Module 1: Introduction Historical Function

1. Humanities - Arts serves as a medium to record historical figures and

- Comes from the Greek word “Humanus” events.
- Humanus – Human, Refined and Cultured Religious Function
- Deals with the study of ancient and modern languages, - Art is used to profess faith or to worship God.
literature, law, history, philosophy, religion, films and visual Physical Function
and performing arts. - Art is used for architectural designs. In addition, the view
- Study of how people record and document human of art can cause exhilarating experience.
experiences Aesthetic Function
Domains of learning humanities - Artworks serves to beautify.
- Cognitive Domain
4. Genres of Art
- Psychomotor Domain
- Artists abound since there are many genres of art. And the
- Affective Domain
number of artists keeps on increasing as new forms of art
or the CPA DOMAIN
emerge.
Cognitive Domain
Visual Arts
- Acquisition of knowledge facts and information, ideas, and
- are those forms perceived by the eyes. These include
the ability to reason to think critically
painting, sculpture, and architecture.
Affective Domain
Graphic Arts
- Attitudinal learning which refers to the formation of good
- are those visual arts that have length and width; thus, they
and acceptable attitudes, judgements, and appreciation
are also called two dimensional arts.
Psychomotor Domain
Plastic Arts
- Relationship between cognitive functions and physical
- are those visual arts that have length, width, and volume;
movement. Being shown through physical skills and motor
thus, they are also called three-dimensional arts.
skills
Audio-Visual Arts
2. Art and Art Appreciation - are those forms perceived by both ears (audio) and eyes
Art (video). They are called performing arts in as much as the
- According to Webster, art is "human ingenuity in adapting artists render a performance in front of an audience.
natural things to man’s use. Literary Arts
- Art came from the word "ars" which means skill. - are those presented in the written mode and intended to
Art Appreciation be read.
- Is the ability to interpret or understand man-made arts
5. Factors Affecting Art Styles
and enjoy them either through actual and work experience
- Every artist has his way of presenting his work.
with art tools and materials or possession of these works of
art for one’s admiration and satisfaction Factors Affecting Art Styles
- Geographical Factors
3. Functions of Art
- Historical Factors
- Art serves several functions which are corollary to its
- Social Factors
purposes
- Ideational Factors
Functions of Art - Psychological Factors
- Personal/ Individual Function - Technical Factors
- Social Function
Geographical Factors
- Economic Function
- The place where the artist stays influence his works.
- Political Function
Historical Factors
- Historical Function
- Historical events exert a great influence on artists,
- Religious Function
particularly the writers.
- Physical Function
Social Factors
- Aesthetic Function
- Not only personal relationships but social issues affect the
Personal/ Individual Function artists.
- Artists have their personal reasons for indulging in art. Key Ideational Factors
word is passion - The ideas coming from various people also influence
Social Function artists.
- Art is used as a way for man to associate with others. Psychological Factors
Economic Function The artists are affected by their psychological make-up or
- Artists uses art as their source of income. frame of mind.
Political Function Technical Factors
- Artists uses art to promote political programs. - The artists are affected by their current set of skills.
6. Divisions of Art Color
- humanities deal with the four divisions of art study. - the most important and most noticeable of all the
elements of visual arts. Dependent on the presence of light,
4 Divisions of Art:
it is that property of an object that makes it appealing the
- Aesthetics or Art Appreciation
visual sense. Among the persons who studied colors were
- Art history
Munsell, who came up with five primary colors.
- Art Production
- The colors have some psychological and other
- Art Criticism
connotations.
Aesthetics or Art Appreciation
White is used to connote purity, chastity, holiness,
- the science of beauty, is that division of art study in which
mourning, surrender, meekness, and goodness.
the student learns to admire the artists, value highly
Black is used to signify death, mourning, darkness, and evil.
different works of art, and appreciate the role of art in
Blue is used to indicate the sky, the heaven, the sea,
society.
serenity, sadness, peace, and masculinity.
