3

SYSTEMS

AIRFORM

SPECIAL GRAMMAR BOOK FOR STUDENTS

1/2/1900 third
edition
Page 1 of 22
Contents
Past Perfect tense, Past Perfect Continuous, Future Perfect tense ----------------------- 3

Future Perfect Continuous, Passive Voice ------------------------------------------------------ 4

Modal verbs, May, Might, Must --------------------------------------------------------------------6

Need ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------7

Would like, Should, Ought to, Had better -------------------------------------------------------8

Possessive form ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 10

Compound and Pronouns ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 11

Verb, there to be ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 13

Finitive and non-finitive verbs-------------------------------------------------------------------14

Present continuous and Present simple --------------------------------------------------------15

Past simple and Past continuous ----------------------------------------------------------------16

Articles -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------17

Numbers ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------18

Adjective and Adverb ------------------------------------------------------------------------------19

Present perfect simple -----------------------------------------------------------------------------20

Present Perfect continuous -----------------------------------------------------------------------21

THAT’S ALL FOR PRIMARY II

Page 2 of 22
The first one is Past Perfect tense

⚠️Ish harakatni vaqti aniq bo’lsa past

Structure
P: S + had + V3/ed + C + M
N: S + had not + V3/ed + C + M /
hadn’t perfect ishlatilmaydi.
I: Had + S + V3/ed + C + M e.g: I had finished school in 2018.
N-I: Had + S +not + V3/ed + C + M They had failed from the exam in
Hadn’t + S + V3/ed + C + M December 2023.
(kimdir nimadir qildi) BUT: before 2017, (no exact time) We’d
Let’s examples: Before I arrived home, lived in Dubai. 2017-yildan oldin Biz
my brother had eaten the pizza. Dubaida yashaganmiz.
PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS

⚠️Past Perfect tense o’tgan zamonda

Structure
P: S + had + been + Ving + C + M
N: S + had not + been + Ving + C + M
ma’lum bir vaqtgacha tugab bo’lgan ish I: Had + S + been + Ving + C + M
harakatlarni ifodalaydi. N-I: Had + S + not + Ving + C + M
hadn’t + S + been + Ving + C + M
e.g: I had cleaned my room before e.g: She had been sleeping when her
my mum came, as soon as I had exam started; Uning imtihoni
bought a new phone I sold my old one, boshlanganida u uxlayotgan edi.
I had already had lunch when my

⚠️
friend called me to have lunch together.
Past perfect continuous o’tgan
when + past simple, + past simple
zamonda ma’lum bir vaqtgacha davom
Action happen in sequence etgan ish harakatlarni ifodalaydi.
e.g: when I entered the room, the cat
e.g: When Mark arrived at Dombit
moved out (tezda chiqib keti)
everyone had been solving the quiz.
when I had entered the room, the cat
My friend had been thinking about my
moved out (oz muddatdan
laptop when HP service came
so’ng)

when I entered the room, the cat had

moved out (u chiqib ketib had been thinking came
bo’lgan ekan) now

when + past perfect + past simple My friend was thinking about my laptop
when HP service came. (the same time)
The thief had escaped by the time the
police arrived.
as soon as he had borrowed a lot of
money he left for abroad.

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thinking came N: S + will not + have + V3/ed + C + M
I: Will + S + have + V3/ed + C + M
Lola had been studying in America for 3 N-I: Will + S + not have + V3/ed + C +
years by 2023, M
We had been playing tennis till 3 p.m Won’t + S + have + V3/ed + C + M
Yesterday (nimadir qilib bo’lingan bo’ladi)
I had read Science before I started
e.g: by 5:20 pm, We will have
Blueprint.
finished our lesson.
I had been reading Science before my
I will have done my tasks till 5 p.m.
head started to ache.
by the end of November, students won’t
have finished science.
it was now 6 and he was tired because
he had been working since dawn,

⚠️Future Perfect tense kelasi zamonda

it was now 6 and he was tired because
he had worked since dawn.
soat 6 edi va u charchagan edi chunki ma’lum bir vaqtgacha tugatilgan ish
u ertalabgacha ishlab chiqayotgan edi. harakatlarni ifodalaydi.
soat 6 edi va u charchagan edi chunki e.g: The train will have been at the
u ertalabgacha ishlagan edi. station at 9 a.m.
You will arrive at the station at 9:15

⚠️by = noun;
a.m.
Till you arrive at the station, the train
will have left.
by the time = sentence

