor. It is the smell of Balimbing dishwashing liquid which is pleasant or

unpleasant.

Star Fruit (Balimbing). It is a fruit belonging to the member of family oxalis

(Oxalidaceae).
Scope and Limitation of the study

The scope of this study is limited to the acceptability of Star Fruit (Averrhoa

Carambola L.) Extract as Household Dishwashing Liquid in chosen households of

Brgy. Malinta, Los Baños, Laguna with respondents who are not allergy to Star Fruit

in the year of 2022 - 2023.

CHAPTER 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

Related Literature

Mokhtar (2016) stated that a Balimbing fruit extracts at all stages of ripening

has some inhibitory activities against selected bacterial strains. However, extracts

from younger fruits are more effective against the bacteria. It is supported by

Scripanidkulchai (2013), who reported that the content of oxalic acid in Averrhoa

species can become a potent source of antioxidant and antimicrobial against S.

aureus. Sultana (2011) used Methanol as solvent and the antibacterial effect was

measured using disc diffusion test. They compared the susceptibility of the

microorganisms to the extracts of the plant with standard antibiotic kanamycin.

They found out that the fruit extract exhibited more potent antimicrobial

activity against a wide variety of Gram-positive and Gram-

negative bacteria compared to leaf

extract.The antimicrobial activity was highest for the fruit extract against the Gram-

negative Salmonella paratyphi (23.0 ± 0.50 mm) and the Gram-positive Bacillus

megaterium (19.0 ± 0.40 mm) bacteria, somewhat weaker against the

Staphylococcusaureus, Bacillus subtilis, while with the leaf extract poor activity was

observed against all 12 bacteria. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC)

values were determined and it was found that the fruit extract was more potent

against Salmonella paratyphi, Salmonella typhi, Shigelladysenteriae and Vibro

parahemolyticus. The cytotoxic activity of fruit extract was found highly potent (12.96

μg/ml) whereas the leaf also showed significant activity (92.51 μg/ml).
Abraham (2016) used a bilimbing methanol, chloroform, and petroleumether

fruit extract against selected panel of bacteria. Different concentrations of the

extracts (50,100, and 150 mg) were loaded on sterile discs.

The tested Graham-positive bacteria were more sensitive to the extract

compared to the Gram-negative bacteria tested. It shows that a bilimbing fruit extract

inhibits the growth of the tested pathogens.Carambola fruit is a unique fruit because

of its star-like shape and attractive flavor. Carambola is commonly known as star fruit

and KUMRAKH in Hindi. Since a long time, it has been used as a traditional

medicine in Brazil. Carambola fruit juice or tea prepared from carambola leaves are

extensively used to lower high blood sugar levels and high blood pressure. It also

stimulates the appetite and has anti-diarrheal effects.

Carambola leaf extract also possesses heart-protective effect. Some studies

have even found that carambola fruit has a life-threatening effect on people with

kidney diseases. Some negative effects on the brain of such patients have also been

discovered. Leaves of carambola are anti-pyretic (treats fever or lowers body

temperature), antipruritic (reduces itching) and anthelmintic (expels parasites out of

the body). It is also useful in the treatment of scabies, different types of poisoning,

fractured bones, intestinal worms and fever. In Brazil, carambola leaves are used for

lowering high blood sugar levels. In India, to counteract fever, ripe carambola or its

juice is used. The fruits are also used for the treatment of vomiting, diarrhea,

hemorrhoids, acidity and piles.

Carambola fruit contains a number of health promoting compounds such as

flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins and saponins. In addition to this, the fruit also contains

GALLIC ACID, ASCORBIC ACID, PROANTHOCYANIDINS and EPICATECHIN.

Edible portion of carambola fruit is a good source of minerals, dietary fiber and
antioxidants. Carambola is an excellent source of natural antioxidants that helps to

reduce oxidative stress. It is low in calories and a good source of minerals such as

calcium, iron, phosphorus and potassium. It also contains carotenoids, thiamine

(vitamin B1) and riboflavin (vitamin B2) and vitamin C. The fruit is oval in shape, pale

green to golden brown in color,3 to 5 inches long with 3 to 5 ridge running from the

base of the apex.

Star Fruit is waxy, thin- skinned, green at first with pinkish yellow edging to the

wings, ripening to yellow or deep yellow in color. Texture is fairly soft and the flesh is

juicy sour or sweet. There are five seeds found in each fruit are sometimes absent.

When cut across the fruit is star-shaped. Carambola fruits of the sweet’s varieties

are commonly eaten when ripe as dessert. The juice is served fresh in stalls or

coffee shop. It is very refreshing with a pleasant scent taste and is fairly rich in

vitamin C. Sour carambola fruits are eaten as a vegetable or used in making jam,

jelly and juice.

