JAI GURU DEV

MAHARISHI INTERNATIONAL RESIDENTIAL

SCHOOL
PHYSICS LAB MANUAL
ACADEMIC YEAR- (2024-2025)
INDEX
S.No Date Name of the Experiment Date of submission
1 Ohm’s Law

2 Meter Bridge – Unknown Resistance

3 Meter Bridge – Series Combination

4 Figure of Merit

5 Convex Lens

6 Concave Lens

7 Concave Mirror

8 Glass Prism

Activities
1 Assembling the Given Circuit

2 Correcting the Wrong Circuit

3 House-hold Circuit

4 Glass Slab

5
Diffraction of light

6 Identification of Electrical components

1
OHM’S LAW

EXP. NO: 1 DATE:

AIM:
To determine resistivity of given two wires by plotting graph between
potential difference and current.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
Battery eliminator, Ammeter, Voltmeter, Rheostat, Unknown resistance
(coil), connecting wires.
FORMULA:
𝟐
Resistivity (ρ) = 𝑹𝝅𝑫
( in Ω m )
𝟒𝑳

Where
R → Resistance (in Ohms)
𝐿→ Length of the wire (in cm) =100cm=1m
D → Diameter of the given wire (in 10-3m)
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

B → Battery, Rh → Rheostat, A → Ammeter,

V → Voltmeter R →Unknown resistance coil

2
PROCEDURE:
1. Make neat clean and tight connections according to the circuit diagram in

having resistance coil (R1).

2. Adjust the sliding contact of the rheostat such that a measurable current passes

through the resistance coil or the resistance wire.

3. Note down the value of potential difference V from voltmeter and current I

from ammeter.
4. Shift the rheostat slightly, so that both ammeter and voltmeter show full

divisions reading and not in fractions.

5. Record the readings of the voltmeter and ammeter

6. Repeat the same procedure by connecting another resistance coil (R2) in the

given circuit.
TABULAR COLUMN:

Resistance coil 1:
S. No Voltmeter reading (V) Ammeter reading (A)
1 1 0.2

2 1.5 0.3

3 2 0.4

4 2.5 0.5

5 3 0.6

Resistance coil 2:
S. No Voltmeter reading (V) Ammeter reading (A)

1 1 0.3

2 1.5 0.5

3 2 0.7

4 2.5 0.9

5 3 1.1

3
SCALE:
MODEL GRAPH: y
On X-axis 1 cm= volt
On Y-axis 1 cm= ampere

0 x

∆𝑰
From triangle, 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝜽 =
∆𝑽
∆𝑽
Cot𝜽 = =R
∆𝑰

The graph between V and I is a straight line.

CALCULATIONS:
COIL: 1
Resistance of the coil (R1) using graph for tabulation 1 = 5 Ω

Where 𝑫𝟏 = 0.55mm, 𝑳𝟏 = 1m
𝑹𝟏𝝅𝑫𝟏𝟐
Resistivity (ρ1 ) = = 5 x 3.14 x (0.55 x 10 -3)2
𝟒𝑳𝟏
4x1

= 1.18x 10 -6 (Ω m)

4
COIL: 2
Resistance of the coil (R2) using graph for tabulation 2 = 2.5 Ω

Where 𝑫𝟐 = 0.6 mm, 𝑳𝟐 =1m

𝑹𝟐𝝅𝑫𝟐𝟐
Resistivity (ρ2 ) = = 2.5 x 3.14 x (0.6 x 10 -3)2
𝟒𝑳𝟐
4x1

= 0.7x 10-6 (Ω m)

RESULT:

1. Resistivity (ρ1) of first unknown resistance coil =

1.18x 10 -6 (Ω m)

2. Resistivity (ρ2) of second unknown resistance coil =

0.7x 10-6 (Ω m)

PRECAUTIONS:
1. Voltmeter and ammeter should be of proper range.
2. A low resistance rheostat must be used.

SOURCES OF ERROR:
1. The instrument screws may be loose.
2. Thick connecting wires may not be available.

