Science, Technology, & Society ▪ Technology is both a form of knowledge that uses

Module 1: Introduction To Science, Technology, And Society concepts and skills from other disciplines and the application of
this knowledge to meet an identified need or to solve a specific
General concepts related to science, technology, and society problem using materials, energy, and tools.
Nowadays, advancements in science and technology SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
have become pervasive in our society. They are manifested in Science is the study of the natural world via research and
the activities that we, humans pursue and the tools that we experiment.
utilize every day. The power and influence of science and Technology is the application of science in practices.
technology is so great that wherever you look, you can see its
products and applications. In order for you to grasp the impact What is society?
of science and technology to our society, it is necessary to study Society can be defined as a group of humans who share a
some concepts related to science and technology. common interest and culture. It is a large number of people who
live in the same area. See themselves as separate/different from
Science others, and participate in a common culture. Derived from Latin
Comes from the Latin word ‘scientia’, meaning word ‘societas’, it typically refers to individuals belonging to a
‘knowledge’. It refers to a systematic and methodical activity of particular group.
building and organizing knowledge about how the universe A community of people engaging with each other
behaves through observation, experimentation or both. through persistent relationships, or a broad social grouping
• The framework of knowledge of the natural word occupying the same geographical or social territory,
learned through the scientific method normally subject to the same political authority and dominant
• It leads to the creation of concepts, methods, principles, cultural expectations.
theories, laws and procedures which seek to describe and A complex of mutual relationship classes,
explain nature and it’s phenomena. communicating with each other, allowing human organisms to
It can define as: carry on their life activities and helping each person, in
✓ Idea – includes ideas, theories and all available association with their fellows, to fulfill their wishes and fulfill
systematic explanation and observations about the natural and their interests.
physical world.
✓ Intellectual activity – involves systematic observation The Meaning of Science, Technology and Society
and experimentation The study of how social, political and cultural
✓ Body of knowledge – subject, discipline, field of study principles influence scientific research and technological
that deals with process of learning about natural and physical progress, and how they, in turn, impact society.
world Refers to the relationship of science and technology
✓ Personal and social activity – done by human beings with the socio-cultural, political and economic environments
to develop better understanding of the world around them. that form and shape them; concrete examples of scientific and
SCIENTIFIC METHOD technological advances throughout human history.
1. PURPOSE – state the problem.
2. RESEARCH – find out about the topic. Historical Roots Of STS as an Academic Field
3. HYPOTHESIS – predict the outcome to the problem. A relatively young field which brings together
4. EXPERIMENTATION – develop a procedure to test previously independent and older disciplines, such as science
the hypothesis. history, science philosophy of science and sociology.
5. ANALYSIS – record the results of the experiment. As an academic field, STS according to Harvard
6. CONCLUSION – compare the hypothesis to the University’s Kennedy School (2018), traces its root from
experiments’ conclusion. interwar period and start of the Cold War.
THE NATURE OF SCIENCE The growth of STS as an academic field resulted from
▪ The World is Understandable the realization that many schools today do not really prepare
▪ Science Explains and Predict students to respond to the challenges raised by science and
▪ Science Demands Evidence technology in the current term objectively, reflectively and
▪ Scientific Ideas are Open to Change proactively.
▪ Science is Complex Social Activity As an interdisciplinary field, the advent of STS was the
▪ Science Cannot Provide Complete Answers to product of concerns about the complex relationship of science
and technology with different facets of society, which was seen
Technology as a socially embedded community.
▪ The word often attached side by side with science STS seeks to bridge the gap between two traditionally
comes from the Greek word ‘techne’, meaning ‘art, skill or exclusive cultures --- humanities (interpretive) and natural
cunning of hand’. sciences (rational) --- so that humans will be able to better
▪ It is the application of scientific expertise, laws and confront the moral, ethical, and existential dilemmas brought by
principles to the development of services, products, instruments the continued developments in science and technology.
and machines built to solve real problems. STS also calls for educating you (our students) so that
▪ It is the material product, the results of a scientific you will be able to apply science and technology (tools,
investigation. knowledge, process and products) to solve problems in your
▪ A complex system of expertise, skills, personnel, environment.
techniques, equipment, materials and resources that are used and STS is an important academic discipline to help you do
allocated to the production, operation and manufacture of a new science so as to be functional and not just graduates who are
or enhanced product, process or service. alien to your own society.
▪ Technology involves the development and use of STS aims to help students to develop adaptability,
materials, tools, and approaches for solving human problems equipped with not only academic skills but with a range of
and helping to fulfill human needs and desires. practical skills which will make you a functional citizen.
