Study Guide

Electromagnetics I (5EPA0)
Department of Electrical Engineering
Electromagnetics Group
August, 2020

1
Electromagnetics I (5EPA0)

1 Introduction

This study guide explains the goals and procedures for the BSc course Electromagnetics I (5EPA0).
It serves in addition to the regular information that is available through Osiris. The most up-to-date
information is always available through Canvas. A url link to the video lectures is given in this
footnote.1

2 General information

Course title: Electromagnetics I

Course code: 5EPA0
ECTS credits: 5
Quartile: 1
Timeslot: D (Wed 5–8; Fri 1–4)
Program: Bachelor College EE and AU, year 2, compulsory
Bachelor College SI – Sustainable Energy (EN), year 2, compulsory
Pre-master program EE, compulsory
Type of education: Pre-recorded on-line video lectures1 (4 hours/week). For these lectures, we
have reserved the time-slots 13.30–15.00 on Wednesdays and 8.45–10.15
on Fridays, but of course you can watch the lectures in advance.
If you have questions, you may post them on the Canvas Discussions fo-
rum, which will be monitored daily on weekdays (see Section 9). Questions
about the problems in the Studyguide will be addressed via hints. No help
will be offered for questions on OnCourse quizzes (for which points can be
awarded), or for the pencast questions (the exam-level questions and the
Rayleigh scattering and EMC ones). Thne latter serve as self-assessment,
and will be discussed in pencasts in due time.
Questions about the lectures or general questions will be addressed in live
on-line plenary Zoom Q&A sessions from 15.00–15.30 on Wednesdays and
10.15–10.45 on Fridays.
Recurring or illustrative questions about the problems in the Studyguide
will be discussed in on-line tutorials in Zoom mixed breakout rooms and
plenary sessions (4 hours/week), from 15.30–17.15 on Wednesdays, and
10.45–12.30 on Fridays.
The general schedule is depicted in Section 5.
A poll will be held to gauge a possible demand for organising (limited ca-
pacity) tutorials on campus.
Course subject: This course gives a first introduction in to Electromagnetics. Many electrical
engineering concepts can be derived from electromagnetics. Electromag-
netic fields and applications are all around us; just think of microwaves,
the antenna of your cell phone, electric machines, traffic radar or an MR
scanner in a hospital.

1
https://videocollege.tue.nl/Mediasite/Showcase/11d4c5f4423c453ba67db38aef7ba22744/Channel/543d71a90b3a4168be7b87293ab3a39f4d#
Channel/null/3/null/null/0

2
Electromagnetics I (5EPA0)

Lecturers: Dr Bastiaan de Hon, FLX 9.074 (responsible lecturer, tutor)

Dr Sander Bronckers, FLX 9.076 (lecturer, tutor)
Dr Roeland Dilz, FLX 9.074 (On-Course quizzes)
Fahimeh Sepehripour, MSc., FLX 7.072 (tutor)
Martijn de Kok, MSc., FLX 9.078 (tutor)
Sjoerd Aker (tutor)
Leroy Driessen (tutor)
Adeel Imran (tutor)
Atalante Koolen (tutor)
Christiaan de Leijer (tutor)
Thom van Zeijl (tutor)
Course material: Book: W.H. Hayt and J.A. Buck, Engineering Electromagnetics, McGraw-Hill
International Edition, 8th edition (H&B8), 2012, or 9th edition (H&B9),
2017, Available via Thor
Other: Study guide, lecture slides, and pencasts. Made available on Canvas
(canvas.tue.nl).
Assessment: 3-hour (written) exam in AnsDelft format, probably on-line and invigilated
through Proctorio. If the Covid-19 situation permits it, there may be a con-
current written exam in AnsDelft format on campus.
There will be seven OnCourse quizzes that open on Fridays after the tuto-
rials and close the following Tuesdays at 23.59. For the quizzes to count,
they must be submitted.
The exam and the quizzes count for 80% and 20%, respectively. To pass the
course the mark for the exam should be equal or in excess of 5.0, and the
overall grade should be equal or in excess of 5.5.
The resit exam is open only to students who have attended the regular
exam.
Professional skills: none
Group: Electromagnetics (EM), Department of Electrical Engineering
Secretariat: Mrs. Suzanne Kuijlaars, FLX 9.068, Phone 040 2473332

3 Learning objectives and content

At the end of the course, a student will/should be able to:

• describe in his/her own words the relevance of electromagnetics in the various applications
within Electrical Engineering and Automotive, e.g. wireless communication, medical applica-
tions, and electromechanics;

• apply mathematical concepts and skills related to vector calculus in various coordinate sys-
tems;

• apply and interpret physical concepts from electrostatics (Coulomb, Gauss), magnetostatics
(Biot-Savart, Ampére, Lorentz) and electrodynamics (fields and waves, Faraday, Maxwell,
Poynting);

• define the mathematical models of these physical concepts in various coordinate systems, both
in differential and integral form, where appropriate;

• apply the mathematical models for the design of electrical components, such as capacitors,
inductors, transformers, and basic electric engines;

3
Electromagnetics I (5EPA0)

• apply the finite difference method as a numerical method to solve electrostatic problems and
interpret simulation results.
The contents of the course can be grouped into four main topics:
• Mathematical tools:

– Vector calculus
– Line integrals, surface and volume integrals
– Gradient, divergence, Gauss’s theorem
– Coordinate systems (cartesian, cylindrical, spherical)

• Electrostatics

– Electrostatic fields, Coulomb, Superposition, Gauss’s law

– Work and electric (scalar) potential
– Capacitance, dielectric materials
– Laplace and Poisson equations
– Energy
– Finite difference method for electrostatics (Poisson, Laplace)

• Magnetostatics

– Rotation (curl), Stokes’ theorem

– Current, current density, magnetic flux density and Ampére’s law
– Vector potential and Biot-Savart
– Lorentz force
– Magnetic fields and magnetic materials
– Inductance (self, mutual)
– Boundary conditions

• Time-dependent fields and waves

– Faraday
– Lenz’s law
– Continuity equation, displacement current
– Maxwell’s equations in differential and integral form
– Maxwell’s equations in frequency domain, phasors
– One-dimensional waves, plane waves (time domain and time harmonic), free space
impedance
– Skin effect
– Poynting’s theorem

4 Position in the curriculum

Prior knowledge: 3NBB0 – Applied Physical Sciences formal (compulsory)

2ESE0 – Signals I (compulsory)
2DE20 – Mathematics I (compulsory)
Follow-up courses: 5EWA0 – Electromechanics
5EPB0 – Electromagnetics II

4
Electromagnetics I (5EPA0)

5 Course schedule
In the schedule below, you can find the dates and locations of the pre-recorded lectures and live on-
line tutorials. Roughly, the material is divided into seven weeks of two blocks of lectures, plenary
questions, and tutorials.

Week 1 Week 2 Week 3 Week 4 Week 5 Week 6 Week 7 Week 8

2/Sep 9/Sep 16/Sep 23/Sep 30/Sep 7/Oct 14/Oct 21/Oct
1
2
3
Wed 4
5 LEC LEC LEC LEC LEC LEC LEC
ET Video lectures
6 1.a 2.a 3.a 4.a 5.a 6.a 7.a
7 INS INS INS INS INS INS INS
ET On-line tutorials
8 1.a 2.a 3.a 4.a 5.a 6.a 6.b

4/Sep 11/Sep 18/Sep 25/Sep 2/Oct 9/Oct 16/Oct 23/Oct

1 LEC LEC LEC LEC LEC LEC LEC
Video lectures
2 1.b 2.b 3.b 4.b 5.b 6.b 7.b
3 INS INS INS INS INS INS INS
On-line tutorials
4 1.b 2.b 3.b 4.b 5.b 6.b 7.b
Fri
5
6
7
8

LEC Lecture INS Instruction ET Exam Training

Of course you can also

do this earlier!
≤ 90 minutes: watch pre-recorded lectures

30 minutes: time for plenary questions All links on canvas

90 minutes: instruction/tutorial

The final written exam is scheduled on Thursday 29 October, 2020, 13.30–16.30.