5
METER BRIDGE
EXP. NO: 2 DATE:
AIM:
To find the resistance of a given wire using meter bridge.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
Meter Bridge, Leclanche cell, Galvanometer, Resistance box, Unknown
resistance, Jockey and Connecting wires.
FORMULA:
𝒍𝑹
X= (𝒊𝒏 𝒐𝒉𝒎𝒔)
𝟏𝟎𝟎–𝒍
Where

X = unknown resistance (in ohms)

l = balancing length (in 10-2m)
R = known resistance (in ohms)
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

E → leclanche cell (or) daniel cell, J → Jockey,

G → Galvanometer,
R → Known resistor, X → unknown resistor, K → key,

6
PROCEDURE:
1. Include some resistance in the resistance box.
2. Make the connections as shown in the circuit diagram. Press the jockey at the
ends of the meter bridge. If the deflections are in the opposite direction, then
the connections are correct.
3. Move the jockey from the left end and observe the point of zero deflection in
the galvanometer.
4. Measure the balancing length as ‘l’ using the meter scale attached with the
apparatus.
5. Repeat the experiment by including different resistances in the known
resistance box and measure the balancing length in each case.

TABULAR COLUMN:
Unknown
Resistance in Balancing length Balancing length resistance
S. No
the box (𝛀) ( l ) x 10-2m ( 100-l ) x 10-2m
X= 𝒍𝑹 (𝒐𝒉𝒎𝒔)
𝟏𝟎𝟎–𝒍

1 2 52 48 2.16

2 3 42 58 2.17

3 4 37 63 2.34

X mean= 2.22𝛀

CALCULATIONS:
1st reading:
R= 2 Ω

l = 52 x10-2m

X1 = 𝒍𝑹 = 52 x 2 = 2.16 Ω
(𝟏𝟎𝟎–𝒍) (100 – 52)

7
2nd reading:
R= 3 Ω

l = 42 x10-2m

X2 = 𝒍𝑹 = 42 x 3 = 2.17 Ω
(𝟏𝟎𝟎–𝒍) (100 – 42)

3rd reading:
R= 4 Ω

l = 37 x10-2m

X3 = 𝒍𝑹 = 37 x 4 = 2.34 Ω
(𝟏𝟎𝟎–𝒍) ( 100 – 37)

X mean = X1 + X2 + X3
3
= 2.16 + 2.17 + 2.34 = 2.22 Ω
3

RESULT:
The unknown resistance of the given coil is 2.22 ohms.

PRECAUTIONS:
1. The connections should be neat, clean and tight.
2. Null point should be brought between 45cm and 55cm.

SOURCES OF ERROR:
1. The instrument screws may be loose.
2. The wire may not have uniform thickness.

8
METER BRIDGE
LAW OF COMBINATION(SERIES)
EXP. NO: 3 DATE:
AIM:
To verify the laws of combination of resistances using a meter bridge.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
Meter bridge, Leclanche cell, Galvanometer, Resistance box, Jockey, Two
Resistance coils, Connecting wires.
FORMULA:
r = 𝒍𝑹 ( in Ω )
(𝟏𝟎𝟎–𝒍)

Req = ( 𝒓𝟏 + 𝒓𝟐) ( in Ω)
Where
R → known resistance ( in ohms)
l→ balancing length (in 10-2m)
r1,r2→ unknown resistance( in ohms)
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

E → leclanche cell (or) daniel cell, J → Jockey,

G → Galvanometer, R → Known resistor, r1 and r2→ unknown resistor,
K → key

9
PROCEDURE:
1. Mark the two resistance coils as r1and r2.
2. To find r1 , include some resistance in the resistance box.
3. Make the connections as shown in the circuit diagram. Press the jockey at the
ends of the meter bridge. If the deflections are in the opposite direction, then
the connections are correct.
4. Move the jockey from the left end and observe the point of zero deflection in
the galvanometer.
5. Measure the balancing length as ‘l’ using the meter scale attached with the
apparatus.
6. Using formula calculate r1.
7. Repeat the experiment by including another resistance in the known resistance
box and measure the balancing length.
8. Take mean of above two result and record it as r1 mean.
9. To find r2,repeat steps 3,4,5,6,7.
10. Take mean of above two result and record it as r2 mean.
11.Calculate theoretical value by adding r1 mean and r2 mean.
12. Connect the two coils r1 and r2 in series in the left gap.
13. To find the resistance of this combination Repeat steps 3,4,5,6,7.
14. Take mean of above two results and record it as experimental value.

