DEEPER LIFE HIGH SCHOOL

www.dlhschool.com

FIRST TERM: E-LEARNING NOTES

SUBJECT: VISUAL ART

CLASS: SS2

SCHEME OF WORK

WEEK TOPIC
THEME: 2- DIMENSIONAL ART
1. Imaginative Composition: i. Composition accuracy ii. Color distribution iii.
Focus iv. Variety of forms. v. Draughtsman-ship
THEME: 3- DIMENSIONAL ART
2. Introduction to Sculpture: (a) Meaning of Sculpture (b) Functions of
Sculpture (c) Sculptural techniques and their usages
3. Introduction to Sculpture: (d) Sculptural tools and materials- Clay, Metal,
Cement, Wax, Plaster, Wood etc.
4. Introduction to Sculpture: (e) Modeling of simple objects- Fruits, Rocks,
Seeds, Shells, Bone etc.
5. Introduction to Sculpture: (a) Modeling of various part of Human body-
Leg, Eyes, nose etc.(b) Preparation ofamature for human and animal (c) Modeling
of human portrait.

THEME: HISTORY OF ART

6. Indigenous Decorative Motifs: (a) Calabash Decoration- Types of
indigenous decorative patterns
7. Mid-Term Break
8. Indigenous Decorative Motifs: Functions Of Calabashes (b) Foreign
influence and values on decorated calabashes
9. Indigenous Decorative Motifs: (a) Body decoration-Tattoo (b) Some
decorative motifs- Animal motif, Zoomorphic, Spiral lines. (c) Wall Decoration
(Some Wall Decorative motifs and their origins- Yoruba, Ibo, Hausa)
10. Indigenous Crafts: (a) Basketry and mat Making (Weaving Materials- Cane,
Raffia, Twine, Palm fronds) (b) Cloth Weaving( Basic principles of Weaving-Warp,
Weft, Shuttle)
11. Revision
12. Examination

WEEK 1
SUBJECT: VISUAL ART
CLASS: SS2
TOPIC: IMAGINATIVE COMPOSITION (PRACTICAL)
CONTENTS: -Definition
-Procedure for practical imaginative composition

Imaginative composition refers to a drawing or painting which illustrates a story

or event from memory without looking or observing a particular scene or model.

Topical issues for imaginative composition can include market place, farmers at
work, mother and child, a rainy day, footballers on the field, election day etc.

PRACTICAL PROCEDURE: In the art studio, students should be made to sit on

donkey chairs and draw imaginatively on any of the above topics or others with
emphasis on proportion, space utility, harmony of forms , perspective etc.

EVALUATION
1. What is imaginative composition?
2. List some topical issues that can be composed imaginatively on paper.
WEEKEND PRACTICAL ASSIGNMENT
Produce an imaginative composition on the topic“A hunter “

WEEK 2
SUBJECT: VISUAL ART
CLASS: SS2
DATE:………………………………..
TOPIC:THREE DIMENSIONAL ART
CONTENT:
a. Definition of three dimensional art and sculpture
b. Examples of three dimensional arts
c. Functions of sculpture
d. Sculptural techniques and methods
Three dimensional artsrefer to art works that can be seen in the round. They are
works of art which have the dimensions of breadth, length and height. Examples
include free - standing sculptures erected in roundabouts, pottery, basketry etc.
In this content, sculpture will be given more attention.
SCULPTURE: This is the art of using certain medium such as clay, wood, wax,
cement, stone, metal etc. to represent human figures, animals, shapes, objects,
images etc.
FUNCTIONS OF SCULPTURE
1. It serves decorative purposes
2. Some sculptural works such as statutes are used to immortalize the dead.
3. Sculptural works as found in museums are used to preserve culture.
4. Sculptural exercise helps to develop students’ material manipulation and
improvisation.
SCULPTURAL TECHNIQUES OR METHODS
Different techniques are usually adopted when producing a sculptural work
depending on the availability of materials. Basically, there are four techniques of
producing a sculptural piece. These include: modeling, carving, construction and
casting.