The re-sit is scheduled on Thursday 28 January, 2021, 18.00–21.00.

6 Education format and assessment

Education format
For this course, 8 hours per week are planned in Q1. There are 4 hours of lectures per week,
accompanied by 4 hours of tutorials per week.
The detailed contents of the tutorials can be found in Section 8.
Assessment
The course Electromagnetics I (5EPA0) consists of the following partial grades:

• 5EPA1: Final written test, accounting for 80% of your grade;

• 5EPA2: Weekly OnCourse tests (best 6 of 7 count), accounting for 20% of your grade;

Remarks:

5
Electromagnetics I (5EPA0)

• At the final test, you will be provided with three sheets of formulas. These will also be made
available through Canvas, so you can get used to them. Next to a ruler and pen and paper,
the sheets of formulas are the only material that you are allowed to use during the final test;

• Note: you have to participate in the final test to be allowed to do the resit;

• You have to score 5.0 or higher for 5EPA1 to pass the course;

7 Course subjects per week

In the table below, the overview of the material taught in the course is given per lecture. The
schedule is tentative and may still be subject to change.
Lecture Subject matter Book Section
1.a Introduction
Vector calculus, vector fields 1.1 – 1.7
Coordinate systems 1.8, 1.9
1.b Coulomb’s law, superposition 2.1, 2.2
Electrostatic fields 2.3 – 2.5
2.a Electric flux density 3.1
Gauss’s law 3.2 – 3.4
2.b Divergence 3.5, 3.6
Work and energy 4.1
Line integral 4.2
Electric potential 4.3
3.a Electric potential 4.4, 4.5
Gradient 4.6
Energy density 4.8
Current, current density 5.1, 5.2
Metallic conductors 5.3
3.b Dielectric materials 5.6, 5.7
Electric boundary conditions 5.4, 5.8
Capacitance 6.1 – 6.3
4.a Capacitance (recap)
Poisson’s and Laplace’s equation 6.6, 6.7
Finite difference techniques for electrostatics Additional material
4.b Magnetic field intensity 7.1
Biot & Savart 7.1
Ampére’s law 7.2
5.a Curl 7.3
Stokes’ theorem 7.4
Magnetic flux density 7.5

6
Electromagnetics I (5EPA0)

5.b Vector potential 7.6

Lorentz force 8.1 – 8.4
Magnetic materials 8.6
Magnetic boundary conditions 8.7
6.a Potential energy 8.9
Inductance 8.10
6.b Faraday’s law 9.1
Lenz’s law 9.1
22 ENGINEERING ELECTROMAGNETICS
7.a Displacement current 9.2
Maxwell’s equations
D1.7. Given the two points, C(−3, 2, 1) and D(r = 5, θ = 20◦ , φ = − 70◦ ),
9.3, 9.4
One-dimensional
find: (a) the sphericalwaves
coordinates of C; (b) the rectangular coordinates 11.1
of D;
(c) the distance from C to D.
7.b Poynting’s theorem 11.3
SkinC(r
Ans. effect
= 3.74, θ = 74.5◦ , φ = 146.3◦ ); D(x = 0.585, y = −1.607, z = 11.4
4.70);
6.29
ET Exam training

D1.8. Transform the following vectors to spherical coordinates at the points

given: (a) 10ax at P(x = −3, y = 2, z = 4); (b) 10a y at Q(ρ = 5, φ = 30◦ ,
8 z = 4); (c) 10az at M(r = 4, θ = 110◦ , φ = 120◦ ).
Tutorials
Ans. −5.57ar − 6.18aθ − 5.55aφ ; 3.90ar + 3.12aθ + 8.66aφ ; −3.42ar − 9.40aθ
Problem numbers in the detailed week schedule refer to problems in the book (H&B8 or H&B9:
where the two books differ, we have provided the pertaining problems explicitly below). The book
contains many problems which you can practise at home. You will find the answers of all odd-
numbered exercises in the book (Appendix F). Answers to the tutorial problems will be provided on
REFERENCES
Canvas1.after the tutorials.
Grossman, We strongly
S. I. Calculus. suggest
3d ed. Orlando, Fla.:you to tryPress
Academic yourselves first.
and Harcourt Brace
In addition, every week
Jovanovich, one exam-level
1984. Vector problemand
algebra and cylindrical will be provided,
spherical coordinatesfor which
appear in no solution will be
provided on Canvas.
Chapter 17, andInstead, a pencast
vector calculus explanation
is introduced 20. be provided in due time, giving you the
in Chapterwill
chance2.to see whether
Spiegel, you are
M. R. Vector on track
Analysis. Schaum in Outline
your exam
Series.preparations ;-). 1959.
New York: McGraw-Hill,
A large number of examples and problems with answers are provided in this concise,
inexpensive member of an outline series.
3. Swokowski, E. W. Calculus with Analytic Geometry. 3d ed. Boston: Prindle, Weber, &
Week 1
Schmidt, 1984. Vector algebra and the cylindrical and spherical coordinate systems are
discussed in Chapter 14, and vector calculus appears in Chapter 18.
Tutorial 1.a
4. Thomas, G. B., Jr., and R. L. Finney: Calculus and Analytic Geometry. 6th ed. Reading,
Mass.: Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, 1984. Vector algebra and the three
Problems: coordinate systems we use are discussed in Chapter 13. Other vector operations are
discussed in Chapters 15 and 17.
• 1.1, 1.2 (vectors)

CHAPTER 1 PROBLEMS
• H&B8:
1.1 Given the vectors M = −10ax + 4a y − 8az and N = 8ax + 7a y − 2az , find:
(a) a unit vector in the direction of −M + 2N; (b) the magnitude of 5ax +
N − 3M; (c) |M||2N|(M + N).
1.2 Vector A extends from the origin to (1, 2, 3), and vector B extends from the
origin to (2, 3, −2). Find (a) the unit vector in the direction of (A − B);
(b) the unit vector in the direction of the line extending from the origin to the
midpoint of the line joining the ends of A and B.
1.3 The vector from the origin to point A is given as (6, −2, −4), and the unit
vector directed
• 1.19 (coordinate from the origin toward point B is (2, −2, 1)/3. If points A
systems)
and B are ten units apart, find the coordinates of point B.