▪ Many of the products of technology help humans
accomplish tasks that would otherwise be very difficult or Ethical dilemmas that reinforce the importance of the study
impossible to carry out although technology provides many of sts
benefits, it also produces associated costs and risks. The John J. Reilly Center for Science, Technology, and Values
▪ Technology is also a way of knowing, and is also a of the University of Notre Dame is responsible for listing the ten
process of exploration and experimentation. emerging ethical dilemmas and policy issues in science and
technology every year. Below is the list for 2018:
[Link]. A digital app store designed to read genomes.
[Link]-2 and Pepper. First robot priest and monk. Antecedents
[Link]. Sensing Facial Recognition – a software being Historical antecedents in science and technology are
developed to assess your reactions to anything such as shopping precursors to the unfolding or existence of advanced and
and playing games. sophisticated innovations.
[Link]. A way of holding data hostage through hacking History of science & technology
and requiring a ransom to be paid. History of science and technology examines the
[Link]. Device that analyzes whether a driver was using evolution and impact of scientific and technological innovations
his or her phone during an accident. on social, cultural, political, and economic contexts throughout
[Link] Credit System. System of scoring citizens through history.
their actions by placing them under constant surveillance (which
China plays to adopt). Problems encountered during ancient times:
[Link] Clips. Hands-free camera that lets the user captures 1. Transportation 5. Health
every moment effortlessly.
[Link] Software. A mysterious algorithm designed to aid 2. Communication 6. Architecture
courts in sentencing decisions.
[Link]. App that stores the deceased’s digital footprint so 3. Record-keeping 7. Mass production
one can still “chat” with them.
[Link] App. An app that notifies users of ongoing crimes or 4. Weapons 8. Aesthetics
major events in a specific area.
SUMERIAN
10 Emerging ethical dilemmas and policy issues in science  Southernmost region of ancient Mesopotamia (today known
and technology (2020) as Iraq & Kuwait).
For the ninth consecutive year, Dr. Jessica Baron, in  They are known for being cooperative and they developed
collaboration with the John J. Reilly Center for Science, different tools incorporated with science and technology.
Technology and Values at the University of Notre Dame, has Major contributions:
released the annual list of emerging ethical dilemmas and policy 1.) Cuneiform. It is carved clay using wedges to create symbols
issues in science and technology for 2021 and then left to dry. It is one of the oldest forms of writing
[Link] for the Arctic. The race to create new technologies to known. The purpose of it is for record-keeping.
explore commercial gains in the Arctic. 2.) Uruk City. The first true city in the world. They used bricks
[Link] Digital Twin. A virtual copy of the person that can be to make houses that protected them from the harsh weather and
analyzed without his or her presence. prevented wild animals from entering.
[Link]’s Version of “Inception”. A sleep-tracking device that 3.) Great Ziggurat of Ur. Built and dedicated for Nanna (moon
can alter dreams by tracking hypnagogia and then delivering god). Consisted of successfully smaller platforms that had a
audio cues based on incoming physiological data, at precise solid core of mud-brick covered by burnt brick.
times in the sleep cycle, to make dream direction possible. 4.) Irrigation & Dikes. They invented it to increase mass
[Link] Abuse. Humans all over the world have been caught production of goods, to bring water to farmlands, and at the
mercilessly harming robots “for fun.” same time to control the flooding of rivers.
5.“Stalkerware” Apps. Commercially available software used 5.) Sailboats. The first mode of transportation was through
to spy on another person via their device and without their waterways. This simple boat can carry goods, which can be
consent. traded over long distances.
[Link] Data Void Left by Search Engines. Search engine spit 6.) Wheel. The first wheel was not made for transportation but
out a small amount of information during searching. was rather used for making different types of pottery. And also
[Link]. Use of electronic information and for food processes. Farmers used it to mill grains with less time
telecommunication technology to get the health care you need and effort.
while practicing social distancing. 7.) Plow. A farm tech that enables the Sumerians to dig the
[Link] Profits off Foreclosures. A“gig economy” app company ground where seeds could be planted. It can cultivate large
developed Civvl, a service that contracts eviction crews to parcels of land at a faster rate. Helped increase food production.
secure foreclosed residential properties. 8.) Aeolipile. A streamed power turbine which spun when the
[Link]. The act of constantly consuming negative water container as its center was heated thus making it the first
online content (or content that makes you feel bad). rudimentary steam engine.