(1) MODELING TECHNIQUE: This is the act of building up an image or object

using moldable medium such as clay, cement, Paper Macheetc. It is
otherwise known as additive method.
(2) CARVING TECHNIQUE: This is a method whereby unwanted parts of carving
medium like wood, stone, ivory, wax, etc. are chipped away with the aid of
chisel and mallet until a desired figure or shape is achieved. It is otherwise
known as subtractive method.
(3) CONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUE: This has to do with welding and assemblage
of iron,steel, metal etc. to express an idea or figure. It is otherwise known
as metal sculpture.
(4) CASTING TECHNIQUE: refers to a method of reproducing a clay sculpture
using a better medium such as bronze, fiberglass, plaster of Paris etc. It
usually requires the use of a mould.

EVALUATION
1. Define three dimensional arts
2. What is sculpture?
3. Mention four examples of three dimensional sculptures.
4. Explain three functions of sculpture.
5. List four techniques of sculpture.

WEEK 3
SUBJECT: VISUAL ART
CLASS: SS2
DATE………………………………..
TOPIC:SCULPTURAL TOOLS AND MATERIALS
There are diverse tools and materials used in the execution of sculptural works. In
the previous weeks, certain materials associated with sculpture which
includesclay, metal, cement, wax,wood, plaster of Parisetc. have already been
discussed. Let us now describe some necessary tools.
1.Spatula: is a plastic or wooden tool of various shapes used to build, adjust and
smoothen clay during modeling.
2.Chisel: is used to chip away the unwanted parts of a piece of wood during
carving. It is also used to create designs on carved objects.
3.Mallet: This is a wooden or rubber hammer used to hit a chisel against wood in
order to get rid of unwanted areas until the desired shape or figure is achieved in
carving.
4.Caliper: is a scissors - like object used to measure size and distance during
modeling.
5. Adze: is a like a small hoe used to chip large portions of wood when carving.

EVALUATION
1. Mention some materials useful in sculpture.
2. Mention some tools useful in sculpture.

WEEK 4

SUBJECT: VISUAL ARTS

CLASS: SS2
DATE:………………………………..

TOPIC: INTRODUCTION TO SCULPTURE (PRACTICAL)

CONTENT: (a) Modeling of simple objects
 Fruits
 Rocks
 Seeds
 Shells
 Bone etc.

Teacher should guide the students in making detailed sculpture of the above natural
objects.
WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT
Mold a detailed mother tortoise of size 30cm long and 15cm high with well-prepared
clay.
WEEK 5

SUBJECT: VISUAL ARTS

CLASS: SS2

DATE ………………………………..

TOPIC: INTRODUCTION TO SCULPTURE

CONTENT: (a) Modeling of various part of human body
 Legs
 Eyes
 Nose
 Head
 Palm and fingers
Teacher should guide the students in making detailed sculpture of the above parts of
the human body

SUB-TOPIC:
1. Preparation of armature for human and animal
2. Modeling of bust

PREPARATION OFARMATURE FOR HUMAN AND ANIMALS

1. Make a rough sketch of the posture.
2. Get iron rod, copper wire, arc saw and hammer.
3. Bend the iron into desired form or cut and weld where necessary.
4. Wrap the skeletal frame with chicken mesh.
5. Fix the skeletal frame on a firm base.

MODELING OF BUST (PRACTICAL)

Produce a detailed bust of an aged woman of size 2 feet high and 1 foot wide.

WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT
Prepare an armature of an athlete on motion size: as desired.
WEEK 6

SUBJECT: VISUAL ARTS

CLASS: SS2

TOPIC: INDIGENOUS DECORATIVE MOTIFS

CONTENT:
1. Calabash decoration
2. Materials/tools used for calabash decoration
3. Techniques in calabash decoration
4. Types of indigenous decoration pattern
CALABASH DECORATION
Calabash is made from harvested gourds. The gourds grow on land and exist in different
shapes and sizes. It has hard skin and soft seeds inside. It serves economic purpose as
functional container in rural areas.
Materials/tools used for calabash decoration are:
- Julbal, a multipurpose needle
- Valve from an old car
- Iron poker
- Dye stuff

TECHNIQUES IN CALABASH DECORATION

 Engraving
 Burning
 Painting
 Attachment of materials
TYPES OF INDIGENOUS DECORATIVE PATTERNS
 Intricate pattern
 Geometric pattern
 Abstract pattern
 Natural pattern
EVALUATION
1. Name 3 tools for calabash decoration.
2. State 2 techniques in calabash decoration.
3. Outline 2 types of indigenous pattern.

