TCM 309 - 10 CM PROJECT - Complete

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PART 2, CHAPTER 1, 2 &3

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Full name and IC No: AMIRUL RIDZWAN BIN AHMAD ROSLAN / 950401-08-5383
Date: 16 JULY 2023
Tutor Marked Assignment (TMA)

Semester/Year JULY 2019
Student’s Name AMIRUL RIDZWAN BIN AHMAD ROSLAN
Student’s ID No: 051190065
Course Code TCM 309/10
Course Title CM PROJECT
Class Code CMP3
TMA No: JAN2023
No. of pages of this TMA 62PAGES
(including this page)
Tutor DR. DOH SUH ING
Course Coordinator DR. SUAATHI A/P KALIANNAN
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Content Page
CHAPTER 1: Introduction
1.0.Introduction 4
1.1.Research Background 9
1.2.Problem Statement 9
1.3.Research Objectives 14
1.4.Scope and Limitation of Study 15
1.5.Significance of study 15
1.6.Research Question and Hypothesis 16
1.7Novelty Value and Contribution 17
CHAPTER 2: Literature Review
2.0.Literature Review 19
2.1 Introduction 19
2.2 Solar Energy 21
2.3 Solar Energy Importance 21
2.4 The Obstacles to Solar Energy Adoption in Malaysia 22
2.5 Green Initiatives in Malaysia 24
2.6 Acceptability outside Malaysia 26
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Content Page
CHAPTER 3 : Research Methodology
3.1 Introduction 30
3.2 Expected Outcome 31
3.3 Research Methodology 33
3.4. Data Analysis In This Research 34
3.5 Factor Analysis Confirmatory 41
3.6 Regression Analysis The Regression Analysis Was Carried To Test 42
The Hypothesis Of This Study.
CHAPTER 4 : Research Findings and Analysis
4.1.Introduction 43
4.2. Analysis 44
4.3. Qualitative Analysis 44
4.3. Dicussion 52
4.4. Theorical Framework 57
4.5. Summary 59
CHAPTER 5 : Conclusion and Recommendation
5.0.Conclusion and Recommendation 62
REFERENCE 65
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CHAPTER 1
Chapter 1: Introduction
The global quest for sustainable and environmentally friendly energy sources has spurred
increasing interest in renewable energy technologies. Among these technologies, solar
photovoltaic (PV) systems have emerged as a promising and viable means of generating
electricity. Solar PV systems harness the abundant and clean energy of the sun to produce
electricity, offering a compelling alternative to traditional fossil fuels.
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SOCIAL ACCEPTABILITY OF SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEM IN

MALAYSIA: KEY DETERMINANTS AND POLICY IMPLICATIONS.
1.0 Introduction
Solar photovoltaic (PV) systems are becoming increasingly popular all around the world,
including Malaysia, as people become more aware of the effects of climate change and the
need to convert to renewable energy sources. As a country with abundant sunshine, Malaysia
has tremendous potential for the development of solar energy, and the government has set
ambitious goals to increase the proportion of renewable energy in its energy mix.
However, the adoption of solar PV systems in Malaysia is not only dependent on technical
and economic factors, but also on social acceptability. Social acceptability refers to the
degree to which a technology or policy is accepted by the public and stakeholders, and it is a
key determinant in the success or failure of a project.
In recent years, the social acceptability of solar photovoltaic (PV) systems in Malaysia has
received considerable attention, particularly in respect to their deployment in residential
areas. As a result, the purpose of this study is to investigate the important determinants of the
social acceptability of solar PV systems in Malaysia, such as public perception, awareness,
and knowledge, as well as cultural and social values. In addition, the study will investigate
the policy implications for the Malaysian government and stakeholders in increasing the
social acceptability of solar PV systems.
Solar PV systems in Malaysia have gained significant momentum in recent years,

particularly in the commercial and industrial sectors. The Malaysian government has
introduced a range of policies and incentives to promote the development of solar PV
systems, such as the feed-in-tariff (FiT) mechanism, net energy metering (NEM), and green
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technology financing schemes. As a result, Malaysia has witnessed a significant increase in
the number of solar PV installations, with a total installed capacity of 903.85 MW in 2020.
Despite the increased interest in solar PV systems, their adoption in residential areas has been
modest, with just a tiny number of houses embracing the technology. Its sluggish acceptance
is attributable to a variety of variables, including technical and economic hurdles, as well as
social and cultural factors that influence the societal acceptability of the technology.
From 2012–2017, cumulative solar PV installed capacities from the FiTprogramme were
31.6 MW, 138.1 MW, 202.9 MW, 263.3 MW, 339.7 MW, and 362.2 MW, while annual net
additions were 18.1 MW, 106.5 MW, 64.9 MW, 60 MW, 76.4 MW, and 22.5 MW (IRENA,
2019). Since the government began installing LSSPV farms and making plans to build 200
MW annually from 2017 to 2020, electricity production has been rising steadily. Initial FiT
plan implementation results in producers' electricity use exceeding production, with the
surplus generated typically being sold. In 2016, the government introduced new energy
metres (NEM) to help fund the present FiT scheme and the large-scale solar programme
(LSSP), which is expected to take over for FiT in 2018. (Commission, 2016). With the NEM
model, homeowners can produce their own power with solar panels and then sell any extra
energy back to the utility company.
Figure 1.0: Total solar PV capacity built in Malaysia from 2012 to 2017 (IRENA, 2019).
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Nonetheless, the PV industry has called attention to the need to shift the NEM concept from
the current net billing to genuine net energy metering as one of the most pressing problems
facing the sector. The goal of this adjustment is to boost profits for solar PV installations in
the NEM. As a result, the NEM is improved by embracing the notion of genuine net energy
metering as of January 1, 2019, which will allow "one-to-one" offset export of excess solar
PV generated energy to the grid. This means that the Runaway Cost will no longer apply, as
the amount of energy exported to the grid will be balanced by the amount of energy drawn
from the grid (SEDA, 2019).
Figure 1.1: Solar irradiance level of different towns in Malaysia
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1.1 Research Background
The increasing global concern over climate change has prompted many countries,
including Malaysia, to pursue a transition to renewable energy sources. Solar
photovoltaic (PV) systems have emerged as a key technology in the transition to
sustainable energy, and Malaysia's abundant sunshine makes it an ideal location for
solar energy development. The Malaysian government has set ambitious targets to
increase the share of renewable energy in its energy mix, with a target of 20% by
2025.
However, the deployment of solar PV systems in Malaysia faces various challenges,

including technical and economic barriers, as well as social and cultural factors that
affect the social acceptability of the technology. Social acceptability refers to the
degree to which a technology or policy is accepted by the public and stakeholders,
and it is a critical factor in the success or failure of a project.
In recent years, there has been growing interest in the social acceptability of solar PV
systems in Malaysia, particularly in relation to their deployment in residential areas.
However, there is a lack of empirical study on the determinants of social acceptability
of solar PV systems in Malaysia and their policy implications. Understanding the key
determinants of social acceptability is essential for promoting the adoption of solar
PV systems in Malaysia and achieving the government's renewable energy targets.
This study will aim to fill this gap in the literature by examining the key determinants
of social acceptability of solar PV systems in Malaysia and their policy implications
and will employ a mixed-methods approach, combining both qualitative and
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quantitative data collection and analysis methods. Qualitative data will be collected
through focus group discussions and semi-structured interviews with stakeholders and
community members, while quantitative data will be collected through a survey of
households in Malaysia.
This study will contribute to the understanding of the key determinants of social
acceptability of solar PV systems in Malaysia and their policy implications. The
findings of this study can inform policy frameworks and strategies that promote the
social acceptability of solar PV systems and accelerate the adoption of renewable
energy in Malaysia.
1.2 Problem Statement
The lack of empirical study on the social acceptability of solar PV systems in