Unripe fruits may also be used for dyeing, cleaning metal surfaces and for

removing iron-rust. Remember, both the WHO and the CDC recommends using

hand sanitizers the right way to eliminate the virus from the hands in the event

there’s no soap and water available. Top Hand Sanitizer Manufacturers in UK. Below

are the most reliable manufacturers and suppliers in the UK who can supply FDA-

approved hand sanitizers. Ginger lily (Averrhoa bilimbi) a member also of

Oxalidaceae was used as a laundry Soap. (Driz & Lapie, 2008-2009).

Ginger lily is originated apparently on Moluccas, Indonesian, the species is

cultivated or find semi- wild throughout the Indonesia, Philippines, Sri Lanka,

Bangladesh and Myanmar. It seems to be effective against cough and rural parts of

the Philippines, where it is commonly found as a backyard plant. It is eaten raw,

dipped in rock salt as a snack. Balimbing juice (with a pH of about 4.47) is made into

a cooling beverage. In Indonesian, it is added in some dishes by substituting in

tamarind or tomato. Besides, the fruit can be preserved which reduces the acidity,

The flowers are sometimes preserved with sugars.

Conceptual framework

Star fruit (Averrhoa Carambola L.) is composed of oxalic acid and contains

extremely low pH value which is acidic in both maturity stages. The fruit juice has

high levels of ascorbic acid and oxalic acid and therefore may remove grease from

plates.

Research Paradigm

Independent Variable Dependent Variable

Balimbing dishwashing
liquid Formulation A: 70ml
balimbing extract with 90ml
dishwashing liquid.

Sensory Attributes:
Balimbing dishwashing Odor
liquid Formulation B: 95ml
balimbing extract with 65ml Grease Removal
dishwashing liquid.

Balimbing dishwashing
liquid Formulation C: 120ml
balimbing extract with 40ml
dishwashing liquid.
CHAPTER 3

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Research Design

An experimental method was used in this study. The study enabled the

researchers to observe the dependent variables and control and manipulate the

independent variable.

In order to ensure the objectivity of the results of the present study,

quantitative research was followed. The experimental research design was used

since it primarily establishes causal relationships between variables in a single study.

Using this design, the researchers would be able to test a theory under a

manipulated or controlled environment and ultimately support or reject it. In this

experimental research, the 15 households from Los Baños, Laguna were randomly

selected so that the researchers would be able to make generalizations and draw an

accurate representation of a larger group.

Sampling Techniques

This study was conducted at Los Baños National High School - Poblacion

during the School Year of 2022-2023. Simple Random Sampling was employed in

the selected sample for the study. This sampling technique is a basic type of

sampling, since it can be a component to more complex sampling methods. The

methods of the sampling will involve every member of the population has an equal

chance of being selected. Since the target respondent will be selecting a household,

this sampling technique is appropriate to use in this study.

Respondents of the study

The respondents for the research study from Barangay Malinta were chosen

through random sampling. The chosen respondents are containing fifty-two (52)

respondents from Barangay Malinta, Los Banos District in the year of 2022-2023.

The respondents were chosen by the researcher to participate in a study comparing

the effectiveness of Balimbing extract as household dishwashing liquid to

commercial dishwashing products.

Research Instruments

The survey questionnaires were used as the primary tool for data-gathering

instrument. The instrument focused on answering the statement of the problem.

The survey is divided into five sections: Part 1 is about the respondent's background;

Part 2 is about the respondent's personal experience using a dishwashing soap; Part

3 is ratings after using the Starfruit Dishwashing Liquid; Part 4 is about ratings after

using the product; and Part 5 is about the product's overall evaluation and

suggestions. The survey will help the researchers in assessing the qualities of

starfruit (Averrhoa Carambola L.) extract as dishwashing liquid for domestic use.

An evaluation sheet was made indicating the different criteria for evaluating

the Star Fruit (Averrhoa Carambola L.) extract as household dishwashing liquid

formulated in three different formulations in terms of odor and grease removal. Each

attribute was rated using 4 - point Hedonic Scale. The code number 1 stands for

excellent; 2 - good; 3 - fair; 4 - poor in terms of odor, color, texture, grease removal,

and its foaming properties.