7
R AN = (−10, 8, 15), define a triangle. Find (a) a unit vector perpendicular to
the triangle; (b) a unit vector in the plane of the triangle and perpendicular to
R AN ; (c) a unit vector in the plane of the triangle that bisects the interior
angle at A. Electromagnetics I (5EPA0)
1.18 A certain vector field is given as G = (y + 1)ax + xa y . (a) Determine G at
the point (3, −2, 4); (b) obtain a unit vector defining the direction of G at
• H&B8:(3, −2, 4).
1.19 (a) Express the field D = (x 2 + y 2 )−1 (xax + ya y ) in cylindrical components
and cylindrical variables. (b) Evaluate D at the point where ρ = 2, φ = 0.2π ,
and z = 5, expressing the result in cylindrical and rectangular components.
1.20 If the three sides of a triangle are represented by vectors A, B, and C, all
• Additional problems:
directed counterclockwise, show that |C|2 = (A + B) · (A + B) and expand
the product to obtain the law of cosines.
1. Use a volume integral and spherical coordinates to calculate the volume in between two
1.21 Express in cylindrical components: (a) the vector from C(3, 2, −7) to
concentric
D(−1, −4,spheres
2); (b) a with radiusat aDand
unit vector b (btoward
directed > a). C;
In (c)
fact, thisvector
a unit volumeat Dcan be considered a
spherical shell.
directed toward the origin.
2. Let
1.22 ρ andofϕradius
A sphere be cylindrical
a, centeredcoordinates
at the origin,in the plane
rotates z =z 0.
about the Sketch
axis aρ + 2~
the vector −~
at angular aϕ
velocity ( rad/s. The rotation ◦
direction is clockwise when one is looking in
(a) at a point where ϕ = 30 ,
the positive z direction. (a) Using◦ spherical components, write an expression
(b)
for at
theavelocity
point where = −70
field, v,ϕthat . tangential velocity at any point within
gives the
3. Inthe
cylindrical
sphere; (b)coordinates, V~1 = 2~
convert to rectangular acomponents.
ρ − 3~ aϕ and V~2 = −~ aρ − a~ϕ . Find:
◦ ◦
TheV
1.23 (a) ~surfaces
~ ρ = 3, ρ = 5, φ = 100 , φ = 130 , z = 3, and z = 4.5 define a
1 · V2 ,
closed surface. Find (a) the enclosed volume; (b) the total area of the
(b) the angle
enclosing between
surface; (c) thethe
totaltwo vectors.
length of the twelve edges of the surfaces;
4. Let V1 = 2~
(d)~the a r − 4~
length of aθ + a~ϕ and V2 = −~
the longest ~
straight a rthat
line + 2~aθ entirely
lies + a~ϕ . Find:
within the volume.
TwoV
1.24 (a) ~1unit
· V~2vectors,
, a1 and a2 , lie in the x y plane and pass through the origin.
They make angles φ1 and φ2 , respectively, with the x axis (a) Express each
(b) V~1 ×
vector in Vrectangular
~2 .
components; (b) take the dot product and verify the
2 cos(φ2 − φ ) = cos φ cos
5. Show that |~
trigonometric v1 − ~v2 | = |~
identity, v1 |1 − 2~ 2v1 · ~ v1 2 |2 . φ2 + sin φ1 sin φ2 ; (c) take
v2 + |~
the cross product and verify the trigonometric identity
6. Given
sin(φ2the
− φpoints M (1, −2, −1), N (−2, 1, 3), and P(4, 0, 1), find:
1 ) = sin φ2 cos φ1 − cos φ2 sin φ1 .
(a) the vector R
~MN ,
(b) the dot product R~MN · R~MP,
(c) the scalar projection of R
~ M N on R
~MP,
(d) the angle between R ~ M N and R~MP.
7. The surfaces spanned by the points ρ = ρ1 , ρ = ρ2 , ϕ = ϕ1 , ϕ = ϕ2 , z = z1 and z = z2
define a closed surface. Here, ρ1 < ρ2 , ϕ1 < ϕ2 and z1 < z2 . Find
(a) the enclosed volume,
(b) the total area of the enclosing surface.

Some remarks on coordinate systems

Some additional information on coordinate systems is explained. In a three-dimensional Cartesian

space, a position vector from the origin to a point (x, y, z) is indicated by

~r (x, y, z) = x a~ x + y a~ y + z a~z . (1)

This position vector ~r can also be expressed in cylindrical coordinates as:

~r (ρ, ϕ, z) = ρ~
aρ (ϕ) + z a~z , (2)

where ρ and ϕ are given by:

Æ y
ρ= x 2 + y 2, ϕ = arctan . (3)
x
In spherical coordinates, position vector ~r becomes

~r (r, θ , ϕ) = r a~r (θ , ϕ), (4)

8
D2.7. Find the equation of that streamline that passes through the point
−8x 4x 2 Electromagnetics I (5EPA0)
P(1, 4, −2) in the field E = (a) ax + 2 a y ; (b) 2e5x [y(5x + 1)ax + xa y ].
y y
x 2 + 2y 2 = 33; y 2 = 15.7 + 0.4x − 0.08 ln(5x + 1)
where r, θAns.
and ϕ are given by:
Æ z x
= x 2 + y 2 + z2,
rREFERENCES θ = arccos , ϕ = arccos p , (5)
r x2 + y2
1. Boast, W. B. Vector Fields. New York: Harper and Row, 1964. This book contains
or numerous examples and sketches of fields.
2. Della
Æ Torre, E., and Longo, C. L. The Electromagnetic Field. Boston: Allyn and Bacon,
x 2 + y 2 theory with a carefulyand rigorous
p
r = x + y +z ,
2
1969. The 2 2
authors θ = arctan
introduce all of electromagnetic , ϕ = arctan . (6)
development based on a single experimentalzlaw—that of Coulomb. It beginsx in Chapter 1.
3. Schelkunoff, S. A. Electromagnetic Fields. New York: Blaisdell Publishing Company,
Important notes:
1963. Many of the physical aspects of fields are discussed early in this text without
advanced mathematics.
• Both the cylindrical and spherical coordinate system contain a radial coordinate ρ or r and an
angular coordinate ϕ. Take care that these are calculated differently, compare (3) with (5).

• A common mistake is to write position vector ~r in cylindrical coordinates as ~r = ρ~ aρ +ϕ~ aϕ +z a~z .

This is nonsense!
CHAPTER 2 The correct expression is (2), because a~ρ depends implicitly on ϕ.
PROBLEMS
Similarly, ~r = r a~r + θ a~θ + ϕ~ aϕ makes no sense in spherical coordinates! The correct expres-
2.1 Three point charges are positionedon
sion is (4), since a~r depends implicitly in the x-y ϕ.
θ and plane as follows: 5 nC at y = 5
cm, −10 nC at y = −5 cm, and 15 nC at x = −5 cm. Find the required x-y
• The previous remark
coordinates of aholds
20-nConly
fourth position
forcharge thatvectors! Vectora fields
will produce (like an
zero electric electric
field at or magnetic
field) may have components in a~ϕ -direction (cylindrical coordinates) or in a~θ , a~ϕ -direction
the origin.
(spherical
2.2 Pointcoordinates).
charges of 1 nC Always
and −2 keep thislocated
nC are in mind!
at (0, 0, 0) and (1, 1, 1),
respectively, in free space. Determine the vector force acting on each charge.
Tutorial
2.31.b Point charges of 50 nC each are located at A(1, 0, 0), B(−1, 0, 0), C(0, 1, 0),
and D(0, −1, 0) in free space. Find the total force on the charge at A.
Problems:
2.4 Eight identical point charges of Q C each are located at the corners of a cube
• Coulomb force:length
of side with oneqcharge
Pointa,charges 1 and qat areorigin,
2 the locatedandatwith
(0, 0, 0)three
the (a, a, a), respectively. De-
and nearest
terminecharges
the Coulomb
at (a, 0, force
0), (0,acting on each
a, 0), and (0, 0, charge.
a). Find an expression for the total
vector force on the charge at P(a, a, a), assuming free space.
• 2.6 (Coulomb and superposition)
2.5 Let a point charge Q 1 = 25 nC be located at P1 (4, −2, 7) and a charge
Q 2 = 60 nC be at P2 (−3, 4, −2). (a) If ! = !0 , find E at P3 (1, 2, 3). (b) At
• H&B8: what point on the y axis is E x = 0?
2.6 Two point charges of equal magnitude q are positioned at z = ±d/2. (a)
Find the electric field everywhere on the z axis; (b) find the electric field
everywhere on the x axis; (c) repeat parts (a) and (b) if the charge at
z = −d/2 is −q instead of +q.
2.7 A 2-µC point charge is located at A(4, 3, 5) in free space. Find E ρ , E φ , and
• 2.13 (Volume charges)
E z at P(8, 12, 2).

• Line charge: consider a uniform line charge ρ L extending along the z-axis over the range
−L < z < L. Use a cylindrical coordinate system for this problem.

(a) Determine E~ in the plane z = 0.

(b) Determine the limit of the answer at (a) for L → ∞.

• Charged disk: calculate the field on the z-axis for a disk in the x- y-plane having a surface
charge density ρS . The disk is centered at the origin and has a radius a.

Exam-level problem Week 1: static equilibrium

A charged particle with charge q1 = q is placed in the origin. A second charged particle, having
charge q2 = 4q, is placed a distance ` away on the positive x-axis. You may assume that the medium
behaves as vacuum and that the particles are point charges.

9
Electromagnetics I (5EPA0)

(a) First, let us consider only the particle in the origin. Use Gauss’s law to show that the electric
field generated by this charge can be written in spherical coordinates as
q
E~ = a~r V/m.
4π"0 r 2

Clearly indicate how you arrive at your answer.

(b) Next, consider the second particle only. Give an expression for the electric field generated by
charge q2 in Cartesian coordinates and components.