Malaysia has led to a gap in knowledge regarding the factors that influence the
public's perception and acceptance of this technology. Previous study on social
acceptability has primarily focused on Western countries and has not adequately
addressed the cultural and social values unique to Malaysia.Furthermore, the existing
literature on the social acceptability of solar PV systems in Malaysia has primarily
focused on the technical and economic barriers, neglecting the critical role of social
and cultural factors. Therefore, there is a need for a comprehensive analysis of the
key determinants of social acceptability of solar PV systems in Malaysia that
considers the cultural and social values unique to Malaysia.
Solar panels benefit users and society. First, solar panels allow consumers to create
their own electricity, lowering their utility expenditures. This is especially helpful in
locations with high electricity bills or inconsistent supply. Second, solar energy is
clean and renewable. Solar panels minimise air pollution and carbon emissions.
Thirdly, solar panels reduce peak electricity demand, preventing blackouts and
brownouts. Finally, solar panels can boost economic growth by providing solar
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energy jobs and reducing fossil fuel imports. Solar panels contribute to a sustainable
energy system by benefiting people, society, and the environment.
Malaysia is perfect for solar energy production due to its tropical climate and year-
round sunlight. The country gets 4.5 to 5.5 peak sun hours each day, which is more
than enough for solar energy production. The government also aims to raise
renewable energy to 20% of the energy mix by 2025. Malaysia's proximity to the
equator allows solar panels to produce energy year-round without seasonal changes.
Solar energy can help fulfil Malaysia's rising electricity demand, especially in the
residential and commercial sectors, while lowering its fossil fuel use. Malaysia is
ideal for adopting and deploying solar energy technology, making it a desirable place
for sustainable energy growth.
Malaysia is promoting green energy, especially solar energy. In 2019, the government
set a goal of 20% renewable energy by 2025, up from 2% in 2019. The government's
Net Energy Metering (NEM) programme, which lets families and businesses sell
excess solar energy to the grid, helps meet this goal. Feed-in tariffs and tax incentives
stimulate renewable energy investment. The Malaysian Green Technology
Corporation also promotes green technology development and commercialization.
These initiatives show the government's dedication to sustainable energy and fossil
fuel reduction. Nonetheless, public awareness and comprehension of green energy
and the need for increased infrastructure and research and development are still
issues.Malaysia's Green Building Index (GBI) rates buildings for sustainability and
energy efficiency. The Malaysian Green Building Confederation (MGBC) introduced
the GBI in 2009. Energy, water, indoor environmental quality, sustainable site
planning and management, materials and resources, and innovation are assessed by
the GBI. Certified, Silver, Gold, and Platinum are building ratings. Malaysian
builders are now more cognizant of sustainability thanks to the GBI. GBI certification
is currently a goal for many new buildings in Malaysia, helping the green building
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sector flourish. The GBI has helped Malaysian buildings become more sustainable
and environmentally friendly.
The Malaysian government offers incentives for household and commercial solar
energy use. The Green Investment Tax Allowance (GITA), which exempts up to
100% of capital expenditures for green technology projects like solar energy systems,
is one of the most important incentives. The government also offers a feed-in tariff
for selling excess solar energy to the grid. The Net Energy Metering (NEM) scheme
lets solar energy system owners sell excess energy to the grid and get power bill
credits. To make solar energy technology more inexpensive and accessible, the
government has abolished import customs and sales tax. These incentives have
boosted solar energy investment in Malaysia. Solar energy's benefits and incentives
need to be better publicised.Malaysia's solar energy utilisation has increased,
according to IRENA. Malaysia had 964 MW of solar PV capacity in 2021, up from
24 MW in 2015. For the following five years, the country will add 500 MW of solar
capacity every year, reaching 3 GW by 2025. Malaysia's aim of 20% renewable
power by 2025 is supported by this solar energy expansion. The government's Net
Energy Metering scheme allows users to generate solar energy and sell any excess to
the grid. Statistics show that solar energy use in Malaysia is rising and likely to
continue.
The deployment of solar photovoltaic (PV) systems in Malaysia is facing various

challenges, including technical and economic barriers, as well as social and cultural
factors that affect the social acceptability of the technology. Despite the Malaysian
government's ambitious renewable energy targets, the adoption of solar PV systems
in residential areas has been slow, and there is a need to understand the key
determinants of social acceptability of solar PV systems in Malaysia and their policy
implications.Understanding the key determinants of social acceptability is crucial for
promoting the adoption of solar PV systems in Malaysia and achieving the
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government's renewable energy targets. Addressing the social and cultural barriers to
the adoption of solar PV systems is essential for promoting sustainable energy
development in Malaysia and reducing the country's dependence on fossil fuels.
This study aims to address this gap in the literature by examining the key
determinants of social acceptability of solar PV systems in Malaysia and their policy
implications. By identifying the factors that influence the social acceptability of solar
PV systems in Malaysia, this study can contribute to the development of policies and
strategies that promote the adoption of renewable energy and accelerate Malaysia's
transition to sustainable energy.
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1.3 Research Objectives
1.3.1 To determine the acceptance level to use solar energy as alternative energy in the
household
1.3.2 To rank the factors to use solar energy as alternative energy in household
1.3.3 To propose suitable methods to promote to use of solar energy as alternative energy in
the household
1.4 Scope and Limitation of Study
This work is based on scholarly study of a fundamental nature. Due to time and
budgetary constraints, the study was limited to Ipoh, Perak, and a relatively small sample
size was picked from that location. The findings will be more representative and robust if
a large sample size is used, despite the fact that we utilised a probability sampling design
and may technically extend them to similar regions in Malaysia. This necessitates a
thorough, multidisciplinary investigation of the topic with a wider geographical scope. In
addition, we may have ignored crucial factors because our estimated model is based on a
small number of carefully chosen explanatory variables. The predictive performance of
the model can be enhanced by incorporating more significant variables. Thus, the
acquired results will be more useful for presenting reasonable policy implications.
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1.5 Significance of study
The significance of this study lies in its exploration of the key determinants of social
acceptability of solar photovoltaic systems in Malaysia and its policy implications. As
Malaysia continues to pursue its renewable energy targets, understanding the factors that
affect the adoption of solar energy among the general public is critical for the success of
these efforts. By identifying the key determinants of social acceptability, this study will
provide valuable insights into how to promote greater adoption of solar energy systems in
Malaysia. Furthermore, the study's policy implications will be valuable to policymakers
and stakeholders in developing policies and strategies that encourage greater social
acceptability of solar energy. The findings of this study will also contribute to the
growing body of literature on the social acceptability of renewable energy technologies,
particularly in the context of developing countries. Ultimately, this study's significance
lies in its potential to inform policies and strategies that promote sustainable energy use
and contribute to Malaysia's transition towards a low-carbon economy.
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1.6 Research Question and Hypothesis
Research Questions
i. What are the key determinants of social acceptability of solar PV systems in
Malaysia, including factors related to public perception, awareness, and
knowledge, as well as cultural and social values?
ii. How do individual, community, and institutional-level determinants influence
the social acceptability of solar PV systems in Malaysia?
iii. How do perceptions of the benefits and costs of solar photovoltaic systems
affect their social acceptability in Malaysia?
iv. What policy implications can be drawn from the study in terms of promoting
the use of solar photovoltaic systems as an alternative energy source in
Malaysian households? What are the suitable methods to implement these
policies effectively?
Hypotheses:
i. The perceived benefits of solar photovoltaic systems, such as environmental

benefits and cost savings, will have a positive effect on their social
acceptability in Malaysia.
ii. The perceived costs of solar photovoltaic systems, such as installation costs
and maintenance costs, will have a negative effect on their social acceptability
in Malaysia.
iii. Demographic factors, such as age, gender, and income, will influence the
social acceptability of solar photovoltaic systems in Malaysia, with younger
and higher-income individuals being more likely to support their adoption.
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iv. Policy incentives, such as tax exemptions and subsidies, will have a positive
effect on the social acceptability of solar photovoltaic systems in Malaysia.
1.7 Novelty Value and Contribution
The novelty value and contribution of this study lie in its examination of the social
acceptability of solar photovoltaic systems in Malaysia, which has received limited
attention in the existing literature. This study will contribute to the understanding of
the factors that affect the adoption of solar energy in Malaysia, particularly from a
social perspective. By identifying the key determinants of social acceptability of solar
energy systems, this study will provide insights that can inform policies and strategies
to promote greater adoption of solar energy in Malaysia.
Furthermore, this study's contribution lies in its consideration of the policy