• Agar ish harakatning davomiyligi

nazarda tutisa biz past perfect now left arrive
continuous ishlatamiz.
e.g: When we left Tashkent, my Attention: Ushbu zamondagi
mother had been working in a bank for misollarda birinchi yoki ikkinchi qismi
2 years. present simpleda bo’lishi kerak.
e.g: Lucy will have finished cooking
before the guests come.
• Agarda ish harakatning
tugallanganligiga urg’u berilsa past
A classmate of yours will have already
perfect simple ishlatamiz.
escaped from school by the time you
e.g: When we left Tashkent, my
come.
mother had worked in a bank for 2
years
FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS
Structure
P: S + will have been + Ving + C + M
FUTURE PERFECT TENSE N: S + will not have been + Ving + C
Structure +M
P: S + will + have + V3/ed + C + M I: Will + S + have been + Ving + C + M

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N-I:Will + S + not have been + Ving + e.g: I go to school;

the school is gone ❌

C+M
Won’t + S + have been + Ving + C +
M
(nimadir qilinayotgan bo’ladi)
e.g: I will have been cleaning my PRESENT SIMPLE IN PASSIVE VOICE
room by the time you come my room. AC | S + tobe + V1 + C + M
(kimdir nimadir qiladi)

⚠️Future perfect continuous kelasi

PV | Sc + tobe + V3/ed + C + M
(nimadir qilinadi {kimdir tomonidan} )
zamonda ma’lum bir vaqtgacha davom e.g: We clean this room every day
etadigan ish harakatni ifodalaydi. The Room is cleaned (by us) every day
Do many children in your country like
e.g: in September, We will have been ice-cream?
studying here for 3 months. I will have is ice-cream liked by many children in
been doing housechores for 4 hours your country?
when you come back home. NOTE: Subject complement o’rniga
o’tganda object pronoun bo’lib keladi.
PASSIVE VOICE

⚠️Ish harakatni bajaruvchisi noma’lum PRESENT CONTINUOUS IN PASSIVE

bo’lsa Passive voicedan foydalanamiz. AC | S + tobe + Ving + C + M
Ish harakarni bajaruvchisi ahamiyatsiz, (kimdir nimanidir qilyapti)
muhim bo’lmagan hollarda passive PV | Sc + tobe+being + V3/ed + C + M
voicedan foydalanamiz. (nimadir qilinyapti)
e.g: Tom cleaned the room,
The room was cleaned. (xona e.g: The police is questioning the
tozalangan edi) criminal right now.
She informed me about your lie, The criminal is being questioned right
I was informed about your lie. now.

Ish harakatni bajaruvchisini ikki xil

usulda ko’rsatishimiz mumkin: PAST SIMPLE IN PASSIVE VOICE
by + proper name; by + AC | S + V2/ed + C + M
objective pronoun (kimdir nimanidir qildi)
e.g: The police caught 25 criminals PV | Sc + tobe + V3/ed + C + M
yesterday; (nimadir qilingan edi)
25 criminals were caught by the police
yesterday. e.g: Children broke my uncle’s
window
ATTENTION: Gapni Passivega my uncle’s window was broken.
aylantirish uchun hech bo’lmaganda (children)
bitta complement ishtirok etishi zarur.

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passive voice for nearly an hour.
PAST CONTINUOUS IN PASSIVE the Passive voice has been explained for
AC | S + tobe + Ving + C + M nearly an hour.
(kimdir nimanidir qilayotgan edi)
PV | Sc +tobe +being + V3/ed + C + M
(nimadir qilinayotgan edi)
PAST PERFECT SIMPLE IN PASSIVE
e.g: was she explaining the topic well? AC | S + had + V3/ed + C + M
was the topic being explained well? PV | Sc + had + been + V3/ed + C +M

e.g: Builders had built a new house

FUTURE SIMPLE IN PASSIVE in Tashkent.
AC | S + will + V + C + M A new house had been built in
(kimdir nimanidir qiladi) Tashkent.
PV | Sc + will be + V3/ed + C + M Her sister had cleaned all the rooms
(nimadir qilingan bo’ladi) when I came.
e.g: We will buy the most expensive All the rooms had been cleaned (by her
car in the future. sister) when I came.
the most expensive car will be bought
in the future.

ATTENTION: Biz to bedan keyin PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS IN

infinitivedan foydalanishimiz shart. (be) PASSIVE
AC | S + had + been + Ving + C + M
PV | Sc + had + been + V3/ed + C + M
FUTURE CONTINUOUS IN PASSIVE
e.g: She had been revising all the
AC | S + will be+ Ving + C + M
grammar rules.
(kimdir nimadir qilayotgan bo’ladi)
All the grammar rules had been revised.
PV | Sc + will be + V3/ed + C + M
(nimadir qilanayotgan bo’ladi)
Alex had been eating the meal before I
entered.
e.g: Ozoda will be giving a
The meal had been eaten before I
presentation next lesson.
entered.
A presentation will be gave (by her) in
the next lesson.

PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS IN FUTURE PERFECT SIMPLE IN

PASSIVE PASSIVE
AC | S + have/has+been+Ving + C + M AC | S + will have + V3/ed + C + M
(kimdir nimadirni qildi) PV | Sc + will have + been + V3 + C +
PV | Sc + have/has+been + V3/ed + C M
+M
(nimadir qilindi) e.g: I will have finished my lesson by
the time my friend comes.
e.g: I have been explaining the my lesson will have been finished by

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the time my friend comes.
A:Ann gave many books and pens to
her parents.
P:Many books and pens were given by
Ann to her parents. Anna’s parents
were given many books and pens by
FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS her.
AC | S + will have + been + Ving + C +
M P: Abdurahmon was presented flowers
PV | Sc + will have + been + V3/ed + by her.
C+M A: She presented flowers to
Abdurahmon.
e.g: I will have been learning math by
A: Jorj had been using his father’s
the next month.
typewriter for two hours when his
Math will have been learnt by the next
father told him not to touch.
month.
P: Jorj’s father’s typewriter had been
used for two hours by him when his

⚠️if an action voice has a phrasel verb it

father told him not to touch.

A: My friend has been repairing his

should be in the passive voice father’s car which broke down three
days ago for 3 hours.
e.g: Salim has been looking after the P: My friend’s father’s car which broke
children for 3 hours. down three days ago has been repaired
The children have been looked after for by him for 3 hours.
3 hours.
I was looking for my keys at lunchtime.
My keys were being looked for at
lunchtime.

Turn the following sentences into

PRONOUN CHANGES passive voice.
1. Did Sloane win 3.7 million dollars in this
Biz gapning mazmuniga qarab to’g’ri year’s US open tournament?
pronounni tanlashimiz zarur, aks holda
2.Although John never reads books, he has
mazmuni o’zgarib ketishi mumkin.
gathered hundreds of them by famous
e.g: English writers for mant years.
A:Tom lost his wallet at the bus station
last year.
P: His wallet was lost by Tom at the bus 3. It is scientifically proven that snakes and

station last year. ❌

scorpions use their poison to express their
feelings to the opposite gender.
Tom’s wallet was lost by him at the
4. At the moment, poor Tom is washing all
of his family’s clothes while his wife is
station last year. ✔️

Page 7 of 22
having a rest in the living room. manufacturers pay attention to the color of
packaging and food?
5. By the end of this century, man will have
destroyed the ecosystem and used all fresh 18. NASA will have been observing its
water supplies. artificial satellites for more than two
centuries by 2020.
6. When I entered the room, the doctor was
sterilizing his needles with brandy from the
local bar. MODAL VERBS
7.Until when had Van Gogh painted more Modal verbs are auxiliary verbs
than two hundred and thirty five works that are used to change the meaning of
which describe nature? the sentences and are used before the
main group. After modal verbs we
8. Why does the government of this country should use bare infinitive.
forbid people to beg or busk after seven
o’clock? e.g: We will finish our tasks
9.My brother who is a fire-fighter became a tomorrow.
national hero because he rescued around
We should finish our tasks tomorrow.
five hundred people in forest fires.
We can finish our tasks tomorrow.
10. According to this statistics picpockets We may finish our tasks tomorrow.
steal more than twenty-five million
pursesor wallets every year.
• Modal verbs do not take “-s“ for the
11. Margaret and John have been watching third person singular. [she, he, it]
this American quiz show since their parents e.g: He mays know everthing.
left for work.

12. This year Hollowood is making a lot of • Question forms are made without “do
documentaries about famine and water or does” .
shortage in Africa countries. e.g: Does he may know the address?

13. Some sea animals give off a cloud of

dark liquid that keeps them from being
• After modal verbs we use only bare
seen when they are in danger. infinitive verbs.
e.g: He must to water flowers.

⚠️can, could and be able to are used to

14. The constitution or our country
guarantees freedom or word, belief and
choice to all citizens of the county.(2)
express someone’s ability to do
15. Most doctors advice doing yoga something
exercises and chewing gum, playing woth
worry beads in order to relieve stress.
Can – cannot – can’t - present can not
16. How long had Bollywood been looking Could – could not – couldn’t past
for some young actors, actresses and
am,is,are – able to – present
producers until it found them?
was, were - able to - past
17.Don’t most unsuccessful food will – able to - future

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👉request – can you lend me the pen?
e.g: We can ride a bicycle
She could run very fast in her
childhood. (informal)
They cannot remove their minuses. could you lend me this book?(polite)
He couldn’t cook well.

👉offer – can you help me?