Art History
Green is used to connote life, nature, good health, and well-
- is that division of art study in which the student acquires
being.
knowledge of the artists, their backgrounds, their
Yellow is used to signify jealousy, divinity, deceit, treason,
masterpieces, and their significant contributions in various
degradation, and lately Ninoy Aquino.
fields of art.
Brown is used to mean the earth, spiritual death, and
Art Production
renunciation of the world.
- is that division of art study in which the student learns to
Orange is used to indicate food.
use his creativity and apply his artistic knowledge and skills
Gray is used to signify old age, gloom, and decay. Pink is
in producing his own works of art.
used to mean love and femininity.
Art Criticism
- is that division of art study in which the student earns to Light Colors/Tints - are those colors with values lower than
use his judgment in evaluating different artworks based on the normal value. For example, pink or fuchsia is a tint of
the criteria set. red and azure (sky blue) is a tint of blue.
Dark Colors/Shades - are those colors with values higher
Module 1.2: Visual Arts
than the normal value. For example, maroon is a shade of
1. Four Common Essentials of Arts
red and navy blue is a shade of blue.
- Art has to be man-made;
Rainbow or Prismatic Colors - are those colors that form a
- Art must be creative, not imitative;
rainbow or a prism. These are red, orange, yellow, green,
- Art must benefit and satisfy man;
blue, indigo, and violet (ROYGBIV or VIBGYOR).
- Art is expressed through a certain medium or material by
Neutral Colors - are those which serve to balance colors.
which the artist communicates himself to his audience.
Examples are white, gray, black, brown, peach, cream, gold,
2. Elements of Visual Arts silver, and bronze. White is the absence of all colors, while
- Line black is the presence of all colors. Gray is produced by
- Color combining black and white; it results from the partial
- Texture reflection of the color rays.
- Shape
Texture
- Space and Perspective
- the element of the visual arts. associated with the sense of
- Volume/ Value
touch. It is the surface characteristic of an area.
- Form
Tactile (or Real) Texture - the way the surface of an object
Line
actually feels. Examples would be sandpaper, cotton balls,
- a series of connected dots or a prolongation of a point to
tree bark, puppy fur, etc.
show the shape or form of any piece of art.
Implied Texture - is the way the surface of an object looks
Expressive Lines – tend to be found in nature and are very like it feels. This is the type of texture that artists use when
organic. they draw and paint. Textures may look rough, fuzzy, gritty,
Constructive lines – lines that are very measured, or scruffy, but can’t actually be felt.
geometric, directional, and angular. They tend to appear to
Shape
be man-made because of their precision.
- the external appearance of clearly defined area. It
Expressive Lines – tend to be found in nature and are very
contributes to the final form of the artwork.
organic.
Constructive lines – lines that are very measured, Geometric shapes - have smooth even edges and are
geometric, directional, and angular. They tend to appear to measurable. The include the square, the circle, the triangle,
be man-made because of their precision. and the rectangle.
Organic shapes - have more complicated edges and are Realism
usually found in nature. Leaves, flowers, ameba, etc. - Also termed naturalism, realism is the method of
presenting subjects as they appear in real life. If an apple is
Forms
the subject, it is shown as is with either red or green color.
- refers to the overall composition of the artwork.
- It describes the entire shape or organization of the thing Abstractionism
or object created. - is "drawing away from realism.
- A Form is a shape that has become 3-Dimensional (3-D) - The word abstractionism was derived from the verb
Form has HEIGHT, WIDTH and DEPTH--which is the 3rd abstract meaning to draw away. Therefore, an abstractionist
dimension. Depth shows the thickness of the object. draws away from reality as he creates his artwork.
- Forms are NOT flat like shapes are!
Types of Abstractionism:
Geometric shapes - have smooth even edges and are - Distortion
measurable. The include the square, the circle, the triangle, - Mangling
and the rectangle. - Elongation
Organic shapes - have more complicated edges and are - Cubism
usually found in nature. Leaves, flowers, ameba, etc. - Abstract
- Expressionism
Volume/ Value
- the lightness or darkness of a color. Value makes objects Distortion - is presenting the subject in a misshaped form.
appear more real because it imitates natural light. When Mangling - is presenting the subject with parts which are
showing value in a work of art, you will need a LIGHT cut, lacerated, mutilated, or hacked with repeated blows
SOURCE. (Sanchez, Abad, and Jao, 2002).