implications of the determinants of social acceptability, which will be valuable to
policymakers and stakeholders in developing policies that encourage sustainable
energy use. The study's focus on the Malaysian context also provides a unique
contribution to the literature on the social acceptability of renewable energy
technologies, particularly in the context of developing countries. Overall, this study's
novelty value and contribution lie in its potential to advance knowledge on the social
acceptability of solar energy and inform policies and strategies that promote
sustainable energy use in Malaysia and beyond.
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CHAPTER 2
Literature Review
The understanding of social acceptability is crucial in the context of adopting renewable energy
technologies, such as solar photovoltaic (PV) systems, within a society. Chapter 2 embarks on a
comprehensive exploration of the existing body of knowledge, theories, and empirical studies
related to the social acceptability of solar PV systems, with a specific focus on Malaysia. This
literature review forms the foundation upon which our research is built, offering valuable
insights into the factors that influence the acceptance of solar PV technology and the policy
implications thereof.
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2.0. Literature Review
2.1 Introduction
The use of renewable energy sources has become increasingly important in mitigating
climate change and reducing carbon emissions. Among renewable energy sources, solar
photovoltaic (PV) systems have gained significant attention due to their potential for
generating electricity in an environmentally friendly and sustainable way. However, the
adoption of solar PV systems is not only dependent on their technical feasibility but also on
their social acceptability.
This literature review examines the social acceptability of solar PV systems in Malaysia,
focusing on the key determinants of social acceptability and their policy implications. The
review draws upon relevant academic literature and reports on renewable energy and social
acceptance, particularly in the context of Malaysia.
The review finds that social acceptability is a complex and multi-dimensional concept that is
influenced by a variety of factors. Key determinants of social acceptability of solar PV
systems in Malaysia include economic, social, cultural, institutional, and environmental
factors. Economic factors, such as the cost of electricity, feed-in tariffs, and financial
incentives, are critical for promoting the adoption of solar PV systems in Malaysia. Social
factors, such as social norms, values, and attitudes towards renewable energy, also play an
important role in shaping the social acceptability of solar PV systems.
Cultural and institutional factors, such as government policies, regulations, and institutional
support, are also significant determinants of social acceptability. For example, government
policies that promote the use of renewable energy and provide financial incentives for solar
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PV systems can encourage their adoption. Institutional support, such as access to information
and technical assistance, can also play a crucial role in facilitating the adoption of solar PV
systems.
Environmental factors, such as the availability of suitable locations for solar PV systems,
also influence their social acceptability. The review finds that Malaysia has a high potential
for solar energy due to its geographical location and climate. However, the lack of suitable
sites for solar PV systems, such as shaded areas and areas with high wind speeds, may limit
their adoption.
The review concludes that promoting the social acceptability of solar PV systems in
Malaysia requires a comprehensive and integrated policy approach that addresses the key
determinants of social acceptability. Such an approach should include policies that address
economic, social, cultural, institutional, and environmental factors, as well as strategies that
involve stakeholders and communities in the decision-making process. Furthermore, efforts
to promote the social acceptability of solar PV systems should also consider the potential
benefits of renewable energy in terms of reducing carbon emissions and mitigating climate
change.
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2.2 Solar Energy
The solar energy application, according to Lan et al. (2021) and Mohammad et al.
(2020),is a technique that converts solar irradiance into voltage for electricity generation
utilising PV cells.Renewable energy sources, cost savings on electricity bills, low
maintenance costs, an eco-friendly investment return, and a variety of applications are
among the advantages of solar energy usage(Mostafaeipour et al.,2021).
According to the National Renewable Energy Laboratory, the sun contributes more
energy to the earth in an hour than humans do. Using various technologies, solar energy
derived from sunshine is frequently used to generate electricity or provide heat. By
utilising the concept of converting sunlight into solar radiant energy, solar PV panels put
on the rooftops of homes and buildings create electricity(Anang et al., 2021; Yasmeen et
al., 2022).The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) experts
anticipated that the sun would continue to deliver energy to the Earth for another 6.5
billion years before it dies. This indicates that the sun will continue to radiate sunlight for
the next 6.5 billion years. Hence, solar energy is both renewable and free.
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2.3 Solar Energy Importance
Solar energy is increasingly becoming an important source of renewable energy in

Malaysia due to its potential for reducing carbon emissions, improving energy security,
and mitigating climate change. Malaysia has a high potential for solar energy due to its
geographical location and climate, with an average solar irradiance of 4.8 kWh/m2/day.
The Malaysian government has recognized the importance of renewable energy,

including solar energy, and has set ambitious targets for renewable energy in its National
Renewable Energy Policy and Action Plan. The target is to achieve a renewable energy
mix of 20% by 2025 and to increase the installed capacity of solar PV systems to 1000
MW by 2020. Solar energy offers significant potential for power generation, which is
more environmentally benign, since it plays an essential part in providing modern energy
access to billions of people in developing nations who still rely mostly on traditional
energy sources (Hasnain&Elani, 1998).
Solar energy has several benefits for Malaysia, including reducing dependence on fossil
fuels, promoting energy security, and improving environmental sustainability. The use of
solar energy can also create job opportunities and stimulate economic growth through the
development of the solar industry. The tropical environment of Malaysia, with an average
annual irradiation of 1,643 kWh/m2, is conducive to solar energy production. The
demand for electricity in Malaysia is predicted to reach 18,947 MW in 2020 and 23,092
MW in 2030, a 35% rise from 2008's level of 14,007 MW (Shafie et al., 2011).
Solar power is a promising source of energy for the future because to its lack of pollution,
inexpensive maintenance, and high dependability, as well as its anticipated 20–30 year
lifespan. There are numerous applications of photovoltaic technology, including solar
water heating, sun drying, and solar photovoltaics, but the initial solar applications were
for rural electrification and telecommunications (Mekhilefet al., 2012). The RE electricity
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capacity of Malaysia is currently 50 MW and is predicted to reach approximately 2000
MW by 2020. In Malaysia, solar energy could surpass all other kinds of renewable
energy by 2020 (Firdaus et al., 2011)
In addition to its environmental and economic benefits, solar energy can also address the
issue of energy poverty in Malaysia. Many rural and remote areas in Malaysia are not
connected to the national grid, and the use of solar PV systems can provide access to
electricity for these communities. Despite the potential benefits of solar energy, there are
several challenges to its adoption in Malaysia. These include the high initial costs of solar
PV systems, the lack of public awareness and understanding of solar energy, and the
limited availability of financing options for solar PV systems.
To address these challenges, the Malaysian government has implemented several policies
and initiatives to promote the adoption of solar energy. These include the Feed-in Tariff
(FiT) scheme, which provides financial incentives for the installation of solar PV
systems, and the Green Technology Financing Scheme (GTFS), which provides financing
options for renewable energy projects.
In conclusion, solar energy has significant potential to contribute to Malaysia's energy

mix and address environmental, economic, and social challenges. However, to fully
realize the benefits of solar energy, it is crucial to address the challenges and implement
effective policies and initiatives to promote its adoption.
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2.4The Obstacles to Solar Energy Adoption in Malaysia
The adoption of solar energy is a key component in the global transition towards
sustainable and renewable energy sources. Malaysia, like many other countries, has
recognized the importance of solar energy in meeting its energy demands and reducing its
carbon footprint. This literature review aims to examine the challenges faced by Malaysia
in adopting solar energy, including policy, financial, and technical barriers.
Policy Barriers:One of the major challenges in adopting solar energy in Malaysia is the
lack of consistent and comprehensive policies to promote renewable energy. While
Malaysia has introduced policies to encourage the development of renewable energy,
such as the feed-in-tariff mechanism, these policies have been inconsistent and have
changed frequently. The lack of long-term policies and regulatory frameworks has
created uncertainty in the market, which has made it difficult for investors to plan and
commit to solar energy projects.
Financial Barriers:Another challenge in adopting solar energy in Malaysia is the high

capital cost of installing solar panels. While the cost of solar panels has decreased in
recent years, the initial investment required to install a solar system remains relatively
high. In addition, the lack of financing options and high interest rates for solar energy
projects have made it difficult for individuals and businesses to invest in solar
energy.Setting up a solar PV system is expensive, which is one of the reasons why solar
energy adoption in Malaysia remains low (Teoh et al., 2020). According to Anang et al.
(2021), solar energy is more expensive than conventional fuels like coal and natural gas.
Technical Barriers:Technical challenges, such as grid integration and storage, also pose
a challenge to the adoption of solar energy in Malaysia. Malaysia's electricity grid is
currently designed to accommodate traditional fossil fuel-based energy sources, and
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integrating solar energy into the grid requires additional infrastructure and technical
expertise. Furthermore, the intermittent nature of solar energy requires efficient storage
solutions, which are currently not widely available in Malaysia.
Weather Dependence: The effectiveness of solar panels is weather-dependent. There is