If the two particles would be released from rest, they would repel each other. Let us now consider
the placement of a third charged particle of charge q3 = αq, which should result in static equilibrium
for the system of three particles. You may assume that only Coulomb forces are acting on them.

(c) Explain in your own words why:

• q3 has to be of opposite polarity than q1 and q2 , so α < 0;

• the three charged particles have to lie on a straight line;
• q3 has to be placed in between q1 and q2 .
Since the three particles have to be placed on the same axis
(let us assume the x-axis, for simplicity), the situation can be q1 q3 q2
depicted as shown in the figure.
x =0 x=d x =ℓ
(d) Using the information from (c), calculate position d and
charge q3 = αq such that the system of particles is in Three particles on the x-axis.
static equilibrium.

Pencast Rayleigh Scattering I

In the three pencasts on Rayleigh scattering, we shall answer the question “Why ís the sky blue?”, us-
ing mostly electrostatics, and a smidge of electromagnetism. To this end, we shall consider dielectric
spheres of radius b.

• Determine the r, θ and ϕ components of the respective constant, monopole and (point) dipole
electric fields

E~ E~0 = E0 a~z
b2 ~r
E~ E~m = Em
r3
3b2 (~p · ~r )~r − b4 ~p
E~ E~d = Ed ,
q r5

where q has the dimension of charge, and the dipole moment ~p = p~ az has the dimension of
charge times distance. Further E0 , Em and Ed are constant electric field strenths [V/m].

10
Electromagnetics I (5EPA0)

Week 2
Tutorial 2.a
Problems:
• Infinite plate: we have seen that the electric field generated by an infinite plate in the x- y-
plane, having surface charge density ρS , is given by:
¨ ρ C H A P T E R 3 Electric Flux Density, Gauss’s Law, and Divergence 73
2"0 a ~z for z > 0
S

E=
~ ρ .
− 2"S0 a~z for z < 0
total charge is contained within a cylinder of radius a and height b, where the
Calculate the total
cylinder axis is electric flux Ψ through a closed cube with edge length a, centered at the
the z axis?
origin.
3.17 A cube is defined by 1 < x, y, z < 1.2. If D = 2x 2yax + 3x 2y 2 a y C/m2
(a) Apply Gauss’s law to find the total flux leaving the closed surface of the
• quarter cylinder: Given an electric field E~ = E0 a~ x , calculate the total electric flux Ψ through a
cube. (b) Evaluate ∇ · D at the center of the cube. π (c) Estimate the total
closed quarter cylinderwithin
charge enclosed of radius b,using
ρ =by
the cube 0 ≤ ϕEq. 2 and 0 ≤ z ≤ h.
≤ (8).
• 3.6,
3.183.10
State(Gauss)
whether the divergence of the following vector fields is positive,
negative, or zero: (a) the thermal energy flow in J/(m2 − s) at any point in a
• Volumefreezing
charge density:
ice cube; A(b)volume charge
the 3current density
density is located
in A/m 2 inbar
in a bus free space as
carrying ρV = 2r C/m3 for
direct
0 < r <current;
1 m, and (c) ρ = 0 C/m
V mass
the flow rateelsewhere.
in kg/(m2 − s) below the surface of water in a
basin,
(a) Find theintotal
which the water
charge is circulating
enclosed by the clockwise as viewedr =
spherical surface from above.
1 m.
3.19
(b) ByAusing
spherical surface
Gauss’s ofcalculate
law, radius 3 mm
theisvalue
centered
of Datr on
P(4, 1, surface
the 5) in freer space.
= 1 m.Let
D = xax C/m2 . Use the results of2eSection
−r 3.4 to estimate the net electric flux
(c) Recalculate
leaving the (a) and (b)
spherical for ρ v = r C/m3 for 0 < r < 1 m, and ρ v = 0 C/m3 elsewhere.
surface.
• Hollow
3.20 Asphere: A hollow
radial electric sphere
field is made
distribution of perfect
in free space isconducting material of finite thickness. It
given in spherical
carries coordinates
a total chargeas: Q. Using Gauss’s law and arguments based on symmetry, investigate the
rρ0
following questions: E1 = ar (r ≤ a)
3$0
(a) Is there an electric field inside
(2a 3 −the
r 3 )ρsphere?
0
E2 = ar (a ≤ r ≤ b)
(b) Is any of the charge on the inside 3$0 r surface?
2

(2a 3 − b3 )ρ0
E3 = ar (r ≥ b)
Tutorial 2.b 3$0 r 2
where(divergence)
• 3.21, 3.22 ρ0 , a, and b are constants. (a) Determine the volume charge density in
the entire region (0 ≤ r ≤ ∞) by the appropriate use of ∇ · D = ρv . (b) In
terms of given parameters, find the total charge, Q, within a sphere of radius
• H&B8:r where r > b.
3.21 Calculate ∇ · D at the point specified if (a) D = (1/z 2 )[10x yz ax +
5x 2 z a y + (2z 3 − 5x 2 y) az ] at P(−2, 3, 5); (b) D = 5z 2 aρ + 10ρz az at
P(3, −45◦ , 5); (c) D = 2r sin θ sin φ ar + r cos θ sin φ aθ + r cos φ aφ at
P(3, 45◦ , −45◦ ).
3.22 (a) A flux density field is given as F1 = 5az . Evaluate the outward flux of F1
• Line integral:
throughonthethe contour from
hemispherical A to Br in
surface, = the
a, 0figure
< θ <below,
π/2, 0choose
< φ <a2π.suitable parametrization
and find the line integral of V
~ (x, y) for:
(b) What simple observation would have saved a lot of work in part a?
(c) Now suppose the field is given by F2 = 5zaz . Using the appropriate
1. V~ (x, y) = V0 x a~ x ,
surface integrals, evaluate the net outward flux of F2 through the closed
2. V~ surface V0 x e− y a~of
(x, y) =consisting x . the hemisphere of part a and its circular base in the x y
plane. (d) Repeat part c by using the divergence theorem and an appropriate
volume integral. y

1
3.23 (a) A point charge Q lies at the origin. B div D is zero everywhere
Show that
except at the origin. (b) Replace the point charge with a uniform volume
charge density ρv0 for 0 < r < a. Relate ρv0 to Q and a so that the total
charge is the same. Find div D everywhere.
A
1 x

11
Electromagnetics I (5EPA0)

• Closed contour: consider a vector field V~ (~r ) = x a~ x + x y 2 a~ y . A closed contour C , consisting

of three partial contours C1 , C2 and C3 is depicted in the following figure.

1
C3
C2
O
C1 1 2 x

1. Choose a possible parametrisation for the position vector ~r (t) = x(t)~

a x + y(t)~
a y along
each of the contours Ci , (i = 1, 2, 3).
2. Using these parametrisations, calculate the line integral
I
V~ · d ~l.
C

Exam-level problem Week 2: electron accelerator

To accelerate electrons to a certain velocity, a configuration as depicted in the figure below can be
used. For sake of simplicity, we consider a 2D case here. The electron of mass me , and charge
−qe , is accelerated through a gap between two line charges ρ L . The gap and the line charges have
dimensions as indicated in the figure and they are centered around the x-axis. The electron starts
at position d along the negative x-axis.

ρL 2a
−qe 2h
x
ρL
d

Configuration for accelerating an electron.

(a) Determine the direction of the net force on the electron. Motivate your answer.

(b) Calculate the total electric field E~ (generated by the line charges) at the starting point of the
electron.

(c) Explain in detailed steps how you would calculate the velocity of the electron, when it passes
the origin. For this case, you may assume that the only force acting on the electron is the
electrostatic force. You do not have to perform the calculation, but you have to motivate your
answer.

Additional data:

1 y
Z
dy = 2 2 + const.
(y + c )
2 2 3/2 c ( y + c 2 )1/2

12
Electromagnetics I (5EPA0)

Week 3
Tutorial 3.a

Problems:

• work: the value of E~ at P(ρ = 2, ϕ = 40o , z = 3) is given as E~ = 100~

aρ − 200~
aϕ + 300~
az V/m.
Determine the incremental work (incremental means that the field may be assumed constant
over the small distance) required to move a 20 µC charge a distance of 6 µm:

(a) in the direction of a~ρ ;

(b) in the direction of a~ϕ ;
(c) in the direction of a~z ;
(d) in the direction of a~ x .