10
TABULATION:
Resistance Balancing Unknown
Balancing
Resistance S. from the length resistance Mean
length 𝒍𝑹
coil No resistance ( 100 - l ) r = (𝟏𝟎𝟎–𝒍) resistance(Ω)
box (Ω) l (x10-2m) (x 10-2m)
(Ω)
2 57 43 2.65 r1 mean=
r1 only 1
2.7
2 3 48 52 2.76
2 53 47 2.25 r2 mean=
1
r2 only 2.3
2 3 44 56 2.35
2 72 28 5.14 rs mean=
1
r1 and r2 5.12
in series 3 63 37 5.10
2

CALCULATIONS:
For r1:
1st reading:
R= 2 Ω
l = 57 x10-2m
𝒍𝑹
r= = 57 x 2 = 2.65 Ω
(𝟏𝟎𝟎–𝒍) (100 – 57)

2nd reading:

R=3Ω
l = 48 x10-2m
𝒍𝑹
r= = 48 x 3 = 2.76 Ω
(𝟏𝟎𝟎–𝒍) ( 100 – 48)

r1 mean = 2.65 + 2.76 = 2.7 Ω

2

11
For r2:
1st reading:
R= 2 Ω

l = 53 x10-2m

r= 𝒍𝑹 = 53 x 2 = 2.25 Ω
(𝟏𝟎𝟎–𝒍) (100 – 53)

2nd reading:
R= 3 Ω

l = 44 x10-2m

r= 𝒍𝑹 = 44 x 3 = 2.35 Ω
(𝟏𝟎𝟎–𝒍) (100 – 44)

r2 mean = 2.25 + 2.35 = 2.3 Ω

2

For rs (Experimental value):

1st reading:
R= 2 Ω

l = 72 x10-2m

r= 𝒍𝑹 = 72 x 2 = 5.14 Ω
(𝟏𝟎𝟎–𝒍) ( 100 – 72)

2nd reading:
R= 3 Ω

l = 63 x10-2m

r= 𝒍𝑹 = 63 x 3 = 5.10 Ω
(𝟏𝟎𝟎–𝒍) (100 – 63)

rs mean = 5.14 + 5.10 = 5.12 Ω

2
12
CALCULATION FOR VERIFICATION OF LAWS:
 Experimental value of rs mean = 5.12 Ω
 Theoretical value of rs mean = r1 mean + r2 mean = 2.7 + 2.3
= 5. 0 Ω
 Difference (if any) between Experimental value of rs mean and
Theoretical value of rs mean is found as = 5.12 - 5.0
= 0.12 Ω
RESULT:
Within limits of experimental error, experimental and theoretical values of
rs mean are same; hence the law of resistances in series is verified.

PRECAUTIONS:
1. The connections should be neat clean and tight.
2. Move the jockey gently over the bridge wire and do not rub it.

SOURCES OF ERROR:
1. The instrument screws may be loose.
2. The wire may not have uniform thickness.

13
FIGURE OF MERIT
EXP. NO: 4 DATE:
AIM:
To determine resistance of a galvanometer by half-deflection method and to
find its figure of merit.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
A galvanometer, Leclanche cell or Daniel cell, two resistance boxes, Plug key,
connecting wires.
FORMULA:

Resistance of the given galvanometer = G = 𝑹𝑺

(𝒊𝒏 𝒐𝒉𝒎𝒔)
𝑹–𝑺

Figure of merit of the given galvanometer = K = 𝑬

(𝐢𝐧 𝐀/𝐝𝐢𝐯)
(𝑹+𝑮)𝜽

Where
R → Resistance connected in series in ohms.
S → shunt resistance in ohms
θ → deflection in the galvanometer in division.
E → emf of the cell in volt.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

R → Resistance connected in series. S → shunt resistance.

E → emf of the cell. G → Galvanometer. K → One way key.

14
PROCEDURE:
1. Make the connections as shown in circuit diagram.
2. Include the high resistance (say 2000 Ω) from the resistance box R.
3. Adjust the value of R so that deflection is maximum, even in number and
within the scale.
4. Note the deflection. Let it be θ.
5. Insert the key and without changing the value of R, adjust the value of S,
such that deflection in the galvanometer reduces to exactly half the value
obtained in step 4 i.e., θ/2.
6. Note the value of shunt resistance S.
7. Repeat steps 4 to 7 by taking out four different values of R and adjusting S
every time.
8. Tabulate G and K values using the formula.