Research Procedure

Equipment/Utensils

 Blender  Stirrer

 Container  Pail

 Funnel  Plastic bottle

 Knife  Weighing Scale

 Strainer

Ingredients
 Balimbing  Degreaser

 CDEA (Cocamide  Foam Booster

diethanolamine)  Foam Stabilizer

 Colorant (Red/Yellow/Purple)  Preservative

 Salt  1.2 kilo of SLES (Sodium

 15 liters of Water laureth sulfate)

 EDTA (Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid)/BKC(Benzalkonium chloride)

neutralizer

Preparation of Balimbing (Star Fruit/Averrhoa Carambola L.) extract

1. Balimbing were washed and cleaned.

2. Balimbing was chopped.

3. Balimbing was weighed after it had been chopped.

4. Balimbing was blend with a small amount of water.

5. The Balimbing mixture was strained and the extract collected was set aside for

the next step.

Preparation of the dishwashing liquid

1. Prepare all the materials.

2. 15 liters of water in a suitable pail container.

3. Put 1.2 kilo SLES and apply fast stirring to dissolve the SLES completely.

4. Put 15ml of scent and stir for 1 minute.

5. Put EDTA/BKC and stir 1 minute.

6. Put neutralizer and stir for 11 minutes.

7. Put preservative and stir for 1 minute.

8. Put foam stabilizer and stir for 1 minute.

9. Mix the degreaser thoroughly.

10. Mix Foam booster and CDEA thoroughly.

11. Put the balimbing extract and then mix it thoroughly.

12. Gradually apply salt on the mixture while mixing continuously.

13. For curing, let the bubbles subside overnight.

14. Add the desired colorant (Red/Yellow/Purple).

15. Then place it in the 250ml bottles.

Statistical Treatment

To test the hypothesis of significant difference among the different proportion

levels in terms of color, odor and grease removal, mean, sample mean and the One

Factor Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) or the F- test will be used in the study.

Simple stated, ANOVA is used to test the significant difference between three or

more means obtained from independent variable.

Mean Where:

x=
∑x x=mean
n
Σ=∑ of all mean

n=sample ¿ ¿

Sample Variance Where:

∑ (x−x)
2 2
2
s =sample variance
s=
n−1
x=mean of the samples

x=values of the observation∈the population Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)

Degrees of Freedom (df) Where:

S S B =K−1 K=Total number of groups

S S W =N −K

N=number of respondents

a) Find the Grand Mean b) Find the Between Group

X GM =
∑x Variance
n
∑ ( X−X GM )
2 n
S =
B
K −1
c) Find the Within group variance

S
2
=
∑ 2
(n1−1)S 1 d) Find he F- test value
W
∑ (n−1)

2
SB
F= 2
SW

CHAPTER 4

PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS, AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

Analysis of Variance Table

Sum of Mean of
Source df F- value
Squares Squares

Between SB2 K–1 MSB

F
Within SW2 N–K MSW

Sub problem No. 1: What are the mean scores of balimbing dishwashing liquid using

three (3) different formulation in terms of odor, and grease removal?

The mean scores of Formulations A, B, and C of balimbing dishwashing liquid using

90ml balimbing extract in terms of odor is reflected in Table No. 1.

Table 1

Mean Scores of the Pleasantness of Three Formulation in terms of Odor

Formulation Mean Sample Descriptive Rating

A 2.0 0.22 Pleasant

B 1.7 0.23 Pleasant

C 1.5 0.28 Very Pleasant

Legend:

1.0 - 1.5 = Very Pleasant

1.51 - 2.5 = Pleasant

2.51 - 3.5 = Slightly Pleasant

3.51 - 4.0 = Not Pleasant

Table 1 shows that the odor of Formulation A and B were both pleasant with

the mean scores of 2.0 and 1.7 respectively. Formulation C with the mean score of

1.5 had a very pleasant odor.

The mean scores of Formulation A, B, and C of balimbing dishwashing liquid using

120ml balimbing extract in terms of grease removal is reflected in Table No. 2.

Table 2

Mean Scores of the Effectiveness of Three Formulations in Terms of Germ

Removal

Formulation Mean Sample Descriptive Rating

A 2.4 0.40 Effective

B 2.0 0.33 Effective

C 1.4 0.27 Highly Effective

Legend:

1.0 - 1.5 = Highly Effective

1.51 - 2.5 = Effective

2.51 - 3.5 = Slightly Effective

3.51 - 4.0 = Not Effective

Table 2 shows that Formulations A and b were both effective in terms of

grease removal with the mean scores of 2.4 and 2.0 respectively. Formulation C with

the best mean score of 1.4 is highly effective.

Table 3 shows the results of the F- test on the sum of squares, degrees of freedom,

mean of squares together with F- value of the three different formulations in terms of

odor.