He was able to escape from the dog
when it chased him. (one time action)
We will be able to speak in English if we I could help you with
finish all the grammar. English(suggestion)
Can you bring me a chair?
could you bring me a chair? - more
Could and was/were able to polite
When I was a child I could swim very
well. When the shark attacked me I was can+ I + V? used to do permission can I
able to swim to fast. go home

🎯Ikkala modal ham o’tgan zamondagi

may+ I +V? used to permission (more
polite
qobiliyat lekin tobe able to tashqi omil
sabab bir martalik imkoniyatni MAY, MIGHT
ifodalaydi. (ehtimollik)

The driver was able to stop before they ⚠️May and might are used the
crushed into each other.
you’ll be able to speak some what in possibility of the action in the positive
Pretoefl. form.
May is stronger than might.

Can and Could

👉ability – I can speak four languages

May and Might are not used to ask
possibility in the question form, they
(present) make permission form in the question.
I could play a guitar when I was a
child (past) e.g: I may be late for the lesson. (50%)
I might be late for the lesson. (30%)

👉possibility – smoking can cause canser

70% u kelishi aniq. It may rain
because there are black clouds in the
sky.
(present)
but not: may it rain?
A lot of crime could be prevented (past)

🔄️but might not stronger than may not

👉permission – can I use your pen
she might not come today = I may
please? (present, informal)
come(70%)
could we go home now? (polite)

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she may not come today = I might not
(50%) MUST / HAVE TO → present
kelish ehtimoli 70%
HAD TO → past
The following structures are used to
show possibility in question form: MUST / WILL HAVE TO → future
Do you think (that)…?
is it like (that)…? e.g: you had to work here 2 years
is it possible to + V …? according to the contract.
to be + S + likely to + V …? He will have to give up smoking, if he
wonts to join this organization.
e.g: do you think that it will rain? I must do my homework tonight
is it likely that all of us will pass the because I’m telling myself it is
exam? important.
is it possible to stay in the water for 5 I have to do my homework tonight this
minutes without breathering? is why I can’t go to the party tonight.
are people likely to buy Chevrolet cars if
foreign cars are available?
DON’T HAVE TO →it is not necessary
to do something, it is optional
MUST
e.g: you don’t have to worry about
(obligation)

⚠️Must is used to say that it is necessary

children (shart emas)

DIDN’T HAVE TO→it was not

to do something. (biror kimning
necessary to do something but you did
fikricha)
it
e.g: you must go to the dentis’s,
e.g: their nephew didn’t have to carry
otherwise your teeth will get worse.
all of you must come to remove your umbrella it doesn’t rain very often here
minuses.

•Must /have to 👉innegative and

⚠️have to is used to express generals interrogative

•Must not (mustn’t) 👉prohibition

responsibility that some outhority or
situation makes at necessary to do

•Not have to 👉it is not necessary to do

something.
e.g: We have to come to the lessons
at 8:30 at university. something (not obligation)

e.g: You mustn’t use your pen.

You don’t have to use your phone.

Page 10 of 22
Must we finish our task till tomorrow? qilinish ehtimoli bormi?)
I must talk with the director. (I have sth
to discuss with him) are we likely to pass the exam?
I have to talk with the director. (director (biz imtihondan o’tish ehtimolimiz
called me) bormi?)
{ruxsat, ehtimollik}

☢️You mustn’t smoke here(qat’iy)

may I pass the exam? 😊 yes you may
you do not have to smoke (maslik
(imtihondan o’tishim mumkinmi)
kerak)
NEED
Gapda darak holatida have/has to
ORDINARY (structure)
kuchlik mustdan ko’ra lekin inkor
P:S + need(s) + C + M
gapda esa do/does not have to kuchsiz
N:S + do/ does not + need + C + M
mustn’tdan
I:Do/does + S + need + C + M?
Don’t/doesn’t + S + need + C+ M?
must < have/has to (kimgadur nimadir zarur)
mustn’t > do/does not have/has to e.g: I need a notebook.
He needs much knowledge.

⚠️To be →
I don’t need a notebook.
do I need a notebook?
must
She is to clean everywhere today. P:S + need(s) + full infinitive + V + C +
He was to stop watching TV M
am I to call you in the morning? N:S + do not/doesn’t + need to +V + C
+M
MAY + S + V …? ⇒ used to ask I:Do/does + S + need to + V + C + M?
(kimdir nimadir qilishi zarur)
permission
e.g: She needs to write task.
e.g: may I go home? may I use
She doesn’t need to write task.
phone?
does she need to write?