[Link]. Facebook has 2.45 billion monthly active users, 9.) Antikythera Mechanism. It was used to predict
has been involve0d in dozens of ethics violations, and shows no astronomical position and eclipses for calendar and astrological
signs of stopping in the foreseeable future. purposes.
10.) Brick Roads. Roads were invented to facilitate easier and
The following learning points summarize what you have faster travels. It is made up of sun-baked bricks that people laid
learned in this section: on the ground.
Science is a systematic and methodical activity of
building and organizing knowledge about how the universe BABYLONIAN
behaves through observation, experimentation or both.  Emerged near Euphrates & Tigris rivers.
Scientists assume that nature can be understood  Babylonians are known as great builders, they are known for
through systematic study, scientific ideas are open to revision, having the greatest engineers and architects.
sound scientific ideas withstand the test of time, and science Major contributions:
cannot provide answers to all questions. 1.) Hanging Garden of Babylon. The hanging gardens of
Technology involves the development and use of Babylon, one of the seven wonders of ancient times, were a
materials, tools, and approaches for solving human problems remarkable engineering and architectural achievement, but its
and helping to fulfill human needs and desires. exact location remains unknown due to speculations.
STS as an academic discipline is primarily concerned 2.) The Code of Hammurabi. Sets of laws in the ancient
with how the different aspects of society shape and influence the Babylon concerning religion, agriculture, and administration.
progression and further development of science and technology. “An eye for an eye; tooth for a tooth”. The first law book of the
STS seeks to bridge the gap between humanities and world.
natural sciences. 3.) Religion. They are POLYTHEISTS. They believed that gods
& goddesses take birth, come under sorrows, sufferings &
Module 2: Historical Antecedents of Science & Technology happiness.
amphitheater designs, concrete-domed buildings, and inventive
EGYPTIAN use of the arch.
 Dependent on the annual inundation of the Nile river to 4.) Roman Numerals. Roman numerals, derived from the
support its agriculture needs. ancient Roman system, are symbols used to represent numbers,
 They are famous for their great infrastructures and with I, V, X, L, C, D, and M representing 1, 5, 10, 50, 100, 500,
engineering technologies that still amazes people today. and 1,000 respectively.
Major contributions: 5.) Julian Calendar. Julius Caesar introduced the Julian
1.) Papyrus. Egyptians were not the first to develop the first Calendar, a 365-day, 12-month year for the Roman Empire and
writing system, but they made writing easier by developing their vassals, which would change to 366 days on the fourth
paper made from papyrus, a plant found in Egypt that grew leap-year.
abundantly.
2.) Pyramids. Today, the pyramids, built to house pharaohs' CHINESE
graves, serve as reminders of the Egyptians' belief in life beyond  The oldest civilization in the whole Asia.
death, highlighting that death was just the beginning of a  Widely known as “The Middle Kingdom”.
journey to the hereafter.  Surrounded by great river systems.
3.) Mummification. The embalming of a dead body, was a Major contributions:
practiced practice in ancient Egyptian history, ensuring the 1.) Silk Production. Chinese silk production originated in
body's most life-like state, regardless of wealth or poverty. Neolithic Yangshao culture, but earliest surviving textiles are
4.) Ancient Ink. After the Egyptians developed paper from from Western Han dynasty due to fragility and perish-ability.
papyrus, they invented ink to be used in writing on the paper. 2.) Tea Production. From the 4th to 8th century, tea's
Here, they combined chemicals to produce ink. popularity in China surged, evolving from medicinal to
5.) Hieroglyphics. Egyptian also invented a system of writing everyday refreshment, leading to the rise of tea merchants in the
called Hieroglyphics which use symbols it is usually seen on wealthy elite.
Egyptian pyramids they believe that this writing system was 3.) Great Wall. The wall acted as a barrier, defending northern
provided to them by their gods. China from enemy attacks, and facilitated trade by providing
6.) Clepsydra. The Egyptians invented the water clock, or watchtowers, fortresses, command posts, and beacon towers.
keibsidra. This device utilizes the gravity that affects water flow 4.) Gun Powder. Gunpowder, a blend of saltpeter, sulfur, and
from one vessel to another. It was used to measure time by charcoal, is a powerful propellant that rapidly ignites and
determining how much water remained. explodes when combined.
7.) Wigs. Egyptian wigs were developed for health reasons; they
were used to protect their skulls from harmful rays of the sun MEDIEVAL OR MIDDLE AGES
because wealthy Egyptians shaved their heads. They were also Between the fall of the Roman empire and the
used to prevent the accumulation of head lice. beginning of the renaissance. Marked by massive invasions and
migrations. Developments were geared towards weaponry,
GREEK navigation, mass food, farm production, & health.
