Ministry of Education

Test Blueprint for National Exit Examination to be held in 2016 E.C

Band: ONE

(Revised Version- 2106 E.C)

Program: Bachelor of Science Degree in Architecture/ Architecture and Urban Planning

Prepared by: - Addis Abeba University (EiABC) - Munir Younis

Jimma University - Berhanu Taye

Revised by: Wolaita Sodo University - Andualem Getachew (MSc)

Jimma University - Eyuel Ketema (MSc)
Wachemo University - Nathnael Samuel (MSc)

December, 2023
Bonga - Ethiopia
Table of Contents
1. Introduction .......................................................................................................................................... 3

2. Objective of test blueprint .................................................................................................................... 4

3. Expected profile of the Graduates ........................................................................................................ 4

4. General objective of the program ......................................................................................................... 6

5. Specific objectives of the program ....................................................................................................... 6

6. Themes and list of courses ................................................................................................................... 7

7. Total ECTS /credit hour of the selected courses and share of themes ..................................................... 9

8. Learning outcomes in terms of the three domains [cognitive, affective and psychomotor] .............. 10

9. Share of the Themes/Courses/In terms of Percentage (%) ................................................................. 15

10. Test blueprint Table (Table of Specification) for BSc in Architecture .............................................. 20

11. Conclusion .......................................................................................................................................... 22

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1. Introduction
The Ministry of Education of Ethiopia has announced the implementation of exit exam for all
undergraduate program students (public and private), beginning with the 2022/2023 academic
year, in order to improve the quality of graduates produced by higher learning institutions. The
exit exam aimed at checking whether students have acquired the required knowledge, skills and
attitudes or not. To implement this, it requires determining competency area for specific program,
which is already com pl et ed based on the competency areas prepared, it needs to plan the
construction of tests blue print guideline. The major points considered in the process of preparing
this test blue print guideline were the core competencies that have been already identified for the
themes of courses, the course contents, course credit hours, and the learning outcomes with their
corresponding levels of achievement by learning domains.

In the course of the test blue print preparation, it is vital to note that architectural design, as the
main thematic area of the program, is a project based exercise execution. Since the protagonist of
architectural design is formation of habitable space [non material] for human use, the methodology
of its study requires a three-dimensional imagination and visual illustrations [in the form of
physical model or graphic computation] as primary media.

Hence, the test specification preparation for architectural design thematic area should be set in
response to the subject's requirements of projective thinking to process, analyze, synthesize and
produce using graphical communication to forward a suitable design solution to the questions
[presented challenges]. The skill set required to graphically communicate and then logically argue
[defend] their intended ideas as well as the translation of abstract idea into graphically projected
output require high level of affective and psychomotor learning domains.

In addition to the graphical presentations, the projective product formation also requires prior
knowledge and skill of architectural design making. These cognitive learning domains of
architectural design formation regarding design analysis, design methodology, standards, notations,
symbols and presentation techniques could be incorporated either with the proposed design
questions [with high assessment weight] or as a separate question format similar to the other
thematic areas.

Therefore, the assessment weight proportion for architectural design challenge [question] shall
adopt the curriculum's assessment recommendations.

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2. Objective of test blueprint

Test blueprint preparation is generally opted to assist the preparation of a test that is representative,
broadly sampled, and consisting of complete knowledge domain expected of the Ethiopian higher
education students on completion of their study program. The specific objectives of test blueprint are
to:
• Facilitate the construction of a representative and balanced test items for the
selected courses in accordance with the competencies identified.
• Guide test developers or writers to write or set appropriate test items.

Generally, test blueprint will help to ensure tests: 1) Appropriately assess the achievement of
instructional objectives of the course; 2) Appropriately reflect key course goals, objectives and the
material learned or covered during the instruction period; and 3) Include the appropriate item formats
along with the knowledge and skills being assessed.