Table 3

Summary of Analysis of Variance between the Odor of the Three Formulations

A, B, and C

Formulation Sum of Df Mean of F- value

Squares Squares

Between 0.48 2 0.24 1.0

Within 2.19 7 0.24

The computed F- value of 1.0 and a critical value of 4.74, the analysis

revealed that no significant difference existed among Formulations A, B, and C in

terms of odor. Since the computed f- value is lower than the critical value of 4.74 at

5% level of significance. This means that the null hypothesis was accepted.
Table 4 shows the results of the F- test on the sum of squares, degrees of freedom,

mean of squares together with F- value of the three different formulations in terms of

grease removal.

Table 4

Summary of Analysis of Variance between the Grease Removal of the Three

Formulations A, B, and C

Formulation Sum of Df Mean of F- value

Squares Squares

Between 1.6 2 0.8 2.42

Within 3 7 0.33

The computed F- value of 2.42 and a critical value of 4.74, the analysis

revealed that no significant difference existed among Formulations A, B, and C in

terms of grease removal. Since the computed f- value is lower than the critical value

of 4.74 at 5% level of significance. This means that the null hypothesis was

accepted.
Formulation A

Odor

2
x x−x (x−x )
1 2 0 0
2 1 -1 1
3 2 0 0
4 2 0 0
5 3 1 1
6 2 0 0
7 2 0 0
8 2 0 0
9 2 0 0
10 2 0 0
∑ x =20 ∑ (x−x )2 =2
2
x=2.0 s =0.22
Germ Removal

2
x x−x (x−x )
1 3 0.4 0.16
2 3 0.4 0.16
3 3 0.4 0.16
4 3 0.4 0.16
5 2 -0.6 0.36
6 1 -0.6 -1.4
7 1 -0.6 -1.4
8 2 -0.6 0.36
9 3 0.4 0.16
10 3 0.4 0.16
∑ x =24 ∑ (x−x )2 =3.64
2
x=2.4 s =0.40
Formulation B

Odor

2
x x−x (x−x )
1 2 0.3 0.09
2 1 -0.7 0.49
3 1 -0.7 0.49
4 2 0.3 0.09
5 2 0.3 0.09
6 2 0.3 0.09
7 2 0.3 0.09
8 2 0.3 0.09
9 1 -0.7 0.49
10 2 0.3 0.09
∑ x =17 ∑ (x−x )2 =2.1
2
x=1.7 s =0.23
Germ Removal

2
x x−x (x−x )
1 2 0 0
2 2 0 0
3 3 1 1
4 3 0 0
5 2 0 0
6 2 0 0
7 2 0 0
8 2 0 0
9 1 -1 1
10 1 -1 1
∑ x =20 ∑ (x−x )2 =3
2
x=2 s =0.33
Formulation C

Odor

2
x x−x (x−x )
1 1 -0.5 0.25
2 1 -0.5 0.25
3 2 0.5 0.25
4 1 -0.5 0.25
5 1 -0.5 0.25
6 2 0.5 0.25
7 2 0.5 0.25
8 2 0.5 0.25
9 1 -0.5 0.25
10 2 0.5 0.25
∑ x =15 ∑ (x−x )2 =2.5
2
x=1.5 s =0.28
Grease Removal

2
x x−x (x−x )
1 2 0.6 0.36
2 2 0.6 0.36
3 1 -0.4 0.16
4 1 -0.4 0.16
5 1 -0.4 0.16
6 1 -0.4 0.16
7 1 -0.4 0.16
8 2 0.6 0.36
9 1 -0.4 0.16
10 2 0.6 0.36
∑ x =14 ∑ (x−x )2 =2.4
2
x=1.4 s =0.27
Odor

K−13−1 N−K C . V .=4.74

10−3
¿2
¿7

a) X GM =
∑ x = 22+ 15+15 = 52 =1.73
n 30 30

∑ ( X −X GM ) 2
4 ( 2.0−1.73 ) +4 ( 1.7−1.73 )
2
b) S2 = n
=
B
K −1 3−1

2 2 2
4 ( 0.27 ) + 4 (−0.03 ) + 4 (−0.23 )
¿
2

4 ( 0.7 ) +4 (0)+4 ( 0.05 )

¿
2

0.28+0+0.2
¿
2

0.48
¿
2

¿ 0.24

2
c) SW =
∑ ( n1−1 ) S21 = ( 4−1 ) ( 0.22 )+ ( 4−1 ) ( 0.23 ) +( 4−1 )( 0.28 )
∑ ( n−1 ) ( 4−1 ) + ( 4−1 ) + ( 4−1 )