 Birthplace of western philosophy. Major advancements:
 Greece (archipelago in the Southeastern part of Europe). 1.) Printing Press. Developed by JOHANNES GUTENBERG.
Major contributions: A utilized wooden machine that extracts juice from fruits, with
1.) Alarm Clock. Made with the use of water or sand/pebbles metal impression of the letters and pressed firmly to a piece of
that dropped into drums which makes the sound of alarm. Plato paper.
used this to signal the start of his lecture. 2.) Microscope. Developed by ZACHARIAS JANSSEN. Guided
2.) Water Mill. This was commonly used for agricultural by the principles used for the invention of eyeglasses in early
processes. It led to the production of edible staple food like years. Used to observed organism that cannot be seen by naked
beaten rice and cereals. eyes.
3.) Odometer. The term "odometer," meaning "path measure" 3.) Refracting Telescope. Discovered by HANS LIPPERSHEY.
in Greek, was first utilized by Ancient Chinese and Greeks to Telescope was first used for astronomy by GALILEO GALILIE.
measure distances and aid in the construction of roads and paths. 4.) War Weapons. Made for offensive and defensive
4.) Olympics. The ancient Olympic Games, held annually in techniques. Iron body armors were also made for protection in
honor of Zeus, spanned over a millennium and inspired the close range hand-to-hand combat.
modern competition.
5.) Geometry. Thales of Miletus, a prominent figure in early MODERN TIMES/INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
Greek geometry, is credited with initiating deductive methods in The Industrial Revolution was the transition from
the sixth century B.C. creating goods by hand to using machines. Its start and end are
6.) Medicine. Hippocrates and his students created the widely debated by scholars, but the period generally spanned
Hippocratic Oath for physicians, chronicling various ailments in from about 1760 to 1840.
the Hippocratic Corpus, and produced medical jargon that is still Major advancements:
in use today. 1. Steam engine 7. Engine powered airplane

ROMAN 2. Pasteurization 8. Television

 The cradle of politics and governance for their legislative and
codified laws. 3. Oil refining 9. Mechanical clock
 Strongest political and social entity in the west.
Major contributions: 4. Telephone 10. Paper money
1.) Acta Diurna. The Acta diurna, dating from before 59 BC,
5. Mechanical calculator 11. Spinning wheel
was a daily gazette that recorded official business and public
interest, serving as the prototype of the modern newspaper 6. Jacquard loom 12. Electricity
under the empire.
2.) Codex. The Ancient Romans revolutionized book making by
replacing the scroll with the codex, a significant advancement DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY IN
before the printing press. The codex transformed book shape THE PHILIPPINES
and offered a lasting form. Pre-Colonial Philippines
3.) Architecture. Roman architecture is renowned for its Ancient Filipinos developed technologies in
triumphal arch, basilica, residential apartment complexes, agriculture, metalworking, weaving, shipbuilding, and natural
resources, enabling survival and thriving in their environment -Published an essay “On the revolution the heavenly spheres”
before Spanish colonization in the 16th century. Copernican Revolution
Spanish Colonization Era Marks the shift from the belief that the Earth was the
During the Spanish colonial period, the Philippines center of the universe to the heliocentric model of the universe
became a significant international trade hub, introducing new where the sun is the center of the solar system, as articulated by
technologies like printing and paper-making, and establishing the Polish astronomer Nicolaus Copernicus in the 16th century.
schools for science and mathematics education. In his heliocentric model, Copernicus re-positioned the
American Colonization Era Earth from the center of the Solar System and introduced the
The Philippines' colonization by the United States in idea that the Earth rotates on its own axis causing day and night.
the late 19th and early 20th centuries led to increased education, The Earth along with other heavenly bodies rotates around the
advancements in technology, and the establishment of the sun.
Bureau of Science.
Major Filipino inventions: The shift from geocentric to heliocentric slowly happened
1.) Kampilan is a type of single-edged sword, traditionally used through the contributions of the following intellectual persons:
by various ethnic groups in the Philippine archipelago. 1.) Tycho Brahe
2.) Baybayin, a pre-colonial writing system used by Tagalogs in -Tycho Brahe’s careful observation of the star, Cassiopeia.
northern Philippines, is now obsolete but has gained interest as a -He developed a compromise between the heliocentric and
tattoo design or Filipino-themed apparel. geocentric models of the universe.