• 4.2 (work/energy) Again, for an incremental distance, the field E~ can be assumed locally
constant.

• 4.8, 4.10, 4.12 (potential)

• 4.20 (gradient, electrostatic potential energy)

Tutorial 3.b

Problems:

• 5.2 (currents)

• Electrostatic energy: in free space, a sphere made of perfect conducting material is positioned.
The sphere has radius r0 and carries a total charge Q 0 .

(a) Find the internal and external D

~ -field.
(b) Calculate the total energy stored in the electrostatic field.
(c) Is the energy stored inside or outside the sphere?
cos(ωt)
• Volume charge density: a volume charge density is given as ρV = r2
C/m3 . Find J~. You
can assume that J~ has no θ - or ϕ-component.

• Boundary conditions: the surface x = 0 separates two perfect dielectrics. For x > 0, " r = "1 =
3, and for x < 0, " r = "2 = 5. If E~1 = 80~
a x − 60~
a y − 30~
az V/m, find

(a) EN 1 ;
(b) E~T 1 ;
(c) E T 1 ;
(d) E1 ;
(e) the angle θ1 between E~1 and the normal of the surface;
(f) DN 2 ;
(g) DT 2 ;
(h) D
~2;
(i) the angle θ2 between E~2 and the normal of the surface.

13
Electromagnetics I (5EPA0)

Exam-level problem Week 3: sphere and shell

Consider a perfectly electrically conducting −Q

solid sphere of radius r1 . Around this sphere, a ǫr
perfectly electrically conducting shell is placed
concentrically, with inner radius r2 and outer Q
radius r3 . In between the sphere and the shell,
a dielectric material with relative permittivity S
" r is present. The situation is depicted in the
figure below. The solid sphere carries a total
charge Q (Q > 0). The spherical shell contains
a total charge −Q. A switch S is located out- r1
side the shell. It can be used to ground the r2
shell. Due to symmetry of the configuration, r3
it is fair to assume that the electric field has a
radial component only. Sphere with a shell around it.

For problems (a) to (c), the switch will be considered open. The effect of the wire to the switch may
be neglected.

(a) Determine how the charge −Q is distributed over the inner and outer surface of the shell.

(b) Give an expression for the electric field strength E~(r) in the four regions r < r1 , r1 < r < r2 ,
r2 < r < r3 , and r > r3 . Motivate your answer.

(c) Using the expression for the energy density of the electric field

1
w E (~r ) = D
~ (~r ) · E~(~r ),
2

determine the total electrostatic potential energy of the configuration.

(d) Now switch S will be closed. Explain what will happen to the charge on the shell.

Pencast Rayleigh Scattering II

Consider a dielectric sphere of radius b with permittivity "1 suspended in empty space (permittivity
"0 ). Assume that the electric field outside the sphere is the linear combination electric fields

E~ = E~0 + E~m + E~d for r > b,

of constant, monopole and (point) dipole fields, defined in the first pencast on Rayleigh scattering.
The constant electric field inside the sphere is given by E~ = E~1 = E1 a~z for r < b.

• Express the boundary conditions for the normal and tangential components of the electric field
across the surface of the sphere r = b in terms of spherical coordinates.

• Use these boundary conditions for the normal and tangential components of the electric field
to determine E1 , Em and Ed in terms of E0 (and b, q, p, "0 , and "1 ). Hint: note that the
boundary conditions must hold for all values of θ and φ.

• Alternatively, for a point dipole in free space we may write Ed = q/(4π"0 b2 ). Determine the
dipole moment ~p = p~ az from this expression, and the answer you found for Ed .

14
6.2 Let S = 100 mm , d = 3 mm, and !r = 12 for a parallel-plate capacitor.
(a) Calculate the capacitance. (b) After connecting a 6-V battery across the
capacitor, calculate E, D, Q, and the total stored electrostatic energy.
(c) With the source still connected, the dielectric is carefully withdrawn
Electromagnetics I (5EPA0)
from between the plates. With the dielectric gone, recalculate E, D, Q, and
the energy stored in the capacitor. (d) If the charge and energy found in
Week 4 part (c) are less than the values found in part (b) (which you should have
discovered), what became of the missing charge and energy?
Tutorial
6.34.a Capacitors tend to be more expensive as their capacitance and
Problems: maximum voltage Vmax increase. The voltage Vmax is limited by the field
strength at which the dielectric breaks down, E BD . Which of these dielectrics
• 6.2, 6.4will give the largest CVmax product for equal plate areas? (a) Air: !r = 1,
(capacitance)
E BD = 3 MV/m. (b) Barium titanate: !r = 1200, E BD = 3 MV/m. (c) Silicon
dioxide: !r = 3.78, E BD = 16 MV/m. (d) Polyethylene: !r = 2.26, E BD =
• H&B8: 4.7 MV/m.
6.4 An air-filled parallel-plate capacitor with plate separation d and plate
area A is connected to a battery that applies a voltage V0 between
plates. With the battery left connected, the plates are moved apart to a
distance of 10d. Determine by what factor each of the following
quantities changes: (a) V0 ; (b) C; (c) E; (d) D; (e) Q; ( f ) ρ S ; (g) W E .
6.5 A parallel-plate capacitor is filled with a nonuniform dielectric characterized
• 6.24 (Poisson)
by !r = 2 + 2 × 106 x 2 , where x is the distance from one plate in meters.
If S = 0.02 m2 and d = 1 mm, find C.
• Poisson’s equation: a two-dimensional potential distribution can be approximated with the
6.6 Repeat Problem 6.4, assuming the battery is disconnected before the plate
quadratic expression
separation is increased.
6.7 VLet ρ v 2.5 fory 20).< y < 1 mm, !r 2 = 4 for 1 < y < 3 mm, and !r 3 for
= −!r 1 = (x 2 +
3 < y4" <0 5 mm (region 3). Conducting surfaces are present at y = 0 and

Show that this function satisfies Poisson’s equation.

• Television: in the past, televisions were equipped with a cathode ray tube (CRT). Inside the
vacuum of such CRT a (hot) filament generates free electrons that are accelerated in an electric
field. The accelerated electrons eventually collide at the glass screen and a special coating
(partially) converts their kinetic energy into visible light. By applying a potential of 25 kV
between the filament and a plate of metal with a small hole in the center a uniform electric
field is generated over 5 cm distance. Assume that the initial energy of the free electrons at
the filament is negligible.

5 cm

E~
v
~

25 kV

(a) What is the energy of the electrons that pass through the small hole?
(b) What is the velocity of the electrons at collision?
(c) Physicists often use the electronvolt as unit of energy (1 eV ≈ 1.602 · 10−19 J). What is
the energy of the accelerated electrons in electronvolts? Why is this a convenient unit?

Tutorial 4.b

Problems:

• Infinite wire: an infinite wire (in free space) is placed along the z-axis and carries a current I,
see the figure below. Use the Biot-Savart law to determine the magnetic field H ~ around the

15
Electromagnetics I (5EPA0)

wire as a function of the current I and distance to the wire ρ.

Wire

Free space
I

• Two infinite wires: two infinite wires 1 and 2 (in free space) are placed parallel to the z-axis,
at a distance −d and +d from the origin, in the plane formed by the y-axis and z-axis (see the
figure below). They carry respectively a current +I and −I. Determine the magnetic field H ~
along the z-axis:

(a) due to wire 1 only,

(b) due to wire 2 only,
(c) due to both wires.

Wire 1 Wire 2

d d

I I

Free space

• Parabolic current: A wire lies in the x- y plane and has the form of a parabola y = x 2 , see
the figure below. It carries a current I in the direction indicated. We would like to find the
~ at the point (x, y, z) = (0, 1 , 0) due to the current in the infinitely long wire.
magnetic field H 4

16
Electromagnetics I (5EPA0)

(0, 14 , 0)

C
I I

For this, we will use the Biot-Savart law:

~ × (~r − ~r 0 )
I dl
Z
H=
~ ,
4π|~r − ~r 0 |3
C

where ~r denotes the vector to the observation point, and ~r 0 denotes the vector of a source
point. In order to calculate the magnetic field, we need a suitable parametrisation for ~r 0 in
terms of a parameter t.