( 3 ) ( 0.22 )+ ( 3 ) ( 0.28 ) + ( 3 ) ( 0.28 )

¿
( 3 ) +( 3 ) +( 3 )

( 0.66 ) + ( 0.69 )+ ( 0.84 )

¿
9

2.91
¿
9
2
SB 0.24
d) ¿ 0.24 F= 2
= =1
S W
0.24

Grease Removal

K−13−1 N−K C . V .=4.74

10−3
¿2
¿7

a) X GM =
∑ x = 24+20+14 = 52 =1.93
n 30 30

∑ ( X −X GM ) 2
4 ( 2.4−1.93 ) + 4 ( 2−1.93 )
2
b) S2 = n
=
B
K −1 3−1

2 2 2
4 ( 0.47 ) + 4 (−0.07 ) +4 (−0.43 )
¿
2

4 ( 0.22 )+ 4 (0)+ 4 ( 0.18 )

¿
2

0.88+0+0.72
¿
2

1.6
¿
2

¿ 0.8

c) S
2
=
∑ ( n1−1 ) S21 ( 4−1 ) ( 0.40 ) + ( 4−1 ) ( 0.33 ) + ( 4−1 )( 0.27 )
=
W
∑ ( n−1 ) ( 4−1 ) + ( 4−1 ) + ( 4−1 )

( 3 ) ( 0.40 ) + ( 3 ) ( 0.33 ) + ( 3 ) ( 0.27 )

¿
( 3 ) +( 3 ) +( 3 )
( 1.23 ) + ( 0.99 ) + ( 0.81 )
¿
9

3
¿
9

¿ 0.33
2
SB 0.8
d) F= 2
= =2.42
S W
0.33

Survey Questionnaires Analysis

Part I: Respondent’s Profile

Table 1: Age of the Respondents

AGE FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE

83 - 90 1 1.92%

74 - 82 3 5.77%

66 - 73 0 0%

58 - 65 4 7.69%

50 - 57 3 5.77%

42 - 49 8 15.38%

34 - 41 3 5.77%

26 - 33 3 5.77%

18 - 25 9 17.31%

10 - 17 19 36.54%

NO AGE 1 1.92%
TOTAL 52

According to the Table 1, 36.54% of the respondents has the age of 10 – 17

answered the survey questionnaire. Therefore, most of our respondent came from

10 – 17 of age and answered our survey questionnaire.

Table 2: Gender of the Respondents

GENDER FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE

FEMALE 33 63.46%

MALE 19 36.54%

TOTAL 52

Part II:

1. Which one do you prefer to use?

 Dishwashing Paste = 4 out of 52 respondents or 7.69%

 Dishwashing Liquid = 48 out of 52 respondents or 92.31%

Others: ___________________

Out of 52 respondents, the majority answered dishwashing liquid with 48 respondents.

2. Which one do you prefer more when buying a dishwashing soap?

 Naturally made = 38 out of 52 respondents or 73.08%

 Industrial made = 14 out of 52 respondents or 26.92%

Kindly state your reason/s. _____________________________________

Out of 52 respondents, the majority answered naturally made with 38 respondents.

3. What is your presumably/preferable amount of dishwashing soap?

 500 ml = 19 out of 52 respondents or 36.54%

 1 liter = 33 out of 52 respondents or 63.46%

Others: __________________

Out of 52 respondents, the majority answered 1 liter with 33 respondents.

4. How many days does your dishwashing soap lasts?

 3 - 5 days = 8 out of 52 respondents or 15.38%

 A week = 12 out of 52 respondents or 23.08%

 2 weeks = 22 out of 52 respondents or 42.31%

 A month = 7 out of 52 respondents or 13.46%

Others: Almost 1 month: = 3 out of 52 respondents or 5.77%

Out of 52 respondents, the majority answered 2 weeks with 22 respondents.

5. How much do you spend on dishwashing soap alone?

 6-15 pesos = 11 out of 52 respondents or 21.15%

 15-50 pesos = 16 out of 52 respondents or 30.77%

 50-100 pesos = 24 out of 52 respondents or 46.15%

 100-200 pesos = 1 out of 52 respondents or 1.92%

Others: __________________

Out of 52 respondents, the majority answered 50 – 100 pesos with 24 respondents.

6. What do you expect when buying a dishwashing soap?

 Foamy = 4 out of 52 respondents or 7.69%

 Affordable = 6 out of 52 respondents or 11.54%

 Lasts longer = 18 out of 52 respondents or 34.62%

 Can be rinsed off easily = 10 out of 52 respondents or 19.23%

 Washes off stains and grease more effectively

= 14 out of 52 respondents or 26.92%

Others: __________________

Out of 52 respondents, the majority answered lasts longer with 18 respondents.