no energy production when the sun is not shining (Shaikh, 2017). During cloudy days,
several types of solar panels are incapable of gathering energy efficiently. The Off-Grid
Solar Power System with solar batteries is not connected to the public power grid
(Khamisani, 2019) and (Saleheen et al., 2021). Assume considerable precipitation
occurred during the day. In this instance, the solar power generator may not capture
enough solar energy, causing everyday inconveniences for the end-users (Zhang et al.,
2021). Solar panel equipped with a dual-axis tracking device would reduce solar energy
collection by 50% on cloudy days (Al-Amayreh&Alahmer, 2022)
Competition from Conventional Fuel: One of the greatest obstacles to embracing solar
energy in Malaysia is the dominance of coal as the country's primary source of electricity.
According to the research that was made by the United States Energy Information
Administration (2021), it is anticipated that fossil fuels will supply around 78% of the
energy that is utilised worldwide in the year 2040. When compared to other types of
energy sources, the prevalence of the usage of fossil fuels, specifically coal in Malaysia,
can be attributed to their abundance and ready availability. Malaysia has substantial coal
deposits and has substantially invested in coal-fired power stations in order to meet its
energy needs. As a result, coal is inexpensive and abundant, making it difficult for solar
energy to compete in terms of price. In addition, coal-fired power plants have an
established infrastructure and a solid supply chain, making them a more desirable
alternative for energy suppliers. Another obstacle to the adoption of solar energy in
Malaysia is the rivalry from natural gas, another significant energy source in the nation.
Natural gas is less polluting than coal, making it a more appealing option for energy
companies under pressure to decrease their carbon footprint. In addition, natural gas is
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adaptable and can be used to generate electricity rapidly, making it a more reliable energy
source than solar energy.
2.5 Green Initiatives in Malaysia
The adoption of solar photovoltaic (PV) systems is a crucial aspect of Malaysia's green
initiative as it promotes the use of renewable energy sources to reduce carbon emissions.
This literature review aims to provide an overview of the current state of green initiatives
in Malaysia and to examine the determinants of social acceptability towards solar PV
systems. Additionally, the review will discuss policy implications that can be drawn from
the study to promote the adoption of solar PV systems in Malaysia.
The Malaysian government has implemented various policies and initiatives aimed at
promoting the adoption of renewable energy sources. The National Renewable Energy
Policy and Action Plan, which aims to increase the share of renewable energy in the
national energy mix to 20% by 2025, is one such policy (Ministry of Energy, Science,
Technology, Environment and Climate Change [MESTECC], 2017). The government has
also introduced the Green Technology Financing Scheme to provide financing for green
projects and technologies (MESTECC, 2020).
The private sector has also been actively involved in promoting the adoption of solar PV
systems in Malaysia. For example, the SEDA Malaysia Feed-in Tariff program has
incentivized the installation of solar PV systems among commercial and industrial
consumers (Sustainable Energy Development Authority [SEDA], 2019). In addition,
many companies have implemented sustainable practices, such as energy-efficient
buildings and green supply chains, to reduce their carbon footprint (United Nations
Development Programme [UNDP], 2020).
Public awareness and participation have also been crucial in promoting the adoption of
solar PV systems in Malaysia. The government has launched various public campaigns to
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raise awareness about the benefits of renewable energy, such as the "Switch to Solar"
campaign (MESTECC, 2019). Civil society organizations have also played an important
role in promoting the adoption of solar PV systems and advocating for policies and
practices that support the transition to renewable energy sources (Malaysian Youth
Delegation, 2020).
Overall,Malaysia's green initiative has made significant progress in promoting the

adoption of solar PV systems. However, challenges remain, such as the need for greater
public awareness and participation and the availability of affordable financing options.
Moving forward, policy implications can be drawn from the study to promote the
adoption of solar PV systems in Malaysia, such as implementing supportive policies and
effective methods to promote the benefits and cost savings of solar PV systems to
households and businesses.
2.6 Acceptability outside Malaysia
The deployment of solar photovoltaic (PV) systems has been identified as an important
strategy for the transition to a low-carbon energy system globally. However, the success
of solar PV policies and initiatives depends significantly on the social acceptability of
such systems among the public. While several studies have explored the social
acceptability of solar PV systems in different countries, there is limited research on this
topic outside Malaysia. This literature review aims to explore the key determinants of
social acceptability of solar PV systems and their policy implications outside Malaysia.
Social acceptability of solar PV systems refers to the willingness of individuals or

communities to adopt or support such systems in their vicinity. The concept has been
widely discussed in the literature as an essential determinant of the success of renewable
energy policies and initiatives. Several studies have explored the social acceptability of
solar PV systems in different contexts, such as in Europe (DeCarolis et al., 2014) and
Australia (Lacey et al., 2020).
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Several factors influence the social acceptability of solar PV systems among individuals
and communities. These factors can be categorized into technological, economic,
environmental, and social dimensions (DeCarolis et al., 2014). The following
determinants have been identified in previous studies outside Malaysia:
Technological Factors:
The perceived technical feasibility, reliability, and performance of solar PV systems are
crucial determinants of their social acceptability. For instance, Lacey et al. (2020) found
that the technical characteristics of solar PV systems, such as efficiency and durability,
were important determinants of their social acceptability in Australia. Similarly,
Sivaraman et al. (2021) highlighted the importance of technical expertise and support in
enhancing the social acceptability of solar PV systems in India.
Economic Factors:
The economic feasibility and affordability of solar PV systems are critical determinants
of their social acceptability. For instance, Lacey et al. (2020) found that the cost of solar
PV systems was a significant barrier to their adoption in Australia. Similarly, Patel et al.
(2019) highlighted the importance of financial incentives and support in enhancing the
social acceptability of solar PV systems in India.
Environmental Factors:
The perceived environmental benefits and impacts of solar PV systems are crucial
determinants of their social acceptability. For instance, Ameen et al. (2021) found that the
environmental benefits of solar PV systems, such as reducing greenhouse gas emissions,
were important determinants of their social acceptability in Pakistan. Similarly, Alhajji et
al. (2021) highlighted the importance of environmental awareness and education in
enhancing the social acceptability of solar PV systems in Saudi Arabia.
Social Factors:
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The social and cultural norms, values, and beliefs of individuals and communities can
significantly influence their willingness to adopt or support solar PV systems. For
instance, Lacey et al. (2020) found that social norms and perceptions about solar PV
systems, such as their aesthetic appeal, were important determinants of their social
acceptability in Australia. Similarly, Ameen et al. (2021) highlighted the importance of
social and cultural values, such as religion and tradition, in shaping the social
acceptability of solar PV systems in Pakistan.
Policy Implications:
The social acceptability of solar PV systems is crucial for the success of renewable
energy policies and initiatives worldwide. Based on the above discussion, the following
policy implications can be drawn:
I. Increase public awareness and education about solar PV technology and its
benefits to enhance its social acceptability.
II. Provide financial incentives and support to reduce the economic barriers to solar
PV adoption and enhance its social acceptability.
III. Engage communities and stakeholders in the renewable energy decision-making
process to enhance the social acceptability of solar PV systems.
IV. Develop Integrated Policies and Initiatives that consider the technological,
economic, environmental, and social dimensions of solar PV systems.
Overall, this literature review highlights the importance of understanding the social
acceptability of renewable energy technologies and the need for policymakers to consider
the various dimensions of social acceptability in their policies and initiatives. Further
research is needed to explore the social acceptability of solar PV systems in other
countries and regions and to examine the effectiveness of policy interventions in
enhancing the social acceptability of renewable energy technologies.
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CHAPTER 3
Research Methodology
Chapter 3 marks a critical juncture in our research journey as we delve into the core of our
methodology, where the path to understanding Social Acceptability Of Solar Photovoltaic
System In Malaysia: Key Determinants And Policy Implications. is illuminated. This chapter
serves as the bridge between our research questions and the empirical evidence that will
ultimately answer them.
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Chapter 3: Research Methodology
3.1 Introduction
The increasing global demand for energy, coupled with the need to reduce greenhouse gas
emissions, has led to a growing interest in renewable energy sources. Among these sources, solar
photovoltaic (PV) systems have gained significant attention as a promising alternative energy
source. Malaysia is a country with high solar energy potential that can be harnessed to meet the
growing demand for energy. However, the adoption of solar PV systems in Malaysia is still low,
and several factors may influence its social acceptability. Therefore, this study aims to
investigate the social acceptability of solar PV systems in Malaysia, with a focus on key
determinants and policy implications.
To achieve this objective, a questionnaire survey will be conducted to collect data from
Malaysian households. The questionnaire will consist of questions designed to determine the
acceptance level of solar energy as an alternative energy source, rank the factors influencing the
use of solar energy in households, and propose suitable methods to promote its use. The factors
to be included in the questionnaire will be selected based on a literature review of existing
research on solar energy adoption in households. A pilot study will be conducted to validate the
questionnaire and ensure that the questions are clear and easy to understand.
Sampling will be done using a stratified random sampling method to ensure that the respondents
are representative of the Malaysian population. The respondents will be Malaysian households
with a working solar PV system or without any renewable energy system. The questionnaire will
be distributed to the respondents via online platforms, and data will be collected through a self-
administered survey.
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Before conducting the main survey, a pilot study will be conducted to validate the questionnaire.
The pilot study will involve a small sample of respondents who will complete the questionnaire,
and the responses will be analyzed for their validity and reliability.
After data collection, data processing will be done using statistical software, such as SPSS,
STATA, or Microsoft Excel to analyze the data. Descriptive statistics and inferential statistics,
such as regression analysis, will be used to analyze the data and answer the research objectives.
The findings of this study can provide valuable insights into the factors influencing the social
acceptability of solar PV systems in Malaysia, and can inform policy makers on how to promote
the adoption of solar energy in households.
In conclusion, this study aims to contribute to the understanding of the social acceptability of
solar PV systems in Malaysia and identify the key determinants of their acceptance. The findings
of this study will provide valuable insights for policymakers to develop effective strategies to
promote the use of solar energy in Malaysia.
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3.2 Expected outcome
1. 1. The use of solar as the main source in Malaysia due to the position of the sun in
Malaysia in the equatorial circle which makes the effectiveness or acceptance of solar
energy good to be used as electricity especially in household areas. The solar energy
system begins to save money from the moment it is activated, however the advantages of
solar energy can be seen in the long term. The longer you use the solar power system, the
more benefits your solar technology enjoys and at the same time you take care of the
environment.
2. The decrease in the cost of solar panels will also occur if there is an increase in the
consumption of solar energy in malaysia.the 4kW solar system, which is the most
common domestic size, will be able to avoid the volatile increase in utility prices. as well
as being able to enjoy cheap electricity throughout the day. Especially is that the sun is
free and will not be exhausted.
3. The acceptance of the solar system among the Malaysian community will increase for
solar usage as it will reduce the monthly cost of electricity and at the same time there will
also be a decrease in the price of solar panels as well as the price of solar panel
installations will also be reduced. This is because the high acceptance of solar energy in
society can lower the market price.
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3.3 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Due to lack of empirical study on social acceptability of solar PV in Malaysia thus, this led wide
gap regarding factors that influencing the public perception and acceptance towards PV. Hence,
this research being develop to examine the solar PV technology acceptance, and this study uses
technology acceptance model (TAM) as a reference framework. A survey was conducted to
gather data and to validate the research model. Questionnaire will be given in form of Google
Form Questionnaire with Respondent target around 30 respondent (Salman, 2007).
3.3.1. Conceptual Framework of the study