READING ASSIGNMENT
Ibrahim Banjoko (2000) Visual Art made Easy for JSS. Page139-140
A.E. Ogbeha (2011) Detailed approach to Visual Art for JSS. Pages 248-249

WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT/PROJECT
1. Make series of drawing/pattern suitable to be used on calabash decoration.
2. Go the market and buy a small calabash. Use a combination of two methods of
decoration in designing the item.

WEEK 7 MID-TERM BREAK

WEEK 8

SUBJECT: VISUAL ARTS

CLASS: SS2
DATE………………………………..
TOPIC: INDIGENOUS DECORATIVE MOTIFS
CONTENT
i. Calabash decoration
ii. Functions of calabashes
iii. Foreign influence and values on decorated calabashes.

CALABASH DECORATION
1. Calabash grows as gourds freely in our villages.
2. Gourds are fruits of a plant not very much different from cucumber.
3. It grows out of rubbish heaps at the outskirts of villages.
4. When fully ripe, gourds change color like mangoes from green to yellow ochre.
LOCATIONS
1. Oyo-Akesan and Iseyin town in Oyo state.
2. Imo,
3. Abia,
4. Ibibio of cross River state,
5. Kano,
6. Jigawa, and
7. Kwara.

METHODS OF CALABASH DECORATION

i. Painting
ii. Carving
iii. Scorching
iv. Scrapping
v. Mounting e.g. Beads Cowries

FUNCTIONS OF CALABASH
1. Serve as gift for an occasion e.g. Marriage, Chieftaincy ceremony e.t.c.
2. It could be used as decorative object in our homes.
3. It could be used as water container.
4. It could be used to store or serve palm wine or water.
5. Used for food storage and other items.
6. Used as tray to present things like kola nuts to the visitor.
7. Used for hawking various items.

EVALUTION

i. Explain what is Calabash decoration

ii. Mention FIVE locations for calabash decoration.
iii. State five methods for calash decoration.
iv. State four functions of calabash decoration.

Sub-Topic 2:
EFFECT OF FOREIGN INFLUENCE AND VALUE ON DECORATED CALABASHES
1. Helps to expose our culture.
2. Calabash can serves as material for the production of string instrument,
therefore helps in the production of western string instrument like Violin,
Tambourine.
3. It eradicates the original traditional used of calabash e.g. before calabash
4. It was used for preservation of kolanuts, but now breakable ceramic plates have
taken over the traditional use of calabash.
5. Foreigner uses it as Souvenir for their love ones.

EVALUATION
(1) What are the effects of foreign influence on calabash decoration?
(2) Mention functions of calabash decoration.
GENERAL EVALUTION
1. One is not true of function of calabash.
(A) Used for sleeping
(B) Serves as gift item.
(C) Used for food storage
(D) Used for decoration.
2. One is not true foreign influence on calabash decoration.
(A) Help to expose the culture
(B) Serve as mineral instrument.
(C) Serves as sourvenir
(D) Serve as calculation of mathematic problems.
3. Select the odd one out among the methods of calabash decoration
(A) Painted
(B) Curved
(C) Scorched
(D) Mounded
4. One is not true of the location of calabash decoration.
(A) Imo
(B) Oyo
(C) Iseyin
(D) Lagos
5. Calabash is a fruit plant called…………
(A) Gourd
(B) Potatoes
(C) Okra
(D) Banana.

WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT
Read Cultural and creative Arts by Ibrahim Banjoko. Page 162
REFERENCE
Cultural and creative Arts for schools and colleges by Ibrahim Bajoko Movie P.L.C. Lagos

WEEK 9

SUBJECT: VISUAL ARTS

CLASS: SS2
DATE………………………………..
TOPIC:INDIGENOUS DECORATIVE MOTIFS

CONTENT:
(a) Body decoration - tattoo
(b) Some decorative motifs – animal motif, zoomorphic, spiral lines
(c) Wall decoration
(d) Some wall decorative motifs and their origins – Yoruba, Ibo, and Hausa
Sub-Topic 1:BODY DECORATION–TATTOO
Tattooing – it is a method of decorating the skin by inserting colored substance under
the surface. The skin is punctured with a sharp instrument which now is usually an
electric needle.

In many parts of the world tribal people use tattooing and scarification to indicate social
rank and affiliation or as a sign of mourning.
Scarification – it involves slashing the skin and introducing irritants into the wounds,
which when healed, leave pronounced scars. Tattooing was practiced by the Egyptians
as early as 200 BC. Color tattooing became highly developed among the Maoris of New
Zealand and was once popular as a form of adornment in China, India, and Japan.

Sailors introduced the practice into Europe during the age of exploration (16 th century
and 17th century). Throughout the 20 century in the United States, tattooing remained
popular among sailors.

By the 1990s, the practice had gained popularity with many groups, including fashion
models, counter-cultured youth, gangs, and prison inmates.

Sub-Topic 2:
DECORATIVE MOTIFS
Some decorative motifs include;

i. Animal motifs,
ii. Zoomorphic
iii. Spiral lines.
Abundant motifs for design can be obtained from nature. This is a very wonderful gift of
nature to the artist such forms can be derived from Animal, spiral, zoomorphic, leaves,
fruits and many more, all in their various species or varieties. Sometimes, impressions
derived from the texture on crocodile, leopard, tiger etc. can be made into patterns or
designs in art.

1. Animal motif: animal motifs are based on whole or part of animals. Lifting the
picture of an animal’s i.e. antelope, butterfly, animal hair, leg, horn, tail, hoot etc. From
their inactive position does not exhibit enough creativity there is need to learn how to
portray such gifts of nature in their own way and in the most exciting form which help to
improve skill and creativity. Animal motif is also zoomorphic.
2. Spiral line: are jointed curved lines, they sometimes present themselves as wavy
lines; spiral is the result of curved turning within itself. They exist at the springs,
telephone cards, yam or vegetable, wavy surface or water, rims of the roofing sheets,
letter ‘S’ and spiral lines also suggest genesis and generative forces.

Sub-Topic 3: WALL DECORATION

Some wall decorative motifs and their origin- (Yoruba, Ibo,Hausa)

Wall decoration: as we all know can be called mural, while motifs is a single unit of
design or a theme in an art work. Therefore, some wall decorative motifs and their
origin – Yoruba, Ibo, Hausa varies from tribe to tribe in Nigeria.

WEEK 10
SUBJECT: VISUAL ARTS
CLASS: SS2

TOPIC:INDIGENOUS CRAFTS
Craft work are defined as the practices that requires the use bare hands with little or
no technological assistance to produce items of utilitarian purpose.
Indigenous Craft are craft product of our localities. They are produced in large quantity
on local setting because of availability of raw materials.
Materials for making crafts depends on the particular type of crafts to be made

TYPES OF CRAFTS
1. Blacksmithing,
2. tie dye,
3. batik,
4. pottery,
5. leather works,
6. textile weaving
7. Brass work etc.

Sub Topic I:BASKETRY & MAT MAKING

A. Basket weaving is the process if making woven containers from fronds of
palm branch or cane. It is done by passing the weft above and below the warps
alternatively round to wedge the asterisk together.

RAW MATERIALS
i. Raffia palm frond,
ii. Cane,
iii. planks,
iv. colorsTools
v. Knife and
vi. cutlass
vii. Method of product
PROCEDURE
i. Get fresh palm fronds or cane and cut it to size.
ii. Arrange enough palm fronds as Warps in asterisk from, allowing the
smooth side facing outward
iii. Step on the center of the asterisk and pass the weft above and below the
warps alternatively round to wedge the asterisk together.
iv. Continue until you attain enough diameters as the base and then bend
upwards.
v. Still continue the logic of alternating the warp and weft until you get
required size, shape and height
vi. Having achieved the required size, double the weft and twist round the
edge to fasten loose weft.
vii. You can point the prepared palm fronds before weaving or after weaving to
enhance at beauty.