TABULAR COLUMN:
E= 1.45 V
Resistance Deflection Shunt Half Resistance of the
Figure of merit of the
galvanometer
S.NO R (Ω) (θ) (div) resistance deflection
𝑹𝑺 galvanometer
(S) (Ω) (θ/2)(div) 𝑮= (𝛀)
𝑹−𝑺 𝑬
K= (𝑨/𝒅𝒊𝒗)
(𝑹+𝑮)𝜽

1 3900 28 180 14 188.70 1.26 X 10-5

2 4200 26 180 13 188.05 1.27 X 10-5

3 4500 24 180 12 187.50 1.28 X 10-5

G Mean = 188.08 (𝛀)

K Mean = 1.27 X 10-5 (A/div)

15
CALCULATIONS:

For 1st reading:

R = 3900 Ω

S = 180 Ω

𝜽 = 28 div

E = 1.45 V

G= 𝑹𝑺 == 3900 x 180 = 188.7 (𝒐𝒉𝒎𝒔)

𝑹-𝑺 3900 - 180

K= E = 1.45 = 1.26 x 10-5 (A/div)

(R+G) θ (3900 +188.7)x 28

For 2nd reading:

R = 4200 Ω

S = 180 Ω

𝜽 = 26 div

E = 1.45 V

G= 𝑹𝑺 == 4200 x 180 = 188.05 (𝒐𝒉𝒎𝒔)

𝑹-𝑺 4200 - 180

K= E = 1.45 = 1.27 x 10-5 (A/div)

(R+G) θ (4200 +188.05)x 26

For 3rd reading:

R = 4500 Ω

S = 180 Ω

𝜽 = 24 div

E = 1.45 V

G= 𝑹𝑺 == 4500 x 180 = 187.5 (𝒐𝒉𝒎𝒔)

𝑹-𝑺 4500 - 180

K= E = 1.45 = 1.28 x 10-5 (A/div)

(R+G) θ (4500 +187.5)x 24

16
G Mean = 188.7 +188.05+187.5 = 188.08 (𝛀)
3

K Mean = 1.26 x 10 -5 +1.27 x 10 -5 +1.28 x 10 -5 = 1.27 x 10 -5 (A/div).

3

RESULT:
1. Resistance of given galvanometer (G) = 188.08 (𝛀)

2. Figure of merit of given galvanometer (K) =1.27 x 10 -5 (A/div).

PRECAUTIONS:
1. All the connections should be neat, clean and tight.
2. The e.m.f. of cell or battery should be constant.

SOURCES OF ERROR:
1. The screws of the instruments may be loose.
2. The e.m.f. of battery may not be constant.
.

17
CONVEX LENS
EXP. NO: 5 DATE:
AIM:
To find the focal length of a given convex lens by plotting graph between u
and v.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
Convex lens, lens stand, illuminated wire gauge-(light box), white screen,
metre scale.
PROCEDURE:
1. Find the rough focal length of given convex lens using distant object method
in focusing a distant object by keeping the screen behind the lens. The distance
between the screen and the lens with stand gives rough focal length say ‘f’ x10-
2
m.
2. Mount the lens on the stand and keep it between light box and screen.
3. Find the clear image on the screen by adjusting u (distance between light box
& lens) values as 2f-4,2f-2, 2f, 2f+2,2f+4.
4. Record v values (distance between lens & screen) for the same.
5. Use u and v values to plot the graph.
6. Calculate the focal length from the graph.

RAY DIAGRAM:

PRINCIPAL AXIS
XISXISPRprin
pppppppppppp
ppppp

18
TABULAR COLUMN:
Rough focal length =10.5 x 10-2m
S. Object Image distance
No distance (u) (v) (10-2m)
(10-2m)
1 2f - 4 = 17 26

2 2f - 2 = 19 23

3 2f = 21 21

4 2f + 2 = 23 19

5 2f + 4 = 25 17

MODEL GRAPH:

IMAGE DISTANCE (V X 10-2 m)

Y
SCALE:
On -X-axis 1 cm = x10-2m
On Y-axis 1 cm = ______x10-2m

2f = x 10-2m
f = 2f/2 = x 10-2m

-X 0
OBJECT DISTANCE (- U X 10-2 m)

RESULT:
The focal length of given convex lens is calculated from the u,v graphical method as
10.5x10-2m.
SOURCES OF ERROR:
1. The uprights may not be vertically placed (lens).
2. Parallax removal may not be perfect.
PRECAUTIONS:
1. The lens must be clean and must be vertical.
2. Avoid parallax.