3. Expected profile of the Graduates

Architectural education shall prepare students to be competent, creative, critically minded, ethical
professionals, intellectually mature, ecologically sensitive and socially responsible professionals.
Architectural education in its very nature has been international and its practice is contextual as well as
cross-cultural profession, its program accreditation, as described in the curriculum, the graduate profile
has adopted internationally recognized UIA-UNIESCO charter's description of professional profile.
Fundamental Knowledge & Abilities of the Profession are:
• An ability to create architectural designs that satisfy both aesthetic and technical requirements
• An adequate knowledge of the history and theories of architecture and the related arts,
technologies and human sciences,
• Having Knowledge of the fine arts as an influence on the quality of architectural design,
• An adequate knowledge of urban design, planning and the skills involved in the planning process,
• An understanding of the relationship between people and buildings, and between buildings and
their environment, and of the need to relate buildings with the spaces between them based on
human needs and scale.

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• An understanding of the profession of architecture and the role of the architect in society in
particular in preparing briefs that take account of social factors.
• An understanding of the methods of investigation and preparation of the brief for a design project
• An understanding of the structural design, constructional and engineering problems associated with
building design,
• An adequate knowledge of physical problems and technologies and of the function of buildings so
as to provide them with internal conditions of comfort and protection against the climate,
• The design skills necessary to meet building users’ requirements within the constraints imposed
by cost factors and building regulations,
• An adequate knowledge of the industries, organizations, regulations and procedures involved in
translating design concepts into buildings and integrating plans into overall planning.
Accordingly, basic skills of an architect is classified as scientific, technical & artistic as follows:
A. Scientific Skills:
• Analytical skills
• Organizational and management skills Scientific design skills
B. Technical Skills
• Practical skills
• Know-how on building materials and their construction
• Digital skills Documentation skills technical design skills
C. Artistic Skills
• Techniques for creativity
• Presentation skills
• Artistic design knowledge
D. Behavioral skill and attitudes of an architect
• Critical thinking
• Problem-solving orientated Flexibility and self-directed learning Attention to detail
• Commitment to excellence and ethics

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4. General objective of the program
Architecture is an interdisciplinary field comprising humanities, social science, physical science,
technology and the creative art dimensions. Architecture is manifested in the ability to
conceptualize, coordinate and execute an idea in a careful and creative mediation between reason,
emotion and intuition. The basic goal of architectural education is to develop the architect as a
“generalist” able to design a habitable built environment often involving potential contradictions
between different requirements in response to the society‘s need and individual‘s environmental
needs.

In the increasingly globalizing world, architects should also be trained to not only understand,
protect and highlight architectural heritage in their context but also expected to adapt cultural and
territorial contexts in which they may be called upon to work.

5. Specific objectives of the program

The specific objective of architectural education is

• To produce competent, creative, critical minded and ethical professional built environment
designers/ builders
• To produce professionals who are intellectually mature, ecologically sensitive and socially
responsible.
• Providing a solid foundation in the understanding of the reality of economic, cultural and
environmental issues in building design
• Training competences to work in team and communicate ideas in the media of language, text,
drawing, statistics and models.
• Enabling students to play their role as generalists and coordinator of interdisciplinary programs.
• Implementing efficient tools for permanent quality control, winning back the generalist attitude of
the architect’s profession by strengthening competences in the technical field of material and
construction as well as in the process of implementation
• Defining closer links between practice and theory as a continuous exchange of needs and ideas
between the academic and the professional spheres.

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6. Themes and list of courses
While preparing this test blue print specification, the identified competencies and core courses
forwarded by the previous document, were reorganized and regrouped corresponding to the
nature of these courses [project based courses that are established on training students in
projective thinking and study based courses that are established on teaching students in
retrospective thinking].

Hence, the five reorganized major themes are:

1. Architecture and Architectural Design

2. Graphic Communications and Visual Arts

3. Building Construction [Building material, construction and Structure]

4. Theory and History of Architecture

5. Professional Practice and Ethics

Therefore the identified core course selected for exit exam are categorized under the
above thematic areas.
6.1 Curses under architectural design
• Architecture Basics-Design studio I & II

* Architecture Basics-Design I & II

• Architectural Design Studio III & IV

* Architectural Design Studio I &II

• Integrated-Design-Project Studio I & II

*Integrated Architectural Design

*Quantity surveying, specification & Contracts

• Architectural Science I and IV (Heating, cooling and ventilation) & (Acoustics)