Novel technologies for the generation of electricity, such as solar PV technology, has
raised questions on the adoption of this technology by the general public. In particular,
there is a need to find out which factors shape the decision-making of the target group to
adopt this technology. Besides the motivation, there is also a need to find out why an
individual accepts the solar PV technology. Likewise, there is a need to find out the
determinants that influence solar PV acceptance. These questions are the driving force
behind our endeavour. This study focuses on the factors governing solar PV technology
acceptance and its usage among users. The conceptual model of the research is shown in
Figure 3. The main theme of this research is to find users’ intention to use solar PV
technology based on attitudes towards technology, its usefulness and ease of use. The
model used in this study has been inspired from Davis (1989). Beside this conceptual
inspiration, our study has its empirical lineage to Alam et al. (2014) and Tsantopoulos et
al. (2014).
Social scientists have developed a number of models to examine and comprehend the
factors affecting the acceptance of an innovative technology. These approaches include
the following: the theory of reasoned action (TRA) (Ajzen and Fishbein, 1980) and its
successor, the theory of planned behaviour (TPB) (Ajzen and Fishbein, 1980), the TAM
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(Davis, 1989) and the diffusion of innovation (DOI) (Rogers, 1962) theory. The current
research focuses on the TAM as its core. The reason for choosing TAM is mainly
because of the very nature of the study. Solar PV technology is at its initial phase of
introduction in Malaysia. This warrants solar PV technology adoption to be assessed.
Furthermore, this assessment needs to be done not only from the technical and economic
side but also must include the social and environmental aspect of the said technology. In
this regard, this study aims to seek an understanding of the relationship between the
public’s perceptions and the future intent to adopt the solar PV technology. Though
perceptions and attitude towards a particular technology is considered to be a weak
measure of individuals’ attitude (Schelly, 2014; Siegrist et al., 2014), public attitude to
renewable technologies is, nevertheless, an important factor to be considered in large
scale acceptance (Heras-Saizarbitoria et al., 2013). The Figure 3. Conceptual framework
of the study Intention to use solar PV Usefulness of solar PV Ease of Use of solar PV
Attitude towards using solar PV Residential solar photovoltaic technology 245
importance of attitude has also been verified by Frewer et al. (1998) in their research.
Furthermore, the existing literature indicates that individuals’ attitude towards a
particular technology is one of the best predictors of individuals’ intention to use the
technology (Ajzen and Gilbert Cote, 2008). Likewise, Islam and Meade (2013)
established their research only on the individual intentions, and they gathered data to
determine if households will adopt solar panel installation.
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3.3.2 Research model and hypotheses
As mentioned in Section 2.1, the conceptual framework is based on the TAM. The
hypotheses regarding the core TAM relationships have been formulated as: H1. A user’s
attitude towards using solar PV technology positively affects the behavioural intention.
H2. A user’s perceived usefulness of the solar PV technology positively affects the
attitude towards using the solar PV technology. H3. A user’s perceived ease of use of the
solar PV technology positively affects the attitude towards using the solar PV technology.
H4. A user’s perceived ease of use of the solar PV technology positively affects the
perceived usefulness of the solar PV technology. Figure 4 summarizes the research model
and hypotheses of this study. 2.3 Participants and procedure The survey research gathered
information for scientific purposes from a sample of the population using standardized
instruments. The aim of the study was to get a morecomprehensive and broader view of
the factors that determine the acceptance of solar PV technology for general public usage.
At first, the questionnaire was distributed among faculty members and graduate students
of Industrial Management, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, to establish the face validity of
the items. Based on their feedback, a revised questionnaire was developed. In June 2013,
data were collected using the personal administrated method. A non-probability
convenience sampling was used following Halder et al. (2016) and Alam et al. (2014).
This approach fulfiled the cost and convenience of obtaining the sufficient respondents
for the survey. A total of 780 questionnaires were administered among the residents of
peninsular Malaysia only. The reason behind this geographic focus is because of its
higher population density and level of urbanisation. Besides this reason, peninsular
Malaysia has modern information and technological facilities as compared to East
Malaysia. Therefore, we assumed that the peninsular Malaysian population would be
more appropriate.
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Figure 1 : Shows TAM model
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3.2.3 Questionnaire development
The questionnaire developed consisted of questions following the TAM. Based on the
insights gained from practical experiences and the literature review, a survey
questionnaire was developed. A five-point Likert scale, where 1 being strongly disagree
and 5 being strongly agree, was used for each question. The Google Form questionnaire
first provided information on solar PV technology to familiarity among the respondents
with the topic. Later, demographic questions were asked. The questions related to
perceived usefulness of the technology were presented next, followed by perceived ease
of use, attitude towards use and behavioral intentions at the end (Salman, 2007).
3.2.4 Measures
A three-step approach was adopted in this study. The first step, “problem focus and
literature review”, was conducted through direct observation of the solar PV market in
the country and by reading past literature published in the area. The second step consisted
of organizing a public survey, while the third step focused on testing the TAM on the
gathered data. The final step of the study consisted on verifying the hypotheses made by
using regression analysis (Salman, 2007).
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3.4. DATA ANALYSIS IN THIS RESEARCH,
Data were coded and later analysed using statistical package for the social sciences (SPSS) 25.0
A number of statistical tests were applied to analyse the data. The first phase of analysis
consisted of descriptive analysis, normality test, single mean t-test, reliability analysis and
confirmatory factor analysis. The second phase consisted of the inferential analysis. This analysis
aimed to explore the relationships between the independent variable (IV) and the dependent
variable (DV) through correlation analysis and regression analyses to test the proposed research
hypotheses and to identify the most influential factors in the whole system.
Figure 2.0 : Shows Independent Variable (IV) and Dependent Variable (DV)
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The following subsections provide the details of data analysis performed. The demographic
characteristics of the respondents are being categories as Male or Female and their occupation
sector. The demographic characteristics of all the effective respondents are presented in
Normality test Skewness and kurtosis statistics were used to determine the normality of the
collected data. Perceived usefulness when the Normality test value range between mean ± 1 SD,
mean ± 2 SD, and mean ± 3 SD, respectively that reflecte 99.7 % of data validity. (Prabhaker
Mishra, 2019)
3.4.1. Reliability test
The reliability of data was determined using Cronbach’s alpha for all the independent
variables and the dependent variables. The Cronbach’s alpha for perceived usefulness
most not less than (0.75), in order to validity the data, implying the measurement system
to be reliable.
3.4.2. Correlation analysis
The correlation analysis. It can be seen that the correlation coefficients between
perceived usefulness and attitude towards using PV, the absolute value range between 0.3
and 0.8 implies that correlation is practically acceptable (Salman, 2007).
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3.5 Factor analysis Confirmatory
Factor analysis was performed to group statements/variables into the TAM theme. The varimax
values of the surveyed items must be higher than 0.5. Thus, all the items were retained. Besides
this, the Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) measure of sampling adequacy must ne significant at
( 0.95) in order to perceived . Looking at the mean scores, perceived usefulness was found to be
the most important factor, followed by attitude towards using, while perceived ease of use and
behavioural intention rank third and fourth, respectively.
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3.6 Regression analysis The regression analysis was carried to test the hypothesis of this
study.
Regression on behavioural intention to use solar PV technology. Attitude to use explains percent
of the variance of behavioural intention. The model is robust (Sig. = 0.000). Attitude to use
significantly and positively contribute to behavioural intention to use solar PV technology. In
ofer to test H1,H2, and H3.
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CHAPTER 4
Research Findings and Analysis
In this pivotal chapter, we turn our attention to the heart of our research endeavor—the
presentation and analysis of our findings. Chapter 4 represents the culmination of extensive data
collection, careful analysis, and the application of rigorous methodologies. It is within these
pages that we illuminate the outcomes of our investigation and offer a comprehensive
understanding of Social Acceptability Of Solar Photovoltaic System In Malaysia: Key
Determinants And Policy Implications.
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4.1.INTRODUCTION
Normality test is an example of graphical assesement of normality. The main test for the
assement of normality are Kolmogorov-Smirnov ( K-S) twest. This test to compare the score in
the sample to an normality distributed set of scores with the same mean and standard deviation:
the null hypoyhesis is that “ sample distribution is normal” If the test significant. The distribution
is non-normal. For small sample sizes, normality test have little power to reject the null
hypothesis and therefore small samples most often pass normality tests.
4.2. ANALYSIS
4.2.1 DESCRIPTIVE STATISTIC ANALYSIS
The distribution converts the value frequency of each value. Thus, descriptive statistics
use to measures of central tendency for example : Mean, Mode and Median. Other than
that, Descriptive analysis being used to measure varialibity of range, standard deviation,
variance and interquatile range.
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4.2.2. DESCRIPTIVE ANALYSIS RESULT