19
CONCAVE LENS (OUT OF CONTACT)
EXP. NO: 6 DATE:
AIM:
To find the focal length of a given concave lens using convex lens.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
Convex lens, concave lens, lens stand-2, light box, white screen, and metre
scale.
FORMULA:
𝒖𝒗
𝒇= (in 10-2 m)
𝒖–𝒗
Where

f = focal length of given concave lens (in 10-2m)

u = object distance (in 10-2m)
v = image distance (in 10-2m)
PROCEDURE:
1. Image cannot be formed on the screen due to concave lens in regular method
so we follow indirect method in using convex lens to bring image on the screen.
2. Find the proper image using convex lens on the screen.
3. Introduce concave lens in between convex lens and screen (prefer closer to
the screen), record distance between concave lens and screen as ‘u’.
4. Move screen away from the concave lens to get proper image on the screen,
now record distance as ‘v’.
5. Substitute u and v in ‘f’ formula.
6. Repeat the same for different ‘u’ values with 0.5cm difference.
7. Take mean value for the focal lengths to get final result.

20
RAY DIAGRAM:

PRINCIPAL AXIS

PRINCIPAL AXIS

TABULAR COLUMN:
S. Object distance Image distance Focal length of the
No (u) (10-2m) (v) (10-2m) concave lens
𝒖𝒗
𝒇= (in 10-2 m)
𝒖–𝒗
1 8 18.4 -14.15

2 8.5 21 -14.28

3 9 24.2 -14.32

fmean = -14.25 x 10-2m

21
CALCULATIONS:
For 1st reading:
u = 8 x 10-2m

v= 18.4 x10-2m

𝒖𝒗 8 x 18.4
f= = -14.15 x 10-2m
𝒖–𝒗 =
8 – 18.4

For 2nd reading:

u = 8.5 x 10-2m

v= 21 x10-2m

𝒖𝒗 8.5 x 21
f= = = -14.28 x 10-2m
𝒖–𝒗 8.5 – 21

For 3rd reading:

u = 9 x 10-2m

v= 24.2 x10-2m

𝒖𝒗 9 x 24.2
f= = -14.32 x 10-2m
𝒖–𝒗 = 9 – 24.2

fmean = ( f1+f2+f3 ) / 3
= (-14.15 x 10-2 -14.28 x 10-2 -14.32 x10-2 ) / 3

= -14.25 x 10-2m

22
RESULT:
The focal length of given concave lens is calculated using convex lens is found to
be -14.25 x10-2m.
PRECAUTIONS:
1.Focal length of convex lens must be less than the focal length of concave lens.

2.The lens must be clean.

SOURCES OF ERROR:
1. Parallax error is involved.
2. Lens may not be placed vertical.

23
CONCAVE MIRROR
EXP. NO: 7 DATE:
AIM:
To find the focal length of a given Concave mirror.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
Concave mirror, light box, screen , mirror stand, metre scale.
FORMULA:
𝒖𝒗
𝒇= (in 10-2 m)
𝒖+𝒗

Where
f = focal length of given concave mirror (in 10-2m)
𝒖 = object distance (in 10-2m)
v = image distance (in 10-2m)
PROCEDURE:
1. Find the rough focal length of given concave mirror using distant object
method in focusing a distant object on the screen by placing the mirror towards
the object. The distance between the screen and mirror with stand gives rough
focal length say ‘f’ x10-2m.
2. Mount the mirror on the stand and place it towards light box and screen need
to be kept on the same side of light box.
3. Find the clear image on the screen by adjusting u (distance between light box
&mirror) values as 2f-2, 2f, 2f+2,
4. Record v values (distance between mirror & screen) for the same.
5. Substitute u and v values in ‘f’ formula to get focal length in each case.
6. Take mean value for the focal lengths to get final result.