*Architectural Building System I and IV

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6.2 Course under Graphic Communications
• Communication Skills I and II
• Communication Skills III (Visual arts)
6.3 Course under Building Construction [Building Material, construction and
Structure]
• Building Materials and Construction I
*Construction Material I
• Building Materials and Construction II
*Building Construction
• Theory and Design of Structures I
*Engineering mechanics
• Theory and Design of Structures II
*Strength of materials
6.4 Courses under History and Theory of Architecture
• History of Architecture I
*Global History of Architecture I
• Ethiopian History of Architecture
• Theory of Architecture I
6.5 Course under Professional Practices and Ethics
• Professional Practice and Ethics
* Professional Practice
• Specification and BOQ

Note course name labeled by " * " refers to Adama & Addis Ababa Science & technology
universities [ASTU and AASTU]

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7. Total ECTS /credit hour of the selected courses and share of themes
While identifying the core course representing the program competence, the validation team has
taken into account the peculiar curriculum at certain universities and adopted a common ground
to accommodate their variations for sake of avoiding duplication of exit exam for graduates with
similar nomenclature “Architecture".
Harmonized curriculum
No Themes Course Names ECTS %
Architecture Basics-Design studio I & II 14 14%

Architectural Design Studio III & IV 14 14%

Integrated-Design-Project Studio I & II 16 16%

1 Architectural Design Architectural Science I (HVAC) and IV (Acoustics) 8 8%

Architectural design theme's total ECTS/ credit hour 52 52%

Communication Skills I and II 10 10%

Communication Skills III (Visual arts) 4 4%

Graphic Communications theme's total ECTS/ credit hour 14 14%

Building Construction Building Materials and Construction I 5 5%

[Building Materials,
*Construction Material I
Construction and
2 Structures] Building Materials and Construction II 5 5%
*Building Construction
Theory and Design of Structures I 4 4%
Theory and Design of Structures II 4 4%

Building construction theme's total ECTS/ credit hour 18 18%

History and Theory of Theory of Architecture I 3 3%

Architecture
3 History of Architecture I 3 3%

Ethiopian History of Architecture 3 3%

Theory & History of Arch. theme's total ECTS/ credit hour 9 9%

4 Professional practices Professional Practice and Ethics 3 3%

and Ethics
Specification and BOQ 4 4%

Professional ethic theme's total ECTS/ credit hour 7 7%

Total credit hour/ECTS for selected courses 100 100%

Table 01: Selected Core Courses and their corresponding credit weight

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8. Learning outcomes in terms of the three domains [cognitive, affective and
psychomotor]

The selected core course's learning outcome is grouped and organized under the three learning
domains of cognitive, affective and psychomotor.

Learning Learning Outcomes /specific objective Remarks

Domains
1. Ability to think and operate three dimensionally
2. Experiment and developing skill on architectural space notation
3. Ability to visualize and experiment on the making of architectural space,
program and technology

Architecture and Architectural Design

4. Techniques of creating architectural space,
5. Demonstration of urban cartography
6. Ability to design a building according to a given construction system

7. Ability to design a building responding to a given urban site and context

8. Graphically illustrating architectural ideas, scale and proportions

9. Architectural design in response to climate comfort [natural and mechanical]
10. Application of integrated content of construction and structural design with
architectural design
11. Demonstration of program preparation, analysis and presenting the propose
design of buildings
A. Psychomotor

12. Skill of small scale and large scale model making as a tool to study spatial
qualities
13. Experiment and developing skill on architectural space notation
14. Ability to visualize and experiment on the making of architectural space,
program and technology
15. Ability to design auditorium space as per criteria for speech & music

1. Ability to sketch simple geometrical objects, plants, simple

compositions.
Communication
and Visual Arts

2. Ability to understand and practice principles, projections and

Graphics

development in descriptive geometry.

3. Ability to sketch complex compositions, parts of buildings, flora
integrated with buildings.
4. Ability to practice advanced projections and development in
descriptive geometry.
5. Ability to perform graphical analysis of two dimensional and three-
dimensional problems.
6. Ability to create complex design with chiaroscuros application

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Communication
7. Ability to integrate elements and principles of visual arts.

s and Visual
8. Ability to present any design project with appropriate presentation

Graphic

Arts
[graphic] media
9. Diagrammatic illustration of conceptual framework
10. Graphically illustrating architectural ideas, scale and proportions
11. Acquire skill on Graphic communication and architectural notations

1. Logically explaining and arguing the link between theoretical intension and
the projected product in the architectural decision making

and
Architecture and
2. Conceptualization and articulate discussion of architectural ideas