⚠️Mayni so’rog’ini hosil qilinganida AUXILIARY

P: POSITIVE SHAKLI YO’Q
ehtimollikni emas balki ruxsatni N:S + needn’t + bare infi + C + M
ifodalaydi, shu sabablik biz quyidagi I:needn’t + S + bare infi + C + M
strukturadan foydalanamiz. e.g: He needn’t be here.
needn’t he be here?
e.g: do you think that Clare will needn’t I study? (o’qishim shart emasmi)
participate in the meeting.
(Clare majlisda qatnashadi deb No Obligation
o’ylaysizmi) (majburiyat bo’lmagan)
present:⑴ You don’t have to come early
is it likely that she will get accepted to ⑵ you don’t need to come early
university? (U universitetga qabul ⑶ you needn’t come early

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(shart emas) … had you better…
past: ⑴ you didn’t have to come (qilganingiz yaxshimi)
⑵ you didn’t need to come
…had you better not…
(qilganingiz yaxshimasmidi)

WOULD LIKE They had better not smoke here

(taklif xoxlaysizmi xoxlasa berish shart ) had I better speak loudly?

would like = want

wouldn’t like = don’t want
would + you + like = to offer MODAL VERB IN PASSIVE

e.g: We would like to have ice- S + modal verb + verb + C + M

cream. Sc + modal verb + be + V3/ed + C + M
She wouldn’t like to be here.
would you like drink water. e.g: I can bring your possessions
or do you like drink tea? your possessions can be brought (by
me)
A:We should plant many trees
do you like bilan would likeni farqida P:Many trees should be planted
do you likeda present simpleda bo’ladi.
ex: would you like eat noodles or A:She has to bake a lot of cakes
dumplings? –I will go with noodles. P:A lot of cakes have to be baked by her
do you like to watch a horror movie? –
I’m not in that mood now. A:They need to repair their car
P:Their car needs to be repaired

SHOULD / OUGHT TO / HAD A:She needs to bake a cake

BETTER P:A cake is needed to be baked
(advise)
We should read many books. A:We needn’t cook a meal
We shouldn’t read. P:A meal needn’t be cooked.
Should we read.
He ought to sleep more.

S + had better + bare inf + C + M

IMPERATIVES
e.g: You had better finish everything till (buyruq gaplar)
tomorrow. Imperatives are used to show wish,
(sen ertagacha hamma narsani suggestion, order, advice we don’t
qilganing yaxshi) mention the subject in imperative
e.g: clean the window, don’t panic,
…had better not… write, do it, listen to me
(qilmaganiz yaxshi)
Positive: V1 + C + M

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Negative: Don’t + V1+ C + M e.g: let it not go, let students not
remove
open the window please! (permission)

First person I/WE Translete into imperative

let + me/us+ bare inf + C + M
e.g: Let’s do our homework. 1. U yerga yiqilgandan so’ng, sen uni
(kel uyga vazifamizni bajaramiz) yana urishing shart emas edi.
Let me help you (order) 2.Qachon sen o’qituvchini maslahati va
ko’rsatmalariga amal qilishni
ahamiyatini tushunasan?
Negative: let + us/me + not + bare inf 3.Hech qachon sen boshqalarni
e.g: Let me not remove my minuses. masxara qilishlariga yo’l qo’lma!
(minuslarimni yo’qotmaslikka ruxsat 4.Biror kishi bu eski binolar qachon
bering) let’s not waste our time. qurilganini biladimi?
before catching a device make sure 5.Uning kasalligi juda jiddiy bo’lgani
your hands aren’t wet. uchun, u futbol o’ynagani ko’chaga
chiqmasin!
6.Hozirgi kunda, har bir inson uchun
second person YOU kompyuter va boshqa zamonaviy
P: Bare inf + C + M qurilmalardan foydalanishni bilish juda
e.g: Learn blueprint words well muhim.
Speak loudly, Sleep well 7.U imtihonga juda yaxshi
tayyorlanganiga qaramasdan, uning
N: don’t + bare inf + C + M natijalari yaxshi emas edi.
don’t worry, don’t give up 8.U nuqul otasidan keragidan ortiq pul
don’t be selfish so’raydi, meningcha u buncha pulga
I: bare inf + C + M, will you? muhtoj emas.
e.g: take some money with you, will 9.O’quvchilarning fikriga ko’ra,
you?(xo’pmi) matnlarni yodlash so’zlarni
don’t stop trying, will you? yodalashdan ko’ra muhimroq.
forget every thing, will you? 10.Sening akang ertaga tushlik
vaqtigacha to’y uchun olib kelingan
barcha tovarlarni oziq-ovqat do’koniga
third person HIM/HER/IT/THEM qaytarsin!
P:Let + him/her/it/them +bare inf +C 11.Hatto sen imtihondan eng yaxshi
+M natija bilan o’tsang ham, o’zingni daho
e.g: let them go home,(ular uyga deb o’ylama!
borsin!) 12.Kelinglar urushishni o’rniga
let him sleep,(u uxlasin!) vaqtimizni oqilona sarflaylik va uyga
let it go, let your nephew drive your vazilarimizni qilaylik!
car!(jiyaning mashinaningni minsin!) 13.Hech kim kitoblarni ehtiyorkorlik
bilan o’qishing ahamiyatini
N:Let + him/her/it/them + not + tushunmaydimi?
bare inf 14.Sen pul yig’gunincha, bu arzon lekin

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shinam uylar sotib bo’lingan bo’ladi.