24
RAY DIAGRAM:

PRINCIPAL AXIS

TABULAR COLUMN: Rough focal length = 15 x10-2m

S. Object distance Image distance Focal length of the
No (u) (10-2m) (v) (10-2m) concave mirror
𝒖𝒗
𝒇= in 10-2 m
𝒖+𝒗
1 2f - 2 = 28 34.2 15.39

2 2f = 30 30 15

3 2f + 2 = 32 29.3 15.29

fmean = 15.22 x 10-2m

CALCULATIONS:
For 1st reading:
u = 28 x 10-2m
v = 34.2 x 10-2m

𝒖𝒗 28 x 34.2
f= = = 15.39 x 10-2m
𝒖+𝒗 28 + 34.2

25
For 2nd reading:
u = 30 x 10-2m
v = 30 x 10-2m

𝒖𝒗 30 x 30
f= = = 15 x 10-2m
𝒖+𝒗 30 + 30

For 3rd reading:

u = 32 x 10-2m
v = 29. 3 x 10-2m

𝒖𝒗 32 x 29. 3 = 15.29 x 10-2m

f= =
𝒖+𝒗 32 + 29. 3
X

fmean = ( f1+f2+f3) / 3

= ( 15.39 x 10-2 +15 x 10-2 +15.29 x 10-2 ) / 3

= 15.22 x 10-2m

RESULT:
The focal length of given concave mirror is found to be 15.22 X 10-2m.

PRECAUTIONS:
1. Mirror must be placed vertically.
2. The image distance must be noted when we get clear well defined image
on the screen.
SOURCES OF ERROR:
1. Involvement of parallax error.
2. Mirror may not be placed vertically.

26
GLASS PRISM
EXP. NO: 8 DATE:
AIM:
To determine the angle of minimum deviation for a given glass prism by
plotting a graph between the angle of incidence and the angle of deviation.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
Drawing board, white papers, office pins, glass prism, and geometry box.
PROCEDURE:
1. Place white paper on the drawing board using office pins.
2. Trace the outline of a given glass prism into 5 samples.
3. Mark the angle of incidence on the sample as 35○, 40○, 45○, 50○, 55○
separately.
4. Place on two office pins on the incidence ray and place prism on the sample.
5. Find the emergent ray by placing 2 office pins on the other side.
6. Find the angle between the extension of incidence ray to the emergent ray as
deviation for every sample.
7. Draw the graph taking ∠𝒊 𝑜𝑛 x-axis and ∠𝜹 on y-axis and mark 𝜹 m.
RAY DIAGRAM:

27
MODEL GRAPH:

On X-axis 1 cm = deg

(deg)
On Y-axis 1 cm = deg

TABULAR COLUMN:
S. No Angle of incidence (∠𝒊) (deg) Angle of deviation (∠𝜹) (deg)
1 35 43

2 40 41

3 45 39

4 50 40

5 55 42

RESULT:
1. Graph indicates ∠𝒊 increases ,∠𝜹 decreases attains a 𝜹 mand then starts

increasing for further increase in ∠𝒊.

2. Angle of minimum deviation, 𝜹 m = 39 (deg).
PRECAUTIONS:
1. ∠𝒊 must be between 30○ to 60○.
2. The pins must be fixed vertical.
SOURCE OF ERROR:
1. Parallax in measuring the angles.
2. Pins may not be vertical.

28
ACTIVITIES

29
ASSEMBLING THE GIVEN CIRCUIT
ACTIVITY NO: 01 DATE:
AIM:
To assemble the components of a given electrical circuit.
APPARATUS AND MATERIAL REQUIRED:
Resistor, ammeter, (0-1.5A) voltmeter (0-5V), battery, one way key, rheostat,
sand paper, connecting wires.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the components as shown in Fig.
2. After closing the key K, check that the voltmeter and ammeter show deflections
on the right hand side.
3. Check the continuity of the assembled circuit using a Multimeter.

RESULT:
The components of the electrical circuit were assembled.

30
CORRECTING THE WRONG CIRCUIT
ACTIVITY NO: 02 DATE:
AIM:
To draw the diagram of given open circuit comprising at least a battery,
resistor/rheostat, key, ammeter and voltmeter. Mark the components that are not
connected in proper order and correct the circuit diagram.
APPARATUS AND MATERIAL REQUIRED:
A given open circuit comprising atleast a cell or a battery, plug key, resistor,
rheostat, ammeter, voltmeter, connecting wires and sand paper.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
WRONG CIRCUIT:

CORRECTED CIRCUIT:

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PROCEDURE:
1. Draw the circuit diagram.
2. Consider the various components which have not been connected in proper
order.
3. Draw the correct circuit diagram.
4. Connect the electrical components according to corrected circuit diagram.
5. Close the key in the circuit to verify if the corrected circuit is functional.