Architectural
Architectural
B.B.Affective

Architecture

Design
3. Imagination and visualization of architectural ideas
Affective

Design
4. Written justification and explanation of abstract concept

5. Evaluation of proposed design [oral or text] against intension

6. Ability to imagine, visualize, think and elaborate three dimensionally

1. Ability to think in 3-dimensional architectural space formation

2. Understanding context as external force and its role in architecture and
urban scale

Architecture and Architectural Design

3. Ability to gather information, analyze and forward architectural proposal in
urban context

4. Understanding the basic material dimensions of architecture

C. Cognitive

5. Knowledge of interdependence of construction, architecture and urbanism

6. Understanding of basic social, urbanistic dimensions of architecture and
environmental factors of building design process
7. Design process in architecture, method and principles in architectural
design

8. Critical analysis of programmatic events and by laws in architectural design

9. Review on traditional city to modern city

10. Understanding the basic human dimensions [anthropometric and
ergonomics standards]

11. Analysis of multi-functional buildings

12. Basic principles in architectural design Aspects of morphology, context,
mediation of interior vs exterior architectural spaces, rules and regulations,

13. Understanding basic social and urbanistic dimensions of architecture

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14. Knowledge of interdependence of architecture and urbanism
15. Understanding of the integration of architectural design, urban design and
landscape design
16. Advanced understanding of the technological dimensions of architecture
with the focus of building science and services

17. Knowledge of various interdependence factors in architectural projects

C. Cognitive

18. Application of building science and service in architecture

19. Principles of heat, cooling and ventilation

20. To identify and understand Architectural acoustics

Architectural Design
21. Integrating building comfort indoor climate

Architecture and
22. Building systems of heat, cooling and ventilation in natural as well as
mechanical setup
23. Architectural program preparation, analysis and presenting the propose
design of buildings

24. Review of case studies and interpretation of their findings

25. Evaluation of proposed design against intension

26. To introduce students to sketching and sketching media,

Graphic Communications and Visual

27. To identify architectural drawing standards.
28. Ability to identify one‘s creative and aesthetic desires in visual arts.
29. Ability to understand methodologies of visual art history, language of
art and stylistic terminology.
30. Ability to define exactly the different terminologies used in visual arts.

Arts
31. To introduces students to the elements and principles of visual design.
32. Graphically reading architecture 3 dimensionally
33. Graphical ability to analyze activates[hosted events]
34. Graphical analysis of programmatic events
C. Cognitive

35. Ability to take a look on the progression of art during the pre- historic
times up to the present.
and techniques

36. Detail understanding of building material properties and production

Construction
Materials,
Building

process

37. Detail understanding of how various building elements are planned, joined
and executed in solid construction systems

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38. Classification/characterization of building materials and their origin
39. Representation of building elements, material dimensions and structural
concepts

Building Materials, Construction and techniques

40. Basic principles and practices of building with filigree construction
41. Understanding of building material’s property
42. Detail understanding of how various building elements are planned, joined
and executed in filigree construction systems
43. Appropriate use of material and construction methods according to the
technical requirements

44. Knowledge of basic structural systems

45. Understanding the internal and external force systems, material property
and cross sectional properties

46. Impact of structural engineering on architectural design

47. Understanding material's structural properties

48. Knowledge of cross-sectional properties and dimensions of structural
members

49. Effects of loads in structural members

50. Knowledge on the design of structural members

C. Cognitive

51. How theory is related to architecture formation and criticism

History and theory of Architecture

52. Fundamental concepts of architecture
53. Analyze universal theoretical concepts of architecture as compare to local
practice
54. Knowledge of architecture and urbanism of pre-historic and ancient
civilizations
55. Introduction to main cities, world cultures, buildings from ancient time to
beginning of industrial revolution and modern movement in architecture
along
56. Understanding of vernacular, historical buildings and settlements in
Ethiopia

57. Understanding of modern architecture and settlements in Ethiopia

58. History of architecture and settlement from pre-Axumite settlements to
modern cities

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59. Critical orientation towards career in architectural practice
60. Legal principles of architectural practice and professional code of conduct

Professional Practices
in building industry

and Ethics
61. Discipline of architecture in a society

62. Economic and managerial process from architectural office to building site
63. Extension of design process to the construction process [understanding
building as a process]