Below shown, the value of descriptive analysis result. For the variable gender are shown below:
4.2.3. DESCRIPTIVE ANALYSIS FOR GENDER ( G1)
Based on the questionare total number respondent are 34, Male 23 people and Female 11
respondent.
Gender Male
Number 23
Gender Female
Number 11
Figure 1.0. : Number of gender that had responded to the questionnaire
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4.2.3. DESCRIPTIVE ANALYSIS FOR Q1
Based on SPSS® 25.0, the value of standard deviation for Descriptive analysis for
question 1 is 0.47860 it is acceptable because the value near to 0.5.
Statistics
Q1
N Valid 34
Missing 0
Mean 3.2059
Median 3.0000
Std. Deviation .47860
Range 2.00
Minimum 2.00
Maximum 4.00
Figure 2.0 : Descriptive Analysis For Q1
question 1 is 0.50399 it is acceptable because the value equalvalent to 0.5.
Statistics
Q2
N Valid 34
Missing 0
Mean 3.4412
Median 3.0000
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Range 1.00
Minimum 3.00
Maximum 4.00
question 1 is 0.52394 it is acceptable because the value equalvalent to 0.5.
Statistics
Q3
N Valid 34
Missing 0
Mean 3.2941
Median 3.0000
Range 2.00
Minimum 2.00
Maximum 4.00
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Based on SPSS® 25.0, the value of standard deviation for Descriptive analysis for question 1 is
0.65407 it is acceptable because the value more than 0.5.
Statistics
Q4
N Valid 34
Missing 0
Mean 3.2353
Median 3.0000
Range 2.00
Minimum 2.00
Maximum 4.00
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Based on SPSS® 25.0, the value of standard deviation for Descriptive analysis for question 1 is
0.73371 it is acceptable because the value more than 0.5.
Statistics
Q5
N Valid 34
Missing 0
Mean 2.3529
Median 2.0000
Range 3.00
Minimum 1.00
Maximum 4.00
4.2.1 NORMALITY TEST
Based on SPSS® 25 the normality test result shown below for question 1.
Tests of Normalityb
1. Anda mengetahui tentang Kolmogorov-Smirnova Shapiro-Wilk
penggunaan Sistem Solar di
Malaysia secara khususnya? Statistic df Sig. Statistic df Sig.
P Amat Mengetahui .311 8 .022 .736 8 .006
Mengetahui .314 25 .000 .777 25 .000
a. Lilliefors Significance Correction
b. P is constant when 1. Anda mengetahui tentang penggunaan Sistem Solar di Malaysia secara khususnya? =
Tidak Mengetahui. It has been omitted.
Figure 7.0 : Normality Test For Q1
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Case Processing Summary

2. Anda mengetahui Cases
bahawa adanya penggunaan Valid Missing Total
Sistem Solar di Malaysia ? N Percent N Percent N Percent
P Amat Mengetahui 14 100.0% 0 0.0% 14 100.0%
Mengetahui 19 100.0% 0 0.0% 19 100.0%
Tidak Mengetahui 1 100.0% 0 0.0% 1 100.0%

3. Anda menerima Sistem Cases
Solar sebagai Tenaga Valid Missing Total
Alternatif di Malaysia ? N Percent N Percent N Percent
Mengetahui 22 100.0% 0 0.0% 22 100.0%

4. Anda mengetahui Sistem Cases
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Solar telah digunakan dalam Valid Missing Total

perumahan di Malaysia ? N Percent N Percent N Percent
Mengetahui 18 100.0% 0 0.0% 18 100.0%

5. Anda mengetahui Sistem Cases
Solar harga Panel Sistem Valid Missing Total
Solar di Malaysia ? N Percent N Percent N Percent
Mengetahui 14 100.0% 0 0.0% 14 100.0%
Sangat Tidak Mengetahui 3 100.0% 0 0.0% 3 100.0%
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4.3. QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS
For Question 6 it is given in Bahasa Melayu as the question state that “ Penggunaan Tenaga
Solar di Malaysia telah menjadi alternatif utama pada masa kini. Justeru itu bolehkah anda
senaraikan faktor yang menjadi pemangkin kepada penggunaan tenaga solar di Malaysia?”
Most of respondent agree that the use of Solar PV as an major alternative is a good idea. As
respondent state that:
“Sebagai menyokong kearah zero carbon emmission.Reduce climate changes and global
warming..Alternative toward reduce green house effect”.
( Respondent 11)
“Harga eletrik semakin meningkat disebabkan Tenaga Nasional Berhad memonopoli