🔴Negative remark: → agreeing

15.Universitetni bitirgandan keyin u,
endi odamlarni maslahati va yordamiga
muhtoj emas. S + negative aux + either
neither / nor + aux + S

→disagreeing
but, S + aux
ADDITION TO REMARK
(somebody’s openion)(sentence idea) e.g: children shouldn’t go out because it
is so cold
who is ready for the lesson? adults shouldn’t either/ neither should
adults But I should
I’m ready → remark
Tom didn’t steal this expensive
I am also → addition diamond

(me too → informal) Jack didn’t either / neither did Jack

but Jack did / Tom didn’t steal this

⚠️O’zbekchada bildirilgan fikrga

expensive diamond either

qo’shimcha kiritish uchun ishlatiladi, Students aren’t allowed to enter the

informal ya’ni norasmiy shakli me too tutor’s room
yoki you too hisoblanadi. neither are strangers/ strangers aren’t
either / but I am

🔴Positive remark: → agreeing My friend could not score any goal.

So + aux + S or S + aux + too/also neither could I / nor could I /
I couln’t either / I couldn’t score any
→disagreeing goal either / but I could
But, S + negative aux
e.g: I love chocolate.
so do I / I does too QUESTIONS
but I don’t 1–General
2–Special
I had to remove my minuses to enter a) special subject
the lesson b) special object
so did you / you did also 3–Alternative
but you didn’t a) subject alter
b) object alter
his students are very clever c) predicate alter
so are mine / mine are too / but mine d) modifier alter
aren’t 4–Tag questions
a) questions tags
b) comment tags

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know? (Kate kimni taniydi?)
I will buy a car tomorrow. What will you
1) General → Yes/No+ S + aux buy tomorrow? What did the thief steal
e.g: are children at home? Yes they are from the bank? The thief stole a very
expensive diamond. What does this car
Do you have many friends? Yes I do / produce? This car produces electricity.
No I don’t
3) Alternative questions
should he go to dentist? Yes he
should / No he shouldn’t a)subject alternative
aux + S + V + C + M or aux + S ?
2) Special questions e.g: did you eat this cake or your
a) special subject
questions brother❌
only we can ask subject that’s way we
can use what and who did you eat this cake or did your bro? ✔️
What will you decorate this house or will your
Who niece
did you fix this car or did master?
e.g: who phoned you? Ali phoned me.
who prepared lunch? Mom prepared it
b)object alternative

⚠️Shunchaki oddiygina gapdagi subjectni

aux + S + V + O or O + …?
do you like tea or coffee?
do you read Science or Blueprint?
o’rniga what yoki who olmoshlaridan
birini qo’yish bilan yasaymiz.
b)Predicate alternative
e.g: Mark teachs English.
aux + S + V + O or V …?
Who teaches English?
will you go home or do your homework?
I’m from Japan. Who is from Japan?
do you cry or do laugh
Who gave you this ring? Mark gave me
this ring.
c)modifier alternative
aux + S + V + C + M or M …?
b) special object questions
did you run fast or slowly
Who
is our lesson interesting or boring?
What + Aux + S + V + M?
is his phone cheap or expensive?
Whom

⚠️Bu strukturada bizga objectni bilish TAG QUESTIONS

muhim va tuzishda biz zamonga qarab 1) Question tags→ confirmation or
yordamchi fe’lni tanlaymiz. Tarjimada
egadan keyin so’roq olmoshni tarjima agreement (shundaymi/shunday
qilamiz. emasmi?)

e.g: Kate knows Pamela. Who does Kate

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chiqanligini ifodalashda ishlatiladi.
2) Comment tags→ surprise (rostana)
e.g: I saw Messi in Chorsu. ~ did he?
(rostana)
Question tags is used to ask If he tried very hard, he was not able to
confirmation about what you have just pass the exam. – wasn’t he?
told. If we have positive statement we
should use negative auxiliary.
this, that→it (itga o’zgaradi)
e.g: He is always late for the lesson, e.g: This is a book, isn’t it?
isn’t he?
(u darsga doim kech qoladi, shunday
emasmi?) these, those→ they
These children have been in China e.g: these books are yours, aren’t
many times, haven’t they? they?
Alosh wan’t allowed to enter the lesson,
was he? We have a quiz in today’s
I am→ aren’t I
lesson, don’t we?
e.g: I am a generous, aren’t I? I
scarcely, hardly ever am late, aren’t I?
never, no one, seldom+ positive
auxiliary + S
let→ will you
no, nothing, rarely
e.g: let Jim sleep well, will you?