64. Understanding of contract administration, construction supervision

65. Specification writing and preparation of specifications and bill of quantities

Table-02: Learning outcomes in the three learning domains

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9. Share of the Themes/Courses/In terms of Percentage (%)

Learning outcomes
Themes Competencies/ General Name of ECTS Learning
& objective Courses Outcome Cognitive Affective Psychomotor
Share in %

- Understand the fundamentals

of architectural design; Architecture A1,2,3,4,5,8,
space,program & 14 12
Basics - Design
technology. - 1 2 1 - 2 1 - 1 - - 2 2 2 - - 14
- Understand context (urban studio I & II B1,3
scale) in architecture.
C1, 2,3,10
- Understand basic material
dimensions of architecture,
WRITING A6,7,8,12
knowledge of the
Architectural
interdependence of 14
construction and Design Studio B1,2,5
composition as well as III & IV 1 1 - - - 1 2 2 - 2 14
- - 1 2 2
architecture and urbanism. C7,8,10 -
- Understand basic social,
urbanistic dimensions of
architecture, the environment
and various factors of design
and building process.
- Understand the integration
and interdependence of A6,7,8,9,10,
Integrated-
architecture in bigger scale
Design-Project
16 11
(urban) and smaller scale Studio I&II
(detail designing of the non- B1,2,3,4,5,6
- - 1 2 2
space) 2 1 1 - - - 2 2 2 - 1 16
- Understand the integration of C11,12,13,14,
architectural design, 15,16,21
construction and structural
design
- Understand building services
like, heating, cooling Architectural 8
Science I & C18,19,20,21 1 - - - - - - 1 - - - 8
ventilation/air conditioning/ - 1 2 2 1
IV
and acoustics

- Develop skills needed for 10

documenting designs using
drawings and for performing
graphical analysis of two
dimensional and three Communicati A1,2,3,4,5,6,8,
dimensional problems. 9,10
- Able to utilize mainly on Skills I - 1 2 - - 1 - - - - - - 2 2 - 2 10
manual and instruments to and II C26,27,32,33,
explore, develop, define and 34
communicate a design
proposal.
- Promote practical
understanding and
competence in the principles
and skills underlying visual
and constructional design
and problem solving.
- Promote practical Communicati
understanding and A7,
competence in the principles on Skills III 4
and skills underlying visual (Visual arts) C28,29,30,31, 1 1 - - - 1 - - - - - 1 - - - 4
and constructional design 35
and problem solving.

- Familiar with Basic Building

principles and practices of C36.37,38,39,
Materials and
building material & 5 40 2 2 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - 5
constructions with detail Construction I
constructions.
THEATR
- Understanding of building Building
E
SPECIAL materials, construction Materials and
Construction II
S techniques and structures 5 C36,41,42,43 - - 2 1 1 - - 1 - - - - - - - - 5
through practical experience.

- Knowledge of structural
systems, understanding the Theory and
internal and external force Design of 4 C44,45,46 - 2 1 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - 4
systems, material properties Structures I
and cross sectional
properties
- Design of structural
members and structural
building systems. Theory and 4 C47,48,49,50 - 2 1 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - 4
- Understand material Design of
properties and the impact of
Structures II
the cross sectional properties
of structural members.
- Understand and apply
Principles to define what
constitutes theory in
Architecture, how it relates Theory of 3 C51,52,53
to other types of Architecture I - - 1 1 - - - - - -
1 - - - - - 3
Architectural writing such as
criticism and history, and
especially how it relates to
the intellectual context and
built works of it day, as well
as to theories that came
before and after it.
- Be familiar with historical
and cultural precedents in
world architecture, and fine History of 3 C54,55
arts as an influence on the Architecture I 1 1 - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - 3
quality of architectural
design
- Be familiar with historical Ethiopian 3
and cultural precedents in History of C56,57,58
Ethiopian architecture. Architecture 1 1 - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - 3

- Manage the economic

managerial processes within
an Architect's office.
- Exercise legal principles Professional 3 C59,60,61 - 2 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - 3
related to Architectural
Practice and
Ethics
practice and professional
codes of conduct in the
building industry.
- Practice quantity surveying
and cost estimation in
building industries. Specification 4 C62,63,64,65 1 2 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - 4
- Understand modes of and BOQ
construction and project
management to execute
effective architectural
projects.