Elongation - As the word suggests, elongation is presenting
Cross-hatching - is when you use irregular lengths of
the subject in an elongated form. It is done by stretching
parallel lines that cross over each other diagonally. The
the object, for example, the human body, vertically. A good
closer together the lines are placed, the darker the value.
sample of this is El Greco's "The Resurrection of Christ.
SPACE and Perspective Cubism - is presenting the subject with the use of cubes and
Space other geometric figures (triangles, squares, rectangles,
- is the area or surface occupied by the artwork. pentagons, hexagons, heptagons, etc.).
- is basically divided into 3 parts: Foreground, Middle Abstract Expressionism - having its origin in New York City,
Ground and Background abstract expressionism is presenting the subject with the
Perspective use of strong color, uneven brush strokes, and rough texture
- is synonymous with point of view, angle of vision, or frame and with the deliberate lack of refinement in the application
of reference. of the paint.
- is manifested in these two situations: that nearer objects Surrealism - "beyond realism. It is presenting the subject as
appear bigger and taller than farther objects and that if the subject does not form part of the real world but
parallel lines seem to meet at the farthest end. belongs to the world of dreams and fantasy. This method
was influenced by Sigmund Freud, the Father of
Background area is considered to be the upper 1/3 of the Psychoanalysis.
picture plane. Symbolism - is presenting the subject symbolically, that is,
Middle Ground area is considered to be the middle 1/3 of the artist shows his subject as it appears in real life, but he
the picture plane. intends to let it represent something.
Foreground area is considered to be the lower 1/3 of the Fauvism - is optimistic realism. It is presenting the real-life
picture plane. subject with the use of bright colors suggesting comfort, joy,
and pleasure. The colors bright red, yellow, orange, purple,
3. Methods of Presenting Subject
and the like are used instead of blue, black, gray, green, and
- Every artist has his individual style of doing his artwork.
brown.
This style is almost always governed by his choice of the
Dadaism - is shocking realism. It is presenting the real-life
method of presenting his subject.
subject with the intention to shock the audience through
Methods:
the exposition of the evils in Society. Derived from the
- Realism
French word dada meaning hobby horse, Dadaism Started
- Abstractionism
as a protest art movement composed of painters and
- Surrealism
writers whose desire was to revolutionize the outworn art
- Symbolism
traditions.
- Fauvism
Expressionism - is emotional realism. It is presenting the
- Dadaism
real-life subject with the intention to express emotions,
- Expressionism
pathos, chaos. fear, Violence, defeat, morbidity, and
- Impressionism
tragedy. Introduced in Germany (Central Europe)
- Futurism
Impressionism - is realism based on the artist’s Impression. - Pigment + Colloidal Vehicle →Wet/Dry Plaster
It Is presenting the real-life subject with emphasis on the - Special characteristic: EMULSION –watery milk-like texture
impression left in the artist's mind or perception, of oily and water consistency
particularly the effect of light on the object used as subject. - Advantage: Rapid Drying, Great Luminosity of the stone,
Going beyond what is real, the artist may distort color or and Colors are clear
form. For example, an apple on a table is presented not as
entirely red, but with white areas showing the spots where c. Watercolor
the light rays fall upon. Impressionism is a late 19th-century - Pigments are mixed with water and applied to fine white
style of painting which puts stress on capture of transient paper
atmospheric effects, use of broken color and color - Water + Pigment
complementariness to render form, and direct observation - Require a high degree of technical dexterity.
of subjects emphasized. - Papers is the most commonly used for ground.
Futurism - is realism in the future. It is presenting a subject
d. Pastel
that relates not to the present, but to the future.
- Possesses only surfaces of light, gives no glazed effect and
Module 2: Painting most closely resembles dry pigment.
1. Painting - Bound Dry Pigment
- is the art of applying pigments to a surface in order to - Pigment is bound so as to form a crayon which is applied
present a picture of the subject. directly to the surface, usually paper.