O’z ichida inkor ma’nosi bor shu sababli let’s → shall we

biz positive
ikkinchi sentence.
qismini positivedan
+ positive aux + S? e.g: let’s eat ice-cream, shall we?
foydalanamiz. Let’s take a walk, shall we?

e.g: He scarcely ever comes to the lesson bare inf → will you
on time, does he? (U deyarli darsga o’z
e.g:do your homework, will you?
vaqtida kelmaydi, shunday-a?)
Don’t close your book, will you
They hardly ever tolk with each other, do
don’t come close te the fireplace, will
they? (Ular bir birlari bilan deyarli
you?
gaplashmaydi, shunday-a?)

EMBEDDED

⚠️Embedded sentence is used to report

2) Comment tags

what somebody asked to somebody’s else

⚠️Asosan bildirilgan fikrga munosabatni

e.g: —Where do you live?
—Alex wants to know where I live. (Alex
ifodalaydi, va fikrga qiziqilgani mendan qayerda yashashimni bilishni
tajublangani, hayron qoldirgani, jahli hohlaydi.)

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—what is your name? properties of matter are.
—She is asking me what my name is.

Special questions as an embedded Negative alternative as an embedded

structure
S+V+C+M+ WH questions + S+V+C —will you come to an extra lesson or not?
—A teacher is asking students if they will
e.g: —What are you going to do on come to an extra lesson or not.
Sunday?
—Tim wants to know what I’m going to if … or not / whether … or not
on Sunday. whether or not … .
—how much does an iphone cost? —Does Tom want to give up smoking or
—he is asking how much an iphone not
costs —Jimmy wants to know whether or not
(zamoni bir xil bo’lishi shart). Tom wants to give up smoking.
—What did you use to drive in
childhood? —can you go with us if we ask
—he wants to know what I used to drive permission from a teacher?
in childhood. (prounni gap mazmuniga —they’re asking Tom whether he can go
qarab o’zgaradi) with them if they ask permission from a
teacher.
General questions as an embedded
S+V+C+M + If/whether + S +V+C+M

⚠️Gapdagi zamoni va pronouniga e’tibor

Pronoun change in embedded
—do I have to sell my house if I want to
move your country with my family
berilsin!
members?
e.g: —are you ready from Science?
—Bob is asking Ann whether she has to
—the teacher’s always asking me
sell her house if she wants to move to his
if/whether I’m ready for Science.
county with her family member.
(o’qituvchi menda sciencega tayyor yoki
tayyor emasligimizni so’ragani so’ragan)
—is your child going to visit my wedding?
—My classmate is asking Sarah whether
—Do you like reading?
her child is going to visit his wedding.
—Tom is asking Jim if/whether he likes
reading.
Tense change

⚠Ostidagi so’ralayotgan qismi PAST

Subject alternative as an embedded

e.g: —Did Tim miss many lessons or did

zamoniga aloqador bo’lsa biz gap
Sam?
zamonini bitta ortga suramiz.
—the teacher is asking me if Tim missed
many lessons or Sam did.
—When will your son graduate from
school?
—What are physical properties of matter?
—The doctor asked the woman when her
—A tutor wants to know what physical

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son would graduate from school?
a/an→when we don’t know a person
—Would you like to know what it is? ex: He is a Jimmy Wardy who is your
—He asked us if We would like to know new neighbor
what it was.

—Are the teachers going to have a ⚠️Man so’zi odamzod ma’nosida kelsa
meeting before a new term starts? article ishlatib bo’lmaydi.
—The boss is asking me whether They ex: Man should not destroy the nature!
are going to have a meeting before a new
term starts.

WITH EXCLAMATIONS
Such a clever boy! —qanchalar aqlli bola
such a interesting book! (positive)
ARTICLES
Indefinite articles (a/an) such a bad wheather! →uncountable
1. a/an→ one
what a clever boy! (negative)
ex: A person needs to have a common
sense.

2. a/an→ any Definite article (the)

ex: A student should respect her teacher. the + adj → plural noun
ex:He investigated much money to
3. a/an→ per (each) help the blind (ko’rlar)
The arrogant underestimate other people
ex: it is compulsory to have a passport
for person/each person/a person. the article pluralda ishlaganda ma’lum bir
ko’plikdagilarni nazarda tutadi.

a lot of the + surname = family

a great many of ex: the Johnson = Jonsonlar oilasi
a great number of many
a dozen of (12)
a couple of (2) the + name→ to mean exactly one person
ex: Can you call me the Dora?
a great deal of

the + title ✔️
a good deal of

We use a article before the word half

ex: He ate one and a half of the cake, the + title + name❌
We have got two and half days/hours
ex: The queen brought some
flowers from Japan.