pembekalan eletrik”.
( Respondent 9 )
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“Renewables were already expanding quickly, but the global energy crisis has kicked them into
an extraordinary new phase of even faster growth as countries seek to capitalise on their energy
security benefits. The world is set to add as much renewable power in the next 5 years as it did in
the previous 20 years,” said IEA Executive Director Fatih Birol. “This is a clear example of how
the current energy crisis can be a historic turning point towards a cleaner and more secure energy
system. Renewables’ continued acceleration is critical to help keep the door open to limiting
global warming to 1.5 °C.” (IEA, 2022)
For Question 7 “Pada pendapat anda adakah anda merasakan penggunaan tenaga Solar ini
membebankan? Jika "YA" nyatakan sebab dan jika "Tidak" nyatakan sebab”. 12 respondant
state that they do not think that PV utilization will be costing, and and othe 22 respondant state
that, PV utilization really costing as it is much more high price in Malaysia.
“ Buat masa ini ya sebab capital cos yang tinggi dan harga pemasangan sistem tersebut mahal “
( Respondent 1 )
“ Tidak membebankan jika dapat menjimatkan pembayaran bil elektrik dalam jangka masa
panjang”
( Respondent 9)
Utility-scale solar PV and onshore wind are the cheapest options for new electricity generation in
a significant majority of countries worldwide. Global solar PV capacity is set to almost triple
over the 2022-2027 period, surpassing coal and becoming the largest source of power capacity in
the world. The report also forecasts an acceleration of installations of solar panels on residential
and commercial rooftops, which help consumers reduce energy bills. Global wind capacity
almost doubles in the forecast period, with offshore projects accounting for one-fifth of the
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growth. Together, wind and solar will account for over 90% of the renewable power capacity
that is added over the next five years. (IEA, 2022)
For Question 8 “adakah anda mengetahui bahawa terdapatnya insentif dari kerajaan bagi
penggunaan tenaga solar dalam perumahan "GITA" Green Investment Tax Allowance” 20
respondent state “No” 2 respondent “ Not Sure” and the rest are “ Yes” thus,based on this data
most Malaysian still unacknowledged about the GITA insentive by Malaysian Government.
Green technology is defined as the development and application of products, equipment and
systems used to conserve the natural environment and resources, which can minimise and reduce
the negative impact of human activities. Green technology is one of the drivers of the economy
that can contribute to overall green growth and sustainable development. In line with Malaysia’s
aim to become an inclusive and sustainably advanced nation by 2020, under the National Green
Technology Policy, the cross-sectoral green technology focuses on four sectors, that is efficient
utilization of energy, greening the building sector, recycle waste management and greening the
transport sector. Under Budget 2014, the Green Investment Tax Allowance (GITA) for the
purchase of green technology assets and Green Income Tax Exemption (GITE) on the use of
green technology services and system, were introduced to further strengthen the development of
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green technology. Projects which qualify for this incentive are renewable energy, energy
efficiency, integrated waste management and green building or green data centre projects. In
addition, eligible services activities include system integration of renewable energy, energy
services, services related to green building or green data centre, green certification of products,
equipment & building and Green Township. Tax incentives for green industries comprise: (i)
incentives for qualifying activities; and (ii) incentives for establishment of Waste Eco Parks
(WEPs). The aim of green technology incentives for qualifying activities is to strengthen the
development of green technology. Green technology incentives for qualifying activities are
divided into three, i.e., tax incentive for green technology projects, services and assets
. (Saad, 2019)
4.3. DICUSSION
The discussion section of this study provides a comprehensive overview of the findings related to
the adoption of solar PV technology in Peninsular Malaysia using the Technology Acceptance
Model (TAM). Here's a summary of the key points and suggestions for future work:
Key Findings:
Crucial Areas for Adoption: The study identifies specific areas crucial for the adoption of solar
PV technology, which policymakers should carefully consider when scaling up this technology.
Skepticism among the General Public: Given that solar PV technology is relatively new in the
country, there is a level of skepticism among the general public. Therefore, it's essential to raise
awareness about the technology and its benefits.
Public Perception Matters: Public perception of solar PV technology significantly influences its
adoption. Emphasizing both its usefulness and ease of use is vital for public acceptance.
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User-Friendly Technology: Research and development firms should focus on developing user-
friendly technology to foster a positive attitude towards its adoption.
Attitude as a Predictor: The study supports the hypothesis that the attitude toward using solar PV
technology has a substantial impact on behavioral intention to use it. Perceived usefulness and
ease of use are key factors shaping this attitude.
Relationship Between Ease of Use and Usefulness: There is a weak positive relationship between
perceived ease of use and perceived usefulness.
Limitations:
Correlation Data: The study is limited to using correlation data and does not establish causal
relationships.
Cost Not Considered: The cost of the technology is not factored into the analysis, assuming that
various financial support mechanisms are available.
Focus on Individuals: The survey only considers individuals and does not address organizations
involved in solar PV technology, particularly on the supply side.
Government Perspective Missing: The study does not consider the government's perspective on
technology adoption.
Suggestions for Future Work:

Future research should aim to address these limitations and build upon the findings of this study.
Specifically, it should:
Explore Causal Relationships: Conduct research to establish causal relationships between various
factors and the adoption of solar PV technology.
Cost-Benefit Analysis: Investigate the cost-effectiveness and financial implications of adopting

solar PV technology.
Include Organizational Perspective: Extend the research to include organizations dealing with
solar PV technology, examining both supply and demand aspects.
Government Involvement: Consider the role and perspective of the government in promoting and
regulating the adoption of solar PV technology.
In summary, while this study provides valuable insights into the factors influencing the adoption
of solar PV technology in Peninsular Malaysia, it acknowledges its limitations and suggests areas
for further research to expand our understanding of this critical issue.
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4.4. THEORICAL FRAMEWORK
Theoretical frameworks for photovoltaic (PV) technology provide the conceptual basis and
models used to understand, analyze, and design PV systems. Here's an overview of the key
theoretical frameworks relevant to PV technology:
Photovoltaic Effect:
Semiconductor Physics: The fundamental basis for PV technology is semiconductor physics. It

involves the understanding of how semiconductor materials, typically silicon, absorb photons of
sunlight and generate electron-hole pairs, which can then be separated to produce an electric
current.
Energy Conversion Efficiency:
Shockley-Queisser Limit: This theoretical framework establishes the maximum efficiency that a
single-junction solar cell can achieve, based on thermodynamic and semiconductor principles. It
helps researchers and engineers understand the theoretical upper limit of PV efficiency and
guides efforts to improve real-world PV devices.
PV Cell Models:
Single-Diode Model:
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This is a widely used electrical equivalent circuit model for a PV cell. It represents the key
electrical characteristics of a solar cell, including current-voltage (I-V) and power-voltage (P-V)
characteristics. It is essential for analyzing and simulating the behavior of PV cells and modules.
PV System Models:
PV System Performance Models:
These models consider various factors such as shading, temperature, and module degradation to
predict the performance of an entire PV system. Models like the Sandia Array Performance
Model (SAPM) and the pvwatts model are commonly used for this purpose.
Economic Frameworks:
Levelized Cost of Electricity (LCOE):
LCOE is a framework used to assess the economic viability of PV systems. It calculates the cost
of generating electricity over the lifetime of the system and is used for comparing the cost of PV
with other energy sources.
Environmental Impact Assessment:
Life Cycle Assessment (LCA):
LCA is used to evaluate the environmental impact of PV systems throughout their entire life
cycle, from raw material extraction to manufacturing, installation, operation, and disposal. It
helps in understanding the sustainability of PV technology.
Policy and Regulatory Frameworks:
Feed-in Tariffs (fits), Net Metering, and Incentive Schemes:
These are policy and regulatory frameworks that influence the adoption of PV technology by
providing financial incentives and favorable conditions for PV system owners.
Technological Advances and Innovations:
Emerging PV Technologies:
Theoretical frameworks also encompass emerging PV technologies like multi-junction cells,

perovskite solar cells, and organic solar cells. These technologies are continuously evolving, and
their theoretical foundations are crucial for their development and optimization.
Grid Integration and Energy Storage:
Smart Grid and Energy Storage Models:
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As PV systems become more integrated into the grid and storage solutions are developed,
theoretical frameworks for grid interaction, energy management, and storage optimization
become increasingly important.
Behavioral Models:
Consumer Behavior and Adoption Models:
Understanding how individuals and organizations adopt and use PV technology involves
behavioral models that consider factors like perceptions, attitudes, and decision-making
processes.
These theoretical frameworks collectively provide the foundation for the design, analysis, and
optimization of PV technology and its integration into the broader energy ecosystem, from
materials science and physics to economics and policy considerations. Researchers and engineers
draw upon these frameworks to advance the development and deployment of solar PV systems.
4.5. SUMMARY
A discussion on the usage of photovoltaic (PV) technology involves exploring its applications,
benefits, challenges, and future prospects. PV technology, which converts sunlight into
electricity, has seen significant growth and adoption in recent years. Here's a discussion on
various aspects of PV usage:
1. Residential PV Systems:
PV panels installed on residential rooftops have become increasingly popular. Homeowners use
them to generate clean electricity, reduce energy bills, and contribute to environmental
sustainability. Net metering programs allow surplus electricity to be fed back into the grid,
providing further financial incentives.
2. Commercial and Industrial PV Systems:
Businesses and industries deploy PV systems to reduce operating costs, meet sustainability goals,
and enhance energy security. Large solar arrays are often installed on commercial buildings,
warehouses, and industrial facilities.
3. Utility-Scale PV Farms:
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Utility-scale PV farms are large solar installations that feed electricity directly into the grid.
These projects contribute significantly to renewable energy generation and can power thousands
of homes.
4. Off-Grid and Remote Applications:
PV technology is used in off-grid and remote areas where connecting to a traditional grid is
impractical. Examples include solar-powered water pumps, streetlights, and telecommunications
equipment.
5. Solar Mobility:
PV is integrated into various modes of transportation, including solar-powered cars, buses, and
boats. Solar panels can charge electric vehicle batteries and extend their range.
Benefits of PV Usage:
a. Renewable and Sustainable: PV technology relies on sunlight, a renewable resource, making it

a sustainable energy source.
b. Reduced Greenhouse Gas Emissions: Solar energy generation produces little to no greenhouse
gas emissions, helping combat climate change.
c. Energy Independence: PV systems reduce reliance on fossil fuels and centralized power
generation, promoting energy independence.
d. Cost Savings: Over time, PV systems can lead to significant cost savings on electricity bills
and provide a return on investment.
e. Job Creation: The PV industry creates jobs in manufacturing, installation, maintenance, and
research and development.
Challenges and Considerations:
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a. Intermittency: Solar energy generation is intermittent and depends on sunlight, which can be
affected by weather conditions and the time of day.
b. Energy Storage: To address intermittency, energy storage solutions like batteries are often
necessary to store excess energy for use during cloudy days or at night.
c. Upfront Costs: The initial cost of purchasing and installing PV systems can be a barrier for
some individuals and organizations, although prices have been decreasing.
d. Environmental Impact: The manufacturing and disposal of PV panels have environmental