OBSERVATIONS:
S. No. Circuit Component Correct Component Incorrect Component
1 Battery/cell  

2 Resistor 

3 Rheostat 

4 Ammeter 

5 Voltmeter 

RESULT:
The electrical circuit assembled as per the corrected circuit diagram is
functional.

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HOUSE HOLD CIRCUIT
ACTIVITY NO: 04 DATE:
AIM:
To assemble a house hold circuit.

APPARATUS:
Three bulbs, three (on/off) switches, a fuse, a fuse wire, connecting wires (red
and black), a two pin plug and a power source.

PROCEDURE:
1. Connect one end of the bulb holder to the red flexible wire through a switch
S in series.
2. Connect the other end of the bulb holder to the black flexible wire.
3. Connect the three bulb – switch combination in parallel, red wire ends at one
point and the black wire ends at the other point.
4. Take two long flexible wires to serve as lead wire; one wire is red and the
other is black.
5. Connect the red wire ends to the red lead wire L1. It will serve as a lower
lead.
6. Connect the black wire ends to the black lead wire L2. It will serve as
neutral – lead.
7. Put the fuse wire F in live – lead L1.
8. Connect a plug (two – pin plug) P at the end of the two leads.
9. Insert the plug in a two-pin socket provided in the main electric board
(Inserting the upper pin for L1 in upper hole of the socket and the lower pin
for L2 in lower hole of the socket).

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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

TESTING:
Make the switches ON one by one, then put them OFF one by one.

RESULT:
The bulb glows when the switch is made ON, it stops glowing when the switch is
put OFF.

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GLASS SLAB
ACTIVITY NO: 04 DATE:
AIM:
To observe refraction and lateral deviation of a beam of light incident
obliquely on a glass slab.
APPARATUS AND MATERIAL REQUIRED:
Drawing board, rectangular glass slab, white sheet of paper, adhesive tape
(cello-tape), drawing pins, a metre scale, protractor, sharp pencil and eraser.
RAY DIAGRAM:

PROCEDURE
1. Fix a white sheet of paper on the drawing board with the help of drawing pins.
2. Place the glass slab lengthwise symmetrically mark its boundary on the paper
sheet with a sharp pencil.
3. Using the ray diagram, draw the incident ray and the corresponding emergent
ray.
4. Calculate the lateral displacement from the ray diagram.

RESULT: The ray of light emerging from a glass slab is parallel to the incident ray
direction, but is laterally deviated.

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DIFFRACTION OF LIGHT

ACTIVITY NO: 05 DATE:

AIM:
To observe diffraction of light due to a thin slit.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
Two razor blades, adhesive tapes, a screen, a source of monochromatic light (laser pencil)
black paper and a glass plate.

DIAGRAM:

GLASS PLATE

BLACK PAPER
PAPERER

PROCEDURE:
1.Fix the black paper on the glass plate by using adhesive.
2.Place two razor blades so that their sharp edges are parallel and extremely close to each other
to form a narrow slit in between.
3.Place the arrangement at a suitable distance from a wall or screen of a dark room.
4.Throw a beam of light on the slit by the laser pencil.
5.A diffraction pattern of alternate bright and dark bands is seen on the wall.

RESULT:
When light waves are incident on a slit or aperture then it bends away (spread) at the comers of
slit showing the phenomena of diffraction of light.

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IDENTIFICATION OF ELECTRICAL COMPONENTS
ACTIVITY NO: 06 DATE:

AIM:

To identify a diode, a LED, a transistor, an IC, a resistor and a capacitor

from a mixed collection of such items.

APPARATUS AND MATERIAL REQUIRED:

Multimeter, a collection of diode, LED , resistor and capacitor.

PROCEDURE:

1. Check the physical appearance of the component.

2. If the component is

 A diode is a two terminal device. It conducts when forward biased and does

not conduct when reverse biased. It does not emit light while conducting.

 An LED (light emitting diode) is also a two terminal device. It conducts when

forward biased and does not conduct when reverse biased. It emits light while

conducting.

 A resistor is a two terminal device. It conducts equally in both directions.

 A capacitor is a two terminal device. It does not conduct but stores some

charge when dc voltage is applied.

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OBSERVATION:

S. Physical Appearance Name of the Component

No

1 DIODE
P N

LED
2

3 RESISTOR

CAPACITOR
4

RESULT:
A diode, a LED, a resistor and a capacitor are identified respectively from a
mixed collection.

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LOGARITHMS AND ANTI- LOGARITHMS

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