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The President Mirziyoyev is trying to (A) little / (A) few
develop our country.

🐞A little + uncoun nouns

Other / Another / the other
1) Determiner → aniqlovchi

📌another + singular → different

ex: There is a little sugar in the tea.

one(boshqa biri) 2) Adverb

ex: this pen doesn’t write well. can you ex: he eats little. That’s way he is thin.
bring me another one (boshqa biri)
3) Pronoun
ex: The boss thought they finished the

📌other + plural → some more (ko’proq)

work, but a little was done.

ex: These bricks aren’t enough to build a little (yetarli) vs little

this house. You should bring other bricks (yetarlimas)
(ko’proq) ex: there is a little water in the glass,
you can drink it.

📌other+uncountable→ different one

there is little water in the glass, you
should bring some more.
(boshqasi)

🐞(A)few + countable plural

ex: This information is fake. Can you
search for other information.
1) Determiner

📌the other + singular → the last one

ex: He could find a few correct the
mistakes from the quiz.
(oxirgisi)
ex: Tom has three pens. One is his hand, 2) Pronouns
another is on the desk. The other is in ex: who passed the exam? A few passed
the bag
a few (oz lekin yetadi) vs few (kam)

📌the + others → the rest ex: Jerry has a few friends that’s way
he is very happy.
ex: twenty people came to the party. Jerry has few friends that’s way He is
5 of them are Russian, 7 of them are upset
German, the others are Uzbek.

📌another+
ex: 35 minutes is not enough to solve this
quiz, can you give another 5 minutes?
I pay another ten dollars for lunch. PREPOSITIONS

preposition + noun /gerund/ pronoun

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ex: I saw a big cat under the tree,
before speaking you should think twice,
Forman came after him

⚠️exception: but/expect → bare infinitive

ex: my dog can do everything but except
speake (bare inf)

Besides/ Except

ex: Besides teacher, everyone should

come to the lesson. (teacherdan tashqari)
you added everything to the salad except
salt, so that nobody ate it.
besides rice, you should carrot and onion
to the pilaf

beside→ yonida
ex: Melon always sits beside
watermelon.

Only a little = little

Only a few = few
Quite a little = much
Quite a few = many

ex: He added only a little salt to the soup,

did he?
only a few questions were answered by
students, were they?
can you give quite a little information
about the topix?
quite a few fans of this actor come to the
concert didn’t they?

Page 20 of 22
@airformdev
Follow more TENSE
CHANGE

Direct question Reported question

Present simple Past simple
Do you eat meals without heatings? =I asked him if he ate meals without heatings.
Why does she always do the things that she =Brain explained me why she always did the
wants? things that she wanted.
Present continuous Past continuous
Are you preparing hard for the final quiz? =The tutor asked us if we were preparing hard
What is John doing as a part-time job? for the final quiz.
=His friend inquired me what John was doing
as a part-time job.
Present perfect Past perfect
Has a shortage of water been prevented in the =The reporter asked the governor whether a
city? shortage of water had been prevented in the city
Where have you submitted applications =he asked me where I had submitted
documents? applicaions documents.
Present perfect continuous Past perfect continuous
Have they been snacking on a bar of chocolate? =I wanted to know if they had been snacking on
How long has an old man been walking? a bar of chocolate.
=He wondered how long an man been walking.
Past simple Past simple / Past perfect
Did Ann take my dictionary with her? =Did they know whether or not Ann took/had
Which of the programs were effective? taken my dictionary with her?
=The ambassador was questioned which of the
programs were/had been effective.
Future Future in the past
Will you give me one more chance to try? =She asked me if I would give her one more
How long will some Russian officials be under chance to try.
the European Union’s sanctions? =He wanted to know how long some Russian
officials would be under the EU’s sanctions.
Future Continuous Future continuous in past
Will werewolves be fighting against dark power =The wizard could not tell whether or not
with vampires? werewolves would be fighting against dark
Who will be playing on the piano the power with vampirs.
performance? =One woman asked me Who would be playing
on the piano the performance.
Conditional Conditional
Would you believe if animals turned into man? =She asked me if/whether I would believe if
animals turned into man (no change)
Must Had to
Must I water the tomato plants twice a day? =He asked if he had to water the tomato plants
May Might
May I use your phone? =He asked whether he might use my phone.
Can Could
can you jump over the wall? =They asked me if I could jump over the wall.
will / shall Would/should (would is more common)

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Will you come back in ten minutes? =My friend asked me if I would come back in ten
minutes.

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