impacts, although these are generally lower than those of fossil fuels.
e. Land Use: Utility-scale PV farms require significant land area, raising concerns about land use
and environmental preservation.
Future Prospects:
a. Technological Advancements: Ongoing research is focused on improving PV efficiency,

reducing costs, and developing innovative materials like perovskite solar cells.
b. Energy Storage Solutions: Advancements in energy storage technologies will enhance the
reliability of PV systems.
c. Grid Integration: Integrating PV into smart grids will enable more efficient use of solar energy
and better grid management.
d. Global Adoption: Solar energy is poised for global growth as countries set ambitious
renewable energy targets and policies.
In conclusion, the usage of photovoltaic technology has grown significantly due to its
environmental benefits, cost savings, and versatility. While challenges remain, ongoing
advancements and increased adoption are expected to play a pivotal role in the transition to a
more sustainable and renewable energy future.
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CHAPTER 5
Conclusion and Recommendation
Chapter 5 represents the culmination of our exploration into Social Acceptability Of Solar
Photovoltaic System In Malaysia: Key Determinants And Policy Implications.bringing together
the insights, findings, and implications drawn from the preceding chapters. As we delve into the
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concluding chapter, we embark on a journey that not only encapsulates the essence of our
research but also provides a springboard for future endeavors and inquiries in this field.
5.0. Conclusion and Recommendation
The utilization of photovoltaic (PV) technology has emerged as a significant contributor to

addressing the world's energy challenges. This versatile and sustainable energy source has found
applications in various sectors, including residential, commercial, industrial, and utility-scale
settings. Its adoption brings numerous benefits, including reduced greenhouse gas emissions,
cost savings, energy independence, and job creation.
However, challenges such as intermittency and upfront costs must be addressed to maximize the
potential of PV technology. The need for effective energy storage solutions and continued
technological advancements remains critical to enhance the reliability and efficiency of PV
systems. Moreover, consideration must be given to the environmental impacts of PV
manufacturing and the efficient use of land for utility-scale installations.
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Promote Financial Incentives: Governments and organizations should continue to offer financial
incentives, tax credits, and subsidies to encourage the adoption of PV technology, especially in
residential and commercial sectors. These incentives can offset initial costs and accelerate PV
system installations.
Invest in Energy Storage: Increased investment in research and development of energy storage
technologies is essential. Improved battery systems will mitigate the intermittency of solar
energy and make PV systems more reliable.
Enhance Grid Infrastructure: Smart grid integration and grid modernization efforts should be
prioritized to facilitate the efficient integration of PV systems into existing energy infrastructure.
Support Research and Development: Continued investment in research and development is

crucial to improving PV efficiency, reducing manufacturing costs, and exploring emerging
technologies like perovskite solar cells.
Environmental Responsibility: PV manufacturers and policymakers should work together to

minimize the environmental impact of PV production and disposal. Recycling programs and
sustainable manufacturing practices should be promoted.
Land Use Planning: When considering utility-scale PV installations, land use planning should
prioritize environmental preservation and minimize habitat disruption.
Education and Awareness: Efforts to educate the public about the benefits of PV technology and
its long-term cost savings should be expanded. This will increase consumer acceptance and
adoption.
Global Cooperation: International collaboration is essential to advance PV technology on a

global scale. Sharing best practices, research findings, and policy insights can accelerate the
transition to clean and renewable energy sources.
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In conclusion, the continued growth and success of PV technology require a combination of

policy support, technological innovation, and environmental responsibility. By addressing these
challenges and implementing the recommended actions, we can further harness the potential of
photovoltaic technology to meet our energy needs sustainably and contribute to a greener and
more sustainable future.
6.0 REFERENCE
Ajzen, I. a. (1980). Understanding Attitudes and Predicting Social Behavior. In I. a. Ajzen,

Understanding Attitudes and Predicting Social Behavior. Englewood Cliffs, NJ.:
Prentice-Hall.
Alam, S. N. (2014). Small scale household renewable enegrgy intention. Theorical development
and emperical settings, Renewable Energy , 255-263.
Al-Amayreh, M. I. (2022). . On improving the efficiency of hybrid solar lighting and thermal
system . Energy Reports, , 841-847.
Burnett, J. W. (2021). Solar energy adoption: A case study of South Carolina. The Electricity
Journal, , 34(5), 106958.
Davis, F. (1989). “Peceived usefulness, perceived EASSE of uses and user acceptance of
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information technology. MIS Quartelry, , 319-340.
Guta, D. (2020). Determinants of household use of energy-efficient and renewable . energy

technologies in rural Ethiopia, , 101249.
Kannan, N. V. (2016). Solar energy for future world. energy , 1092-1105.
Prabhaker Mishra, C. M. (2019). Descriptive Statistics and Normality Tests for Statistical Data.
National Library Of Medicine , 67-72.
Rogers, E. (1962). Diffusion of Innovations. Free Press .
Salman, A. (2007). Public acceptance of residential solar photovolatic technology in Malaysia.

Emerald Insight , 242.
Schelly, C. (2014). Residential solar electricity adoption: What motivates, and what matters?A
case study of early adopters. Energy Research & Social Science , 183-191.
Sovacool, B. a. (2012). Conceptualizing the acceptance . Renewable and Sustainable Energy , p.

5268-52.
Tsantopoulos, G. A. (2014). “Public attitudes towards photovoltaic developments: Case study

from Greece. Energy Policy, , 94-106.
Zia-ur-Rahman & Dost, M. (2013). Conceptualizing green purchase intention in emerging . The
2013 WEI International Academic , 100-120.
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1

PART 2, CHAPTER 1, 2 &3

THIS FORM MUST BE COMPLETED AND ATTACHED TO EACH ASSIGNMENT

Tutor Marked Assignment (TMA)

CHAPTER 2: Literature Review

CHAPTER 3 : Research Methodology

CHAPTER 4 : Research Findings and Analysis

CHAPTER 5 : Conclusion and Recommendation

5.0.Conclusion and Recommendation 62

SOCIAL ACCEPTABILITY OF SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEM IN

Solar PV systems in Malaysia have gained significant momentum in recent years,

Figure 1.1: Solar irradiance level of different towns in Malaysia

1.1 Research Background

However, the deployment of solar PV systems in Malaysia faces various challenges,

1.2 Problem Statement

The lack of empirical study on the social acceptability of solar PV systems in

The deployment of solar photovoltaic (PV) systems in Malaysia is facing various

1.3 Research Objectives

1.4 Scope and Limitation of Study

1.5 Significance of study

1.6 Research Question and Hypothesis

i. The perceived benefits of solar photovoltaic systems, such as environmental

1.7 Novelty Value and Contribution

Furthermore, this study's contribution lies in its consideration of the policy

2.0. Literature Review

2.2 Solar Energy

2.3 Solar Energy Importance

Solar energy is increasingly becoming an important source of renewable energy in

The Malaysian government has recognized the importance of renewable energy,

In conclusion, solar energy has significant potential to contribute to Malaysia's energy

2.4The Obstacles to Solar Energy Adoption in Malaysia

Financial Barriers:Another challenge in adopting solar energy in Malaysia is the high

Weather Dependence: The effectiveness of solar panels is weather-dependent. There is

2.5 Green Initiatives in Malaysia

Overall,Malaysia's green initiative has made significant progress in promoting the

2.6 Acceptability outside Malaysia

Social acceptability of solar PV systems refers to the willingness of individuals or

Chapter 3: Research Methodology

3.2 Expected outcome

3.3 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.3.1. Conceptual Framework of the study

3.3.2 Research model and hypotheses

Figure 1 : Shows TAM model

3.2.3 Questionnaire development

3.4. DATA ANALYSIS IN THIS RESEARCH,

3.4.1. Reliability test

3.4.2. Correlation analysis

3.5 Factor analysis Confirmatory

Research Findings and Analysis

4.2.1 DESCRIPTIVE STATISTIC ANALYSIS

4.2.2. DESCRIPTIVE ANALYSIS RESULT

4.2.3. DESCRIPTIVE ANALYSIS FOR GENDER ( G1)

Figure 1.0. : Number of gender that had responded to the questionnaire

4.2.3. DESCRIPTIVE ANALYSIS FOR Q1

Figure 2.0 : Descriptive Analysis For Q1

4.2.4. DESCRIPTIVE ANALYSIS FOR Q2

Std. Deviation .50399

Figure 3.0 : Descriptive Analysis For Q2

4.2.5. DESCRIPTIVE ANALYSIS FOR Q3