Table-03 Share of the Themes/Courses/In terms of Percentage (%)

10.Test blueprint Table (Table of Specification) for BSc in Architecture
Themes Course Name ECT Weight of Number of test Cognitive
& S course or items from

Psychomotor
Share in % proportion each course

Understand
Remember

Total (%)
Affective
Evaluate
Analyze

Create
Apply
Theme One Architecture Basics-Design studio I & II 14 14/52 = 0.269 0.269*52= 14 - 1 2 1 - 2 2 6 14
Architectural Design

Architectural Design Studio III & IV 14 14/52= 0.269 0.269*52= 14 - - 1 2 2 - 2 7 14

Share = 20 %
Integrated-Design-Project Studio I & II 16 16/52= 0.307 0.307*52 =16 - - 1 2 2 2 2 7 16
(52%)

Architectural Science I (HVAC) and IV 8 8/52= 0.153 0.153*52 = 8 - 1 2 2 1 1 - 1 8

(Acoustics)
Theme one total ECTS 52

Theme Two Communication Skills I and II 10 10/14 = 0.714 0.714*14 = 10 - 1 2 - - 1 - 6 10

and Visual Arts
Communications
Graphic

Share = 34 %
(14%)

Communication Skills III (Visual arts) 4 4/14=0.285 0.285*14 = 4 1 1 - - - 1 - 1 4

Theme Two total ECTS 14

Theme Three Building Materials and Construction I 5 5/18 = 0.277 0.277*18= 5 2 2 1 - - - - - 5
*Construction Material I
Building Construction

Share = 9%
Building Materials and Construction II 5 5/18 = 0.277 0.277*18= 5 - - 2 1 1 - 1 - 5
*Building Construction
(18%)

Theory and Design of Structures I 4 4/18 = 0.222 0.222*18= 4 - 2 1 1 - - - - 4

Theory and Design of Structures II 4 4/18 = 0.222 0.222*18= 4 - 2 1 1 - - - - 4

Theme three total ECTS 18

History and theory of Theory of Architecture I 3 3/9=0.333 0.333*9=3 - 1 - 1 1 - - - 3
Architecture
(9%) History of Architecture I 3 3/9=0.333 0.333*9=3 1 1 - 1 - - - - 3

Ethiopian History of Architecture 3 3/9=0.333 0.333*9=3 1 1 - 1 - - - - 3

Theme four total ECTS 9

Theme five Professional Practice and Ethics 3 3/7=0.428 0.428*7=3 - 2 1 - - - - - 3
share = 17%
Practices and Ethics
Professional

Specification and BOQ 4 4/7=0.571 0.571*7=4 1 2 1 - - - - - 4

(7%)

Theme five total ECTS 7

Total ECTS for the program 100 6 17 15 13 7 7 7 28 100

Table-03 Test blueprint Table (Table of Specification)

11.Conclusion

Exit examination can have a vital role in ensuring the quality of graduates. It also helps in
improving academic program quality and effectiveness. Furthermore, it can create the
platform for cooperation among academic programs in different universities to work jointly
to improve the programs quality.

Based on identified graduate profile, competencies and learning outcomes Fifteen [15]
courses were selected to evaluate the competency of architecture program graduates. This exit
exam test specification is prepared to assist the preparation of tests that is representative,
broadly sampled and consisting of all learning domains expected in completion of
Architecture program in Ethiopian higher education.

For successful competency evaluation of the students’ achievement, the exam question should
target the specifics of their learning outcomes. Hence, Architectural design thematic areas is
subjective in its nature mainly due to the affective domain's reasoning and intensions applied
to construct the psychomotor domains. Exit exam contents of such subjectivity nature require
formulation of questions should not be multiple choice, but rather in the form of short answers,
essay, cases, responding to presented design challenges [probably in the form of quick
design]. The assessment method of such subjective nature of the courses makes it difficult to
evaluate using only objective criteria's of cognitive domain. Therefore, it is highly
recommended to use a group of jury member’s /committee/ comprising three teachers with
architectural design background as evaluators. The score point will be the average between
the three evaluators. The evaluation shall also be executed independently and anonymously
while assigning evaluators in order to avoid unwanted partiality

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