- The art of creating meaningful effects on a flat surface by - As support for pastel painting paper, paste board or canvas
the use of Pigments: Oil Painting, Fresco, Watercolor, is used
Tempera, Pastel, Acrylic, Encaustic - Not a very popular medium because no one has yet to
discover the way to preserve its original freshness
Tools: - The chalk tends to rub, and the picture loses its brilliance.
- Paint brush
- Palette e. Fresco
- Palette Knife/ Spatula - The most popular type of painting during the 15 -16
- Easel Century
- Fresco means “Fresh”
2. Mediums - Earth pigment + Water →Wet Plaster
- Refers to the materials used by the Artist. - Colors are mixed with water and applied to fresh plaster
- Means by which the artist communicates his/her ideas. which absorbs the color
- Mediums are essential to Arts. - Since the pigments has been incorporated with the plaster,
it lasts until the wall is destroyed
Pigment Application
- Pigment is added with water and lime, the mixture is then
- Wet/ Dry Plaster, Canvas, Wood, Paper
applied to a wet plaster, The lime binds the pigment to the
Pigments
wall making the painting part of the wall
- Oil, Tempera, Plaster, Watercolor, Pastel, Fresco, Acrylic
f. Acrylic
a. Oil Painting
- Widely used by painters today
- Pigments are mixed in oil
- Synthetic paints using acrylic emulsions as binder.
- Oil + Pigment →Oil Canvas
- Synthetic Paint + Acrylic Emulsions →Variety of Surface
- The most familiar type of painting is done in an oil canvas
- Combine transparency and quick drying qualities of
- The surface to be suitable must receive oil paint freely and
watercolor and are as flexible as oil.
yet not absorb it, can withstand temperature changes, and
- They are insoluble when dry and can be used almost on
not crack a pigment on it
any surface.
- Pigments can come from many sources: minerals,
- They do not tend to crack and turn yellow as they age
vegetable matter coal tars and other chemical combinations
- Oil Color is the best method for convincing representation g. Encaustic
where exact reproduction of a color tone is necessary. - Encaustic painting is done with the use of hot wax as a
vehicle to bind pigments to a wooden panel or a wall.
TWO METHODS:
- Earth Pigments + Hot wax →Wooden panel/ Wall
Direct Method – paints are opaque and are applied to the
- Although it has the advantage of durability with its colors
surface just as they are to look on the finished product.
remaining vibrant and its surface maintaining a hard luster,
Indirect Method – the paint is applied in many thick layers
encaustic is not a popular medium among painters because
of transparent colors.
it is difficult to manipulate.
b. Tempera Painting
- Mixture of ground pigments and an albuminous or
colloidal vehicle, either egg, gum, or glue, used by Egyptian,
Medieval and Renaissance painters.
3. Subjects Classic Period
- Star of your piece” - In the 18th century emerged an art style that revived the
- There are so many subjects that can be presented in Classical art of Greece and Rome in painting sculpture, and
painting. The prehistoric men painted animals and other architecture. In general, the term "classical" refers to "the
things of nature on walls of caves. The early Egyptians art of ancient Greece and Rome".
painted fragments of life stories of the pharaohs. The Rococo period
ancient Greeks and Romans were so fond of their male and - The period covering the 18th century and following the
female deities. The Renaissance painters did portraits of Baroque period is the Rococo period. The painting during
Mary and Jesus and depicted biblical stories. Others had fun this period is characterized as lighter than that of the
doing landscapes, seascapes, cityscapes, and the like. Baroque, often frivolous, and erotic.
Romantic period
Portraiture - portraits are pictures of men and women
- The fall of the Rococo style gave rise to a new movement
singly or collectively.
which shifted its attention toward landscape and nature, as
Animals and plants - drawings of animals and plants
well as the human figure and the supremacy of natural
Still life - painting of an inanimate object or non-living thing
order above mankind's will.
placed on a table or another setting.