7. What colors seems to spark an interest in you when buying dishwashing soap?

 Green = 12 out of 52 respondents or 23.08%

 Yellow = 16 out of 52 respondents or 30.77%

 Blue = 13 out of 52 respondents or 25%

 Orange = 11 out of 52 respondents or 21.15%

Others; RED APPLE = 2 out of 52 respondents or 3.85%

Out of 52 respondents, the majority answered Yellow with 16 respondents.

8. What scent do you mostly buy?

 Calamansi = 22 out of 52 respondents or 42.31%

 Lemon = 23 out of 52 respondents or 44.23%

 Orange = 3 out of 52 respondents or 5.77%

Others: APPLE/ANTIBAC: = 3 out of 52 respondents or 5.77%

None: = 1 out of 52 respondents or 1.92%

Out of 52 respondents, the majority answered Lemon with 23 respondents.

9. If you found one which has a unique scent that you haven't heard of, would you

personally buy it? Why? _________________________________________

 Yes, just to try if its effective

 Yes, to test if it’s worth it

 Yes, to know if it’s not just smelling good but if it also works

 Yes, just to try the product

 Yes, I would absolutely buy it if it has good fragrance/smell

 Yes, you have to try it to know if it’s a good one

 Yes, as long as its affordable

 Yes, I’ll like to try

 Yes, I’ll try if its good

 Yes, it’s interesting to buy it because its new

Yes = 10 out of 52 respondents or 19.23%

 No, because I prefer the one that I buy more frequently

 No, I’m not fond of switching brands

 No, might occur skin irritations

 No, I want the usual one I use because it already gained my trust

 No, I don’t like dishwashing soap that has a strong scent

 No, cause I’m not familiar with it.

 No, unless someone recommend it.

 No, because I don’t want too.

 No, I prefer to use the one that I used in many years.

No = 9 out of 52 respondents or 17.23%

Out of 52 respondents, the majority answered Yes with 10 respondents.

IV. Ratings after using the product.

Direction: Kindly check the appropriate box according to the assessment of the

following questions provided.

1. Is the product affordable to the consumer?

 YES = 52 out of 52 respondents or 100%

 NO

Out of 52 respondents, the majority answered Yes with 52 respondents.

2. Does the product can easily remove the stains and greases?

 YES = 52 out of 52 respondents or 100%

 NO

Out of 52 respondents, the majority answered Yes with 52 respondents.

3. Does the product cause any skin irritation upon using it?

 YES

If yes, please specify: __________________

 NO = 52 out of 52 respondents or 100%

Out of 52 respondents, the majority answered No with 52 respondents.

4. Does the product cause any side effect such as skin irritation concerning the

consumer?

 YES

If yes, please specify: __________________

 NO = 52 out of 52 respondents or 100%

Out of 52 respondents, the majority answered No with 52 respondents.

5. Upon using the product, can it be easily rinse off?

 YES = 52 out of 52 respondents or 100%

 NO

Out of 52 respondents, the majority answered Yes with 52 respondents.

Graph Interpretation
CHAPTER 5

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION, AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Summary

The pandemic has taught us to be more concerned about our health,

surroundings, and hygiene. To prevent the spread of the virus, we must be more

aware of our safety and cleanliness at home. The researchers also obtain a lot of

information on how to avoid and eliminating the virus from our lives like keeping

ourselves clean, healthy, and being hygienic. But in the midst of the pandemic,

where times are tough and money has decreased due to not being able to work

cause of protocols and the ban of working in physical contact. Being able the eat at

that times is quite a miracle but being able to clean yourself especially your used

tableware is quite challenging. Since eating a meal with dirty plates will result in

many ways and that is diseases.

The use of dishwashing products is a very essential, but when dishwashing

products is getting expensive due to inflation. There are also some companies who

would put synthetic ingredients or an unknown one to save money and also charge

people for it. But, through the research study titled as “Effectiveness of Star Fruit

(Averrhoa Carambola L.) Extract as Household Dishwashing Liquid in Select

Households of Barangay Malinta, the researchers found out that it has potential as a

cleaning agent.

The fruit can also be obtained easily and it's low-cost so that the researchers

decided to use it to create a low-cost product called "Baling Dishwashing Liquid". It's
an organic product without the use of any synthetic chemicals and because of its

uniqueness many people have come to like the product.