CENTRES OF PRODUCTION
i. Calabar
ii. Benin
iii. Port-Harcourt
iv. Ilesa
v. Badagry.

Most of these towns are situated in the forest zones in Nigeria.

Functions
1. Storage of Various items
2. Carrying of items
3. Fishing
4. Decorated and Painted baskets are equally used for decoration purpose
such as flower vases.

II. MAT WEAVING

Mat making is the process whereby Warps rushes are passed through and over
the weft alternatively and continuously resulting to a large mat.
TYPES OF MAT
Mats are in different forms and serving different purposes e.g.

i. wall mat,
ii. foot mat,
iii. sleeping mat,
iv. Door and window mats.

Raw Materials
i. Grass,
ii. raffia,
iii. palm found,
iv. rushes,
v. rubber threads, and
vi. Coconutfiber.

Equipment
i. Knife,
ii. cutlass,
iii. scissors, and
iv. Blade.

Method of production
i. Secure the materials,
ii. Treat and smoothening the various sizes of palm fronds.
iii. Set or squat on the floor,
iv. Then pass weft over the warp to create pattern
v. When you get to the required lenght, fasten the rope.
Centers of production
i. Erin-ijesa in Osun State
ii. Agbor,
iii. Oyo
iv. Ogotun-Ekiti
vi. Badagry.
i. Calabar

Uses of mats
1. Burial
2. Sleeping
3. Praying
4. Drying device of grains
5. Home roof
6. to fence house.

Sub-Topic 2:
CLOTH WEAVING.
These are clothes woven with the hand using local loom.
Equipments
ii. Loom (vertical and horizontal)
iii. shuttle,
iv. distaff,
v. spindle,
vi. iron rods
vii. Batten.
Method of production
1. Get a wall fitted loom (either vertical or horizontal) lace the loom with a set of
yarn to form the warp. Ensure you fasten tightly to the loom.
2. Use the batten to space out the warp in other to create space for weft to pass-
shed rods.
3. Position yourself, then pass the thread (i.e.) the weft around wound in an
apparatus called shuttle over and under the warp.
4. As you pass the thread to and fro use the fork to beat the weft into position to
pass weaves in proper position.

Centres of production
i. Okene town in kwara state,
ii. Akwete in Abia State,
iii. Oyo, Iseyin, Ogbomoso of Osun State,

The Hausa, Fulani and Nupe also practised weaving.

Products
i. Aso-oke,
ii. Akwete,
iii. Anger of Tiv,
iv. Kente of Ghana.
Functions
1. Coverage
2. Beautification
3. Identification
4. Costume

The principle of weaving is based on repeats, pattern and colours.

The techniques of weaving are:-
1. Plain weave
2. Twill weave
3. Satin weave
4.Sateen weave.

EVALUATION
1. List types of looms.
2. Mention four weaving centers in Nigeria.
3. State 4 functions of mats in the society.

WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT
Objective Test
1. are products that requires the use of the hand.
a. Crafts b. stories c. Religion d. Tradition

2. The following materials are used for marking Basket except

a. Raffia b. Twine c. canes d. stones
3. is used for sleeping, praying and roofing houses.
a. Basket b. Clothes c. Mats d. none of the above
4 Angar woven cloths are famous in tribe.
a. Okene b. Tiv c. Ghanad. Kwara.
5. is a technique of weaving cloth
a. Satin weave b. Stroke c. Raffia d. Mats.

PRE-READING REFERENCE
New Trend and Techniques of Art for secondary schools. Book 2 Oyendun Y.F
Pages 50-57.
REFERENCE
New Trend and Techniques of Art Sec. schools. Book by Oyendun Y.F

WEEK 11 REVISION
WEEK 12 EXAMINATION