(a) Using x = t, give a parametrisation for ~r 0 (t) and the bounds for t.
~ ~r , |~r − ~r 0 |, and dl.
(b) Give expressions for the remaining terms in the integral for H: ~
(c) Show that, after substitution of the results of (b) into the integral, it can be written as

Z∞
I 1
H
~= a~z dt.
4π (t 2 + 41 )2
−∞

1
(d) Solve this integral by using a substitution t = 2 tan ϕ.

• 7.16 (Ampère’s law) Assume that the magnetic field has the form H
~ = Hϕ a~ϕ .

Exam-level problem Week 4: cylindrical capacitor

2a An alternative for the parallel-plate capacitor treated during

the course is the cylindrical capacitor shown in the figure. Be-

cause of symmetry, we choose for circular cylindrical coordi-
nates, with the z-axis in the center. The capacitor consists of
L two conducting surfaces at ρ = a en ρ = b, enclosing a homo-
geneous dielectric medium with permittivity ". The exterior of
the capacitor consists of vacuum.
In this problem, we consider the approximation that the capac-
itor has infinite length, i.e., lim L → ∞. In that case, we need
to define physical quantities per unit length in the z-direction.
2b Per unit length, a charge +q exists on the interior cylinder, and
Geometry of a a charge −q on the exterior one.
cylindrical capacitor.

17
Electromagnetics I (5EPA0)

(a) Symmetry prescribes that E~(~r ) = Eρ (ρ)~

aρ . Determine Eρ for 0 < ρ < a, a < ρ < b and
b < ρ < ∞ with the aid of Gauss’s law. To this aim, choose a suitable closed volume to which
this law is applied.

(b) Also determine the potential difference Va − Vb and the capacitance per unit length C.
(Note: If you have not been able to find Eρ (ρ) in part (a), define a suitable field yourself.)

(c) The density of electric field energy at a position ~r in between both capacitor plates (hence for
a < ρ < b) is given by
1 1
w E (~r ) = ~ (~r ) · E~(~r ) = "| E~(~r )|2 .
D
2 2
From this expression, determine the total electric field energy WE that is contained in the
capacitor per unit length.

(d) There are two alternative ways to find the total energy WE per unit length:

• through circuit theory as WE = 12 C (Va − Vb )2 ;

• through the definition of the electrostatic potential as WE = 21 q (Va − Vb ).

Verify that each of these expressions leads to the same answer as obtained in part (c).

Week 5
Tutorial 5.a
Problems:
• Curl: Calculate the curl ∇ × F~ for the following vector fields:
2 €ϕ Š
(a) F~ = cos a~ρ + ρz 2 a~z .
ρ 5
(b) F~ = yz 2 a~ x + (xz 2 + 2)~
a y + (2x yz − 1)~
az .

• 7.27, 7.29 (curl, Stokes)

• 7.31 (magnetic flux) The current is assumed to be distributed uniformly. First use Ampère’s
law to calculate H,
~ then use B
~ = µ0 H.
~

Tutorial 5.b
Problems:
• 7.36 (vector potential)

• Lorentz force: consider an infinitely long wire along the z-axis, carrying a static current IA in
+~az -direction, as depicted in figure (a) below.

z z

IA IA IB

x x
d

wire A wire A wire B

18
Electromagnetics I (5EPA0)

(a) (b)
Infinitely long wires carrying currents.

(a) The magnetic flux density caused by the current in wire A is given by

µ0 I A
B
~= a~ϕ
2πρ

Use Ampère’s law to show this.

Now consider the case, depicted in figure (b), where a second, infinitely long wire is present
in the x-z-plane, parallel to the z-axis at position d on the positive x-axis. The wire carries a
static current I B , also in +~
az -direction.

(b) Determine total magnetic flux density on the x-axis between the two wires, so for 0 <
x < d.

(c) Calculate the Lorentz force dF~ caused by the magnetic flux density of wire A on a differ-
~ of wire B.
ential current element I B d`

(d) Describe what happens to the Lorentz force if current I B is no longer static, but is varying
slowly in time as I B (t) = I B sin(2π f t).

• 8.1, 8.2 (Lorentz)

• Boundary conditions: consider the two semi-infinite media, separated by an interface at x = 0,

as shown in the figure below. Region 1, for x < 0, has a permeability µ1 , region 2, for x > 0,
has a permeability µ2 . A uniform H-field
~ H
~ 1 = H1x a~ x + H1 y a~ y is present in region 1. This
means that H~ 1 makes an angle ϕ1 with the normal to the interface. At the interface, a sheet
current K = K a~z is present.
~

Calculate ϕ2 , which is the angle that H

~ 2 makes in region 2 with the normal.

Exam-level problem Week 5: Biot-Savart

We consider a current loop having a shape of parts of two concentric circles that are interconnected
by two straight sections as shown in the figure. The inner quarter of a circle has a radius R. The
outer three quarters of a circle has a radius 2R. The current loop carries a current I in the direction
indicated in the Figure. The loop is located in the x- y plane.

19
Electromagnetics I (5EPA0)

P
R R
I

Current loop consisting of parts of two concentric circles and two straight sections.

We would like to determine the magnetic field intensity H

~ in point P, which currently coincides with
the origin.

(a) Motivate why the two straight sections do not contribute to H

~ in point P.

(b) Let us consider only the inner quarter of a circle of radius R. Determine the magnetic field
intensity H
~ at position P caused by the current I, by using the Biot-Savart law.
In differential form, this law expresses the differential magnetic field intensity dH
~ at ~r pro-
0 0
~
duced by a differential current element I d` at ~r as:
~ 0 × (~r − ~r 0 )
I d`
dH
~= .
4π|~r − ~r 0 |3

(c) Show that the total magnetic field intensity H

~ at position P, caused by the complete loop can
be written as:

1 3
 ‹
H=I
~ + a~z .
8R 16R
(d) The observation point P is now elevated along the z-axis (z p > 0).
Without calculating detailed results, answer the following questions:

• What is the change in contribution, if any, of the straight line segments to the H
~ field?
• What is the change in contribution, if any, of the circular line segments to the H
~ field?

Week 6
Tutorial 6.a
Problems:

• Hall effect: when an electrical conductor carrying a current is located in a magnetic field
perpendicular to that current, a voltage difference will be generated across the conductor in
a direction perpendicular to both the current and the magnetic field. This is called the Hall
effect. Hall effect sensors are commonly used in distributors for ignition timing in automotive
applications. In this problem we will look at the generation of the voltage difference across
the conductor, the so-called Hall voltage.
Consider a ribbon of conductive material as depicted in the figure below. The ribbon has a
width d. A current of density J~ flows through the ribbon such that the charged particles move
v = v0 a~ y . A uniform magnetic field with a flux density B0 is present in the a~z
with a velocity ~
direction.

20
Electromagnetics I (5EPA0)

a~z d
B
~
a~ y
v
~
a~ x

Vh
J~

(a) Calculate the magnetic force on a charge Q moving with velocity ~

v.

Due to the magnetic force, charge will accumulate on one side of the conductor, and equal
opposite charge on the other side. These accumulated charges will generate an electric field
E~h . The charge will stop accumulating when the magnitude of the electric force equals the
magnetic force and the system reaches a steady-state situation.

(b) Calculate the magnitude of the Hall voltage (voltage difference) Vh in steady-state.