As the researchers conducted an experiment during the production of the

product, the researchers used 3 different types of formulation with different amount

of Balimbing and dishwashing soap. The researchers started the experiment by

using the formulation A which contains 70ml Balimbing extract with 90ml

dishwashing liquid, upon the experiment the amount came to be not accurate for the

right formulation. After conducting an experiment using the formulation A, the

researchers conduct the second experiment using formulation B which contains 95ml

Balimbing extract with 65ml dishwashing liquid. The experimental result using the

formulation B is similar to formulation A which results to be not accurate for the right

and ideal formulation of the product. After using the formulation A and formulation B

for experimental production of the Star Fruit (Averrhoa Carambola L.) extract as

household dishwashing liquid which results to be not accurate for the right and ideal

formulation, the researchers conducted another experiment by using formulation C

which contains 120ml Balimbing extract with 40ml dishwashing liquid. The

researchers decided to add more amount of the Balimbing extract and less amount

of the dishwashing soap. The results of the experiment using formulation C is more

accurate to achieve the right and ideal consistency of the product.

Conclusion

1. The null hypothesis stating that there is no significant difference on the general

acceptability of the quality attributes of the Star Fruit (Averrhoa Carambola L.)

household dishwashing liquid and the commercialized dish-washing liquid.

2. The null hypothesis there is no significant difference on the usage of the the Star

Fruit (Averrhoa Carambola L.) household dishwashing liquid compare to other

dishwashing products.

3. The alternative hypothesis stating there is a significant difference among the

three different formulation of Star Fruit (Averrhoa Carambola L.) household

dishwashing liquid in terms of color, odor, and grease removal.

Recommendations

Based on the study of the effectiveness of Star Fruit (Averrhoa Carambola L.) extract

as a household dishwashing liquid in select households of Barangay Malinta, the

researcher recommends the following:

1. Conduct Experimental Trials: Perform controlled experimental trials to compare

the cleaning efficacy of star fruit extract with commercially available dishwashing

liquids. Test different concentrations of star fruit extract and assess its ability to

remove grease, oils, and food residues effectively.

2. Assess User Acceptance: Conduct surveys or interviews with the households in

Barangay Malinta to gauge their acceptance and satisfaction with star fruit extract

as a dishwashing liquid. Collect feedback on fragrance, cleaning performance,

ease of use, and overall user experience.

3. Optimize Extraction Method: Investigate and optimize the extraction method for

obtaining star fruit extract to maximize its cleaning properties. Explore different

techniques such as cold pressing, solvent extraction, or enzymatic extraction to

determine the most efficient and effective method.

4. Evaluate Environmental Impact: Conduct an environmental assessment to

determine the potential environmental impact of using star fruit extract as a

dishwashing liquid. Compare its biodegradability and environmental footprint with

commercially available alternatives to highlight its eco-friendly properties.

5. Assess Cost-effectiveness: Evaluate the cost-effectiveness of using star fruit

extract as a dishwashing liquid in comparison to conventional products. Consider

the availability and affordability of star fruit in the local area and calculate the cost

per unit of cleaning efficacy to determine its economic viability.

6. Promote Awareness and Education: Develop educational materials and conduct

awareness campaigns to inform residents of Barangay Malinta about the benefits

and proper usage of star fruit extract as a dishwashing liquid. Provide instructions

on extraction methods, dilution ratios, and safety precautions to ensure optimal

utilization.

7. Consider Scalability and Market Potential: Assess the potential for scaling up the

production and marketing of star fruit extract as a viable alternative to

conventional dishwashing liquids. Identify potential challenges and opportunities

for local production and distribution, including partnerships with local farmers or

cooperatives.

It's important to note that these recommendations are based on the assumption that

the study has already established the effectiveness of star fruit extract as a

dishwashing liquid. The recommendations aim to further explore and optimize its

usage, as well as evaluate its broader implications.

Bibliography

A. Online Websites

Abraham, S. (2016). Inhibitory Effect of Averrhoa Carambola Fruit Extract on

Selected Bacterial pathogens. Journal of Applied Microbiology, 120(3), 714-722.
Berendes, D. (2018). 3 Reasons Why Handwashing Should Matter to You
Driz, A., & Lapie, C. (2008-2009). The Use of Ginger Lily as a Laundry Soap.
Ethnobotanical Leaflets, 12, 737-741.
Mokhtar, N. (2016). Inhibitory activities of Balimbing Fruit Extracts Against Selected
Bacterial Strains. Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology Reports, 2(1), 9-14.
Scripanidkulchai, S. (2013). Antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of Averrhoa
species containing oxalic acid. International Journal of Food Properties, 16(3), 487-
496.
Sadhwani, S. (2015) Carambola (Star Fruit) – Averrhoa Carambola
Sultana, R. (2011). Antibacterial activity of Averrhoa carambola fruit extract against
Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology,
63(5), 665-670.
Appendix A

Permit Letter

Starfruit (Averrhoa Carambola L.) as Household Dishwashing Liquid in Select

Households in Barangay Malinta

Good day Sir,

We would like to express our deepest gratitude to our Research Adviser, Mr.