Realist and Naturalist Period
Country life - painters living in the countryside have access
- In the late 1800s, a group of artists actively painted in
to scenes happening daily in their community.
varying personal styles and were linked mainly by their
Landscape - any of the landforms can be the subject of a
rejection of Impressionism. Known as the Post-
landscape painting.
Impressionists, they were divided into three groups: the
Seascape - any of the water forms can be the subject of a
expressionists, represented by Vincent van Gogh and Paul
seascape painting.
Gauguin, who were most interested in personal expression;
Event - are among the favorite subjects of painters.
the formalists, led by Paul Cezanne, who were most
Religious Items - any religious Items, persons, or objects.
concerned with composition and structure; and the realists
4. History and naturalists, headed by Gustave Courbet, who used light,
- Periods of Painting shade, color, and perspective to reproduce as closely as
possible the appearance of objects in nature.
Prehistoric Period Impressionist Period
- The history of painting spans all cultures and dates back to - In the last half of the 19th century, a group of painters
the time of the prehistoric men who produced their own developed a painting style that tried to capture the quality
artifacts. of light as it plays across landscapes and figures.
Greek Period Impressionist Period
- Ancient Greece had great painters who were then - In the early 20th century, avante-garde artists
regarded as manual laborers. Their paintings found in experimented on new styles of formalist painting and such
pottery and ceramics give a glimpse of the way of life of experimentation led to the birth of Cubism, Futurism, De
ancient Greeks. Stijl, and Suprematism.
Roman Period
- Roman painting survives mainly in the form of murals and 5. Local Artist
panel portraits, executed in a realistic style. - Notable Local Artists in the Philippines
Medieval Period
Amorsolo, Fernando C.
- The Middle Ages saw the rise of Christianity, which
- was a portraitist and painter of rural Philippine landscapes.
brought about a different spirit and aim to painting styles.
He was considered as one of the most important artists in
Placing great emphasis on retaining traditional iconography
the history of painting in the Philippines and regarded as
and style, Byzantine painting has a hieratic feeling; icons
the father of Philippine Realism for his numerous realistic
were and still are seen as a reflection of the divine.
paintings.
Generally, Byzantine art borders on abstraction as
Edades, Victorio C.
evidenced by its flatness and highly stylized depictions of
- Edades pioneered modernism in the Philippine art scene,
figures and landscape.
he became known as the Father of Modern Philippine
Renaissance Period
Painting. Most of his paintings portrayed the hardships of
- Considered the golden age of painting, the Renaissance
the working class.
spanned from the 14th through the mid-17thcentury.
Luna, Juan
Baroque Period
- best known work was the "Spoliarium”.
- Beginning around 1600 until the last years of the 17th
century, the Baroque period produced paintings with
dramatic light and shade, violent composition, and
exaggerated emotion.
Module 4: Architecture
Architecture
- is the art and science of designing and constructing
buildings, bridges, and other structures to satisfy individual
and communal needs. It is a complex art in as much as the
task of the architect is not only to create the design of the
exterior of the building or similar structure, but also to do
the design of its interior.

Kinds of Architectural Construction

1. Post and Lintel
- consist of a horizontal beam called lintel and two vertical
posts to support it.
2. Cantilever
- the cantilever has two vertical posts for support and a
horizontal beam with one end more extended than the
other Oftentimes, steel is used for this type of architectural
construction because of its tensile strength.
3. Arch
- consists of several wedge-shaped blocks of stone called
voussoirs held together by a key stone. It serves to support
other structures such as roofs and to be a symbolic gateway.

Mediums of Architecture
1. Light Materials
- include paper, nipa, bamboo, and other light wood. All,
except paper, form part of nipa huts and similar dwellings in
tropical countries. The advantage of these materials is that
they allow for good ventilation, but their disadvantage is
that they are not resistant to fire and other natural
elements.
2. Heavy Materials
- The trend now is toward the use of heavy materials which
are not only fire-resistant but also durable and able to
withstand natural forces such as earthquakes, landslides,
storms, and floods. These materials are hardwood, stone,
concrete (combination of cement, gravel, and sand), brick,
steel, and cast iron.