• 8.32 (inductance, magnetic energy)

• Mutual inductance: consider two circular loops, one big and one small, a distance h apart.
The loops have their centers on the z-axis (see the figure below). The big loop (loop 1) has a
radius b, the small loop (loop 2) has a radius a. Note that a b and a h. We would like to
calculate the mutual inductance between the two loops by considering the flux Φ12 through
the small loop, caused by a current I in the large loop.

z
2
a

1
b
O
I

For this purpose, we will first calculate the magnetic field H

~ on the z-axis using

~ 0 × (~r − ~r 0 )
I dl
I
H(~
~ r) = .
4π|~r − ~r 0 |3
C

Subsequently, we can calculate the flux through the small loop. Due to symmetry reasons,
only the z-component Hz of the magnetic field matters. Furthermore, due to the fact that the
upper loop (loop 2) is very small, the field can be assumed constant through it.

(a) Calculate the magnetic field on the z-axis due to the current in the lower loop by evalu-
ating the Biot-Savart law given above.
(b) Calculate the flux Φ12 through the small loop and the mutual inductance M12 between
the two loops.

21
4. Harman, W. W. Fundamentals of Electronic Motion. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1953.
Relativistic effects are discussed in a clear and interesting manner.
5. Nussbaum, A. Electromagnetic Theory for Engineers and Scientists. Englewood Cliffs,
N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1965. See the rocket-generator example beginning on p. 211.
Electromagnetics I (5EPA0)
6. Owen, G. E. Electromagnetic Theory. Boston: Allyn and Bacon, 1963. Faraday’s law is
discussed in terms of the frame of reference in Chapter 8.
7. Panofsky, W. K. H., and M. Phillips. Classical Electricity and Magnetism. 2d ed.
Tutorial 6.b
Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wesley, 1962. Relativity is treated at a moderately advanced
level in Chapter 15.
Problems:

CHAPTER
• 9.2, 9 PROBLEMS
9.4, 9.6 (Faraday) To solve Problems 9.4 and 9.6, have a look at the generator example
in9.1the slides. In 9.4,
In Figure problem
let B =9.6, you120πt
0.2 cos mayT,want to use that
and assume thethe
trigonometric
conductor identity cos(α ± β) =
cos α cosjoining
β ∓ sinthe sin β.
α two ends of the resistor is perfect. It may be assumed that the
H&B9 (in magnetic U should
H&B8field have
produced by been
I(t) is negligible.
v): Find (a) Vab(t); (b) I(t).
9.2 In the example described by Figure 9.1, replace the constant magnetic flux
density with the time-varying quantity B = B0 sin ωt az. Assume that v is
constant and that the displacement y of the bar is zero at t = 0. Find the emf
at any time, t.

Exam-level problem Week 6: mutual inductance

59_ch09_279-302.indd 298 N1 turns

25/11/17 11:49 am
I1

I2
N2 turns

Ring-core transformer.

In this problem we determine the mutual inductance of a ring-core transformer with two coils wound
around it, as depicted in the figure. The ring-shaped core can be considered as a torus, so it has a
circular cross-section with diameter d. The average diameter of the ring is D with D d. The core
has a relative permeability of µ r 1. The number of turns of coil 1 equals N1 . The number of turns
of coil 2 equals N2 .

(a) Determine the magnitude and direction of the magnetic flux density in the ring-core caused
by current I1 through coil 1.

(b) Determine the flux through one turn of coil 2.

(c) Determine the mutual inductance.

(d) In the schematic in the figure, we see that both coils are (somewhat) loosely wrapped around
the core. Would the answers to (a), (b) and (c) be different in case the coils were wrapped
very tightly around the core? Note: N1 and N2 stay the same. Motivate your answer.

Pencast on circuits enclosing a solenoid (Maxwell-Lodge problem popularised by Romer)

An infinitely long, circularly cylindrical, ideal solenoid of radius a is centred about the z-axis. The
magnetic flux density inside the solenoid is uniform, and is given by B ~ = β t a~z . Outside the solenoid,
2
the magnetic field vanishes.
Let us first consider the planar electrical circuit that encloses the solenoid in the circuit in Figure 1(a).
All conductors in the circuit are perfectly conducting. The voltmeters are also ideal and hence draw
2
The examples in this problem have been taken from R.H. Romer, ‘What do “voltmeters” measure?: Faraday’s law in a
multiple connected region’, Am. J. Phys. 50(12), pp. 1089–1093, Dec. 1982.

22
Electromagnetics I (5EPA0)

aEz
A A
C1 C2 C1 C2
C10 C20 C10 C20
+ + + +
V1 R1 solenoid R2 V2 V1 R1 solenoid R2 V2
I I I I

B B

(a) (b)

Figure 1: Solenoid centred about the z-axis. TheCplanar H A P T E electrical circuitsPlane

R 11 The Uniform thatWave
enclose the solenoid 401
in (a) and (b) are located in the plane z = 0.
From Euler’s identity, we find that e jδ/2 + e− jδ/2 = 2 cos δ/2, and e jδ/2 − e− jδ/2 =
2 j sin δ/2. Using these relations, we obtain
− j(βz−δ/2)
y ]e in the “voltages” V(102)
no current (infinite internal 1 and V2 as measured
EsT =resistance).
2E 0 [cos(δ/2)a We are
x + interested
sin(δ/2)a
by these
Weideal voltmeters.
recognize (102) as the electric field of a linearly polarized wave, whose field
vector is oriented at angle δ/2 from the x axis.
(a) Compute the magnetic flux Φ flowing along the z-direction through the cross-section of the
solenoid.
Example 11.7 shows that any linearly polarized wave can be expressed as the
Now, let usofconsider
sum two circularly polarized
electric waves of opposite
field integrals, betweenhandedness,
two chosen where the along
points linear po-
chosen contour seg-
larization direction is determined by the relative B via phase
C1 difference between the two
ments,waves.
for example
Such a from A to B along E~ · d~` = Vwhen
C1 , i.e., (and necessary)
R
representation is convenient 1
considering, for
example, the propagation of linearly polarizedA light through media which contain
organic molecules. These often exhibit spiral structures having left- or right-handed
(b) Derive a relation
pitch, and they willbetween V1 , Vdifferently
thus interact 2 and α = with left- orToright-hand
−dΦ/dt. this end, circular
choose polar-
two suitable contours.
Express β in terms of α.
ization. As a result, the left circular component can propagate at a different speed
than the right circular component, and so the two waves will accumulate a phase
(c) Derive a relation
difference between As
as they propagate. V1 ,a Rresult,
1 andthe I.direction
To thisofend, again choose
the linearly polarizedtwofieldsuitable contours.
Likewise, derive a relation between
vector at the output of the material will 2differV , R and I, again specifying two
2 from the direction that it had at thesuitable contours.
input. The extent of this rotation can be used as a measurement tool to aid in material
studies. V1 and V2 in terms of α, R1 and R2 .
(d) Express
Polarization issues will become extremely important when we consider wave
(e) What in particular
reflection in Chaptersurprises
12. you about the answer you found for (d) and/or (b). Explain your
answer. What, if anything, would change in the configuration depicted in Figure 1(b)?
REFERENCES
Week 7
1. Balanis, C. A. Advanced Engineering Electromagnetics. New York: John Wiley & Sons,
1989.
Tutorial 7.a
2. International Telephone and Telegraph Co., Inc. Reference Data for Radio Engineers. 7th
Problems: ed. Indianapolis, Ind.: Howard W. Sams & Co., 1985. This handbook has some excellent
data on the properties of dielectric and insulating materials.
• 9.14 (displacement
3. Jackson, current)
J. D. Classical Hint: start
Electrodynamics. byNew
3d ed. using Laplace’s
York: equation
John Wiley & Sons, to determine an expres-
1999.
sion for the
4. Ramo, S.,potential V . and T. Van Duzer. Fields and Waves in Communication
J. R. Whinnery,
Electronics. 3d ed. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1994.
• 11.2 (one-dimensional waves) Here, you may assume that the electric field has a real ampli-
tude E0 and is polarized
CHAPTER in the x-direction.
11 PROBLEMS
11.1 Show that E xs = Ae j(k0 z+φ) is a solution of the vector Helmholtz equation,
√
• H&B8: Eq. (30), for k0 = ω µ0 "0 and any φ and A.
11.2 A 10 GHz uniform plane wave propagates in a lossless medium for which
"r = 8 and µr = 2. Find (a) νp ; (b) β; (c) λ; (d) Es ; (e) Hs ; ( f ) 3S4.
11.3 An H field in free space is given as H(x, t) = 10 cos(108 t − βx)a y A/m.
• 11.4 (wave propagation)
Find (a) β; (b) λ; (c) E(x, t) at P(0.1, 0.2, 0.3) at t = 1 ns.
11.4 Small antennas have low efficiencies (as will be seen in Chapter 14), and the
efficiency increases with size up to the point at which a critical dimension of 23
Electromagnetics I (5EPA0)

Tutorial 7.b

Problems:

• 11.16(a) (Poynting)

• 11.23 (skin effect)

For the next two additional problems, we will look at electromagnetic fields generated by a harmon-
ically varying current. In phasor form (frequency domain), Maxwell’s equations read:

∇×H ~s = J~s + jω D
~s
∇ × E~s = − jωB ~s

with D
~ s = " E~s , B
~s = µ H
~ s , and J~s = σ E~s in which ", µ and σ represent the permittivity, permeability
and conductivity of the medium at the observation point, respectively.