Dennis M. Durante for his useful and constructive recommendations during the

planning and development of this Research study entitled as “Starfruit (Averrhoa

Carambola L.) as Household Dishwashing Liquid in Select Households of Barangay

Malinta”.

We, the researchers are in the process of conducting an Experimental

Research Study titled as, "Starfruit (Averrhoa Carambola L.) as Household

Dishwashing Liquid in Select Households of Barangay Malinta", wherein the main

objective of our study is to determine the effectiveness, potential and relevant of

Averrhoa Carambola (Starfruit) as household dishwashing liquid. The researchers

are conducting this research study to discover new and alternative dishwashing

liquid that is made from quality natural ingredient. The respondents of this study are

the selected households of Brgy. Malinta, Los Baños, Laguna.

At this juncture, we are humbly requesting to allow us in distributing

questionnaires to collect data from the selected respondents. All information

provided by the respondents will be strictly confidential between the researchers and

purely for academic purposes only. The questionnaires to be distributed to the

chosen respondents is attached the next pages.

Looking forward to your humble response.

Respectfully yours,

____________________ ____________________

Alcantara, Judea Samaria L. Drio, Mark Angelo L.

____________________ ____________________

Capili, Maricon A. Irlandez, Rion Kyle S.

____________________ ____________________

Casili, Jean Achiles O. Maque, Jayrald B.

____________________ ____________________

Duron, Justine Joice G. Sarabia, Angel Czarinette Joyce M.

____________________

Mr. Dennis M. Durante

Research Adviser
Appendix B

Star Fruit (Averrhoa Carambola L.) extract as household Dishwashing Liquid

V. Respondent’s Profile.

Name:

Age:

Gender:

Adress (optional):

Status (E.g, Youth/Housewife):

II. Respondents personal experience using a Dishwashing Soap.

Direction: Kindly check the box provided according to preferred personal choice and

experience.

1. Which one do you prefer to use?

 Dshwashing Paste

 Dishwashing Liquid

Others: ___________________

2. Which one do you prefer more when buying a dishwashing soap?

 Naturally made

 Industrial made

Kindly state your reason/s. ____________________________________

3. What is your presumably/preferable amount of dishwashing soap?

 500 ml

 1 liter
Others: __________________

4. How many days does your dishwashing soap lasts?

 3-5 days

 A week

 2 weeks

 A month

Others: __________________

5. How much do you spend on dishwashing soap alone?

 6-15 pesos

 15-50 pesos

 50-100 pesos

 100-200 pesos

Others: __________________

6. What do you expect when buying a dishwashing soap?

 Foamy

 Affordable

 Lasts longer

 Can be rinsed off easily

 Washes off stains and grease more effectively

Others: __________________

7. What colors seems to spark an interest in you when buying dishwashing

soap?

 Green

 Yellow

 Blue
 Orange

Others: ___________________

8. What scent do you mostly buy?

 Calamansi

 Lemon

 Orange

Others: ___________________

9. If you found one which has a unique scent that you haven’t heard of, would

you personally buy it? Why?

_________________________________________

III. Rating the product’s properties upon using the Averrhoa Carambola

(Starfruit) dishwashing liquid.

Direction: Kindly check the appropriate box according to the assessment on the

description using the following rating:

1 2 3 4
QUESTIONS
(excellent) (good) (fair) (poor)
1. How was the cleansing properties/grease
removal of the product?

2. How was the texture of the product?

3. How does the fragrance please the

consumers?

4. How does the color please the

consumer?

5. How were the product’s foaming

properties?
IV. Ratings after using the product.

Direction: Kindly check the appropriate box according to the assessment of the

following questions provided.

1. Is the product affordable to the consumer?

 YES

 NO

2. Does the product can easily remove the stains and greases?

 YES

 NO

3. Does the product cause any skin irritation upon using it?

 YES

If yes, please specify: __________________

 NO

4. Does the product cause any side effect such as skin irritation concerning the

consumer?

 YES

If yes, please specify: __________________

 NO

5. Upon using the product, can it be easily rinse off?

 YES

 NO
V. Product’s Overall Recommendation.

OVERALL RATING

RECOMMENDATIONS:

Signature over Printed Name/Date

Appendix C