3.) Dr. Abelardo Aguilar discovered a bacteria strain leading to 2.) Johannes Kepler
Erythromycin, a broad-spectrum antibiotic used to treat and -Johannes Kepler said that all planets move in elliptical orbits
prevent infections, marketed by Eli Lilly under Ilosone. and the sun at the corner.
4.) H2O Technologies' Victor Llave and team designed the 3.) Galileo Galilie
Salamander Amphibious Tricycle, a testament to Filipino -He developed his own telescope and observed Venus.
engineering's ingenuity, over 24 months. 4.) Isaac Newton
5.) Salt Lamp. Engineers Alisa and Raphael Mijeno have Mxm
developed a lamp that uses salt and water to generate light, -Known for his law of gravitation. F1=F2=G=
r2
aiming to reduce carbon footprints in the Philippines.
6.) As per government data, the E-Jeepney was made by the
Charles Darwin (English naturalist, biologist, & geologist)
engineers of EVAP, while the research and development, and
In 1859, he published his book “On the origin of
prototyping were funded by the DOST for PHP 4.9 million.
species”
7.) Mole Remover. Filipino scientist and inventor, Rolando
Darwinian Revolution
Dela Cruz, developed a patented formula for removing deep
One of the most controversial intellectual revolutions.
growth moles or warts from the cashew tree in 2000.
He introduced the theory of evolution that populations
8.) Banana Ketchup, also known as banana sauce (in export
pass through a process of natural selection in which only the
markets), is a Philippine fruit ketchup condiment made from
fittest would survive.
banana, sugar, vinegar, and spices. Invented by Maria Orosa.
Natural Selection
9.) In 1941, Del Mundo invented a bamboo Incubator for rural
1. Each species shows variation.
families without electricity, and her studies on diarrhea in
2. There is competition within each species for food,
infants and children under 5 have updated previous research.
living,space, water, mates etc.
10.) The Mosquito Ol-Trap consists of a black container, a 1"
3. The better adopted members of these species are more likely
X 6.5" lawanit strip for mosquito eggs, and a larvicide solution
to survive “survival of the fittest”
to kill larvae.
4. These survivors will pass on their genes to their offspring
who will also show beneficial variations.
How science improved & developed technology?
Sigmund Freud
Technology is developed and advanced primarily via
An Austrian neurologist, known as the founder of
the application of science. Science and technology have a
psychoanalysis which, defined as a set of psychological theories
symbiotic connection, with science making numerous and
and therapeutic methods with the belief that all people possess
substantial contributions to technology.
unconscious thoughts, feelings, desires, and memories.
Scientific discoveries in physics, chemistry, and
According to his theory, personalities arise because of
biology drive technological advancements, such as electricity,
attempts to resolve conflicts between unconscious sexual and
which in turn drives innovation and progress in various
aggressive impulses and societal demands to restrain these
industries.
impulses.
Freudian Revolution
Importance of science & technology’s antecedents
MacNamara said the field of psychology was
Studying historical science and technology foundations
considered more of an art rather than science and was classified
helps recognize contributions, understand advantages,
under the area of philosophy.
institutional shifts, modernization, and competitiveness, leading
Quinto said psychoanalysis is "a scientific method of
to longer lives, improved labor efficiency, and economic
understanding inner and unconscious conflicts embedded within
progress.
one's personality, springing from free associations, dreams and
fantasies of the individual."
Module 3: Intellectual Revolutions & Society
CRADLES OF EARLY SCIENCE
Intellectual Revolution
Meso-America (The Aztec civilization)
A Greek speculation about “nature” known as “Pre-
 Made substantial contributions to science and technology
Socratic” or “non-theological” 0r “first philosophy”.
and to the society. Some of their contributions are the
3 Characteristics of this philosophy:
following:
1. The world is natural whole
1. Mandatory education. The Aztec puts value on education;
2. There is natural order
that is why their children are mandated to get education
3. Human can discover those law
regardless of their social class, gender, or age. It is an early form
of universal or inclusive education.
Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543)
2. Chocolates. The Aztec in Mexico developed chocolate during
-Astronomer & mathematician
their time. In Mayan culture, they used it as currency. The Aztec
-Adopted the heliocentric model suggesting the idea that the sun
valued the cacao beans highly and made it as a part of their
is the center of solar system.
tribute to their God.
3. Antispadomic medication. They used a type of antispadomic
medication that could prevent muscle spasms and relax muscles, Post-colonial period