• Helmholtz equation:

(a) Derive from these equations that, for a source-free region, we can write.
2
∇ E~s = jωµ (σ + jω") E~s .

This is the general form of the so-called Helmholtz equation.

2
(b) Show that the Laplace operator ∇ acts on each individual component of E~s .
(c) Specialize the equation in (a) for the case that we consider the electromagnetic field in
vacuum. Simplify the resulting expression further for the special case that E~s only has
an x-component and only varies in the z-direction.
(d) The general solution of the latter derived relationship in 2(c) can be written as

E x = Aexp( jω µ0 "0 z) + B exp(− jω µ0 "0 z),

p p

in which the amplitudes A and B are complex numbers. Give a physical interpretation of
the second term of the right-hand side. Explain your answer. Hint: rewrite the expression
to the time domain.

• Skin effect:
The figure depicts the current distribution near the surface of a conducting half space having
finite conductivity. The half space for z < 0 has a permittivity " and permeability µ. The
current density in the half space can be described by J~s = σ E~s , with σ ω". The current
density only has a component in the x-direction and depends only on the z-coordinate. The
half space for z > 0 is filled with air.

air x
Current at the
surface = J0
z=0

Current decays
metal exponentially

Skin effect at the surface of a metal conductor having finite conductivity.

24
Electromagnetics I (5EPA0)

Similarly to additional problem 1, the general form of the Helmholtz equation for the electric
field in a homogeneous, source-free medium is given by:

∇2 E~s = jωµ (σ + jω") E~s .

(a) Use the Helmholtz equation and the information above to derive a differential equation
for J x as a function of z.
(b) Give the most general solution to this differential equation in terms of z/δ, where δ
denotes the skin depth. Also write δ in terms of the quantities given above.
(c) The general solution found in (b) has to satisfy the boundary condition J x (x, y, 0) = J0
and stays finite when z → −∞. Use these conditions to derive the exact form of J x .
(d) Finally, determine the total current I w per unit of width in the y-direction (so between
y = y0 en y = y0 + 1) and express this current in terms of the electric field E0 at the
surface.

Exam-level problem Week 7: the law of Ampère-Maxwell

The most important idea that helped Maxwell to make the equations for electromagnetic fields
consistent was the addition of an extra term to Ampère’s law. In integral and differential form, this
relation is given as

d ∂D~
I ZZ ZZ
~ ~
H · d` = ~ ~
J · dS + D ~
~ · dS, and ∇×H ~ = J~ + ,
dt ∂t
C S S

respectively. In this problem we will use this law. Just as the (conduction) current density J~, the
term ∂∂ Dt can be seen as a so-called displacement current density J~d .
~

P2

P1 R
I(t)
z

ǫ
d
Time-varying current charging a capacitor.

Consider a capacitor with two circular plates of radius R, that is charged by a time-varying current
I(t) = I0 cos ωt. As a result, the capacitor charge Q(t) also varies in time. The capacitor contains a
material with permittivity " and the distance between the plates of the capacitor is d. The situation
is depicted in te figure. A local cylindrical coordinate system is defined with the z-axis coinciding
with the wire and the centers of the capacitor plates. An important assumption we make here is
that edge effects can be neglected for the capacitor, i.e. the electric field inside the capacitor has
a z-component only. Furthermore, this field is assumed to be uniform and exists only between the
plates (for ρ < R).

(a) Express the uniform surface charge density ρS on a capacitor plate in terms of Q(t).

(b) Use the boundary condition for the electric flux density for one of the capacitor plates to
determine an expression for E~ inside the capacitor.

25
Electromagnetics I (5EPA0)

(c) Show that the displacement current density can be written as

I(t)
J~d = a~z for ρ < R.
πR2

(d) Based on this relation for the displacement current density, derive an expression for the mag-
netic field at positions P1 (at ρ < R) and P2 (at ρ > R) as shown in the figure.

(e) The instantaneous power density inside the capacitor is described by the Poynting vector S~.
Show that (or motivate why) the time-averaged power density inside the capacitor equals
zero.

Pencast Rayleigh Scattering III

Finally, we would like to investigate the scattering of light by a small spherical dielectric scatterer.
To this end, we consider an incident time-harmonic plane wave, for which the electric field is given
by

E~ = E~0 exp( jωt − jk0 z) with E~0 = E0 a~z ,

in which radial frequency is ω = 2π f and the wavenumber in vacuum is k0 = ω/c = 2π/λ (because
wavelength and frequency are related to the speed of light via c = λ f .
For dielectric scatterers that are small compared to the wavelength (radius b λ), the electrostatic
dipole moment ~p determined in the second pencast on Rayleigh scattering is actually a good basis
for a quasi-static approximation of the time-harmonic case.
Far away, compared to the wavelength, from a z-directed time-harmonic point dipole with dipole
moment p~ az exp( jωt), the radiated time harmonic electromagnetic field may be written as

−k02 e jωt
E~ = a~r × (~
a r × p~
az ) ,
4πr
ωk02 e jωt
H
~= a r × p~
(~ az ) .
4πr
• Compute the Poynting vector of the field far away from the time-harmonic dipole.

• Use Poyntings theorem to determine the power scattered by the sphere.

• The scattering efficiency Q = Pscat /Pinc relating the power scattered by a small spherical di-
electric particle to the power incident on that particle.
Show that Q = (8/3) α02 (k0 b)4 . Because k0 b = 2πb/λ, and blue has the shortest wavelength
in the visible light, this explains why the (unclouded) sky appears blue.

Week 8
Exam-level problem Week 8: Electromagnetic fields in a coaxial transmission line
We consider electromagnetic fields in time-harmonic form. In that case, Maxwell’s equations are
generally written in phasor form as:

∇×H ~s = J~s + jω D ~s ,
∇ × E~s = −jωB ~s ,

in which D~ s = " E~s , B

~s = µ H
~ s and J~s = σ E~s , with " the electric permittivity, µ the magnetic per-
meability, and σ the specific electric conductance of the matter at the location of the observation
point.

26
Electromagnetics I (5EPA0)

Consider the cross-section of a coaxial transmis- y

sion line oriented along the z-axis, as depicted
in the figure. The inner conductor has a radius
ρ1 and the outer conductor has a radius ρ2 . In ρ2
between these two perfect conductors, a medium
with permittivity " and permeability µ is present. ρ1
The phasor representing the electric field in be-
tween the two conductors is given as O x

a −jkz ǫ, µ
E~s = E0 e a~ρ , for ρ1 < ρ < ρ2 ,
ρ

with E0 , a and ω real constants and with k =

p
ω "µ the wave number.
Coaxial transmission line.

(a) Determine the time-harmonic field E~ from the phasor form E~s and explain/show that this
describes a wave traveling in +z direction.

(b) Use (one of) Maxwell’s equations to determine the magnetic field phasor H
~s.

(c) Determine the intrinsic wave impedance of the medium under consideration.

(d) At a given time instant, are the maxima of E~ and H

~ at the same or at a different z-value?
Motivate your answer.

9 Questions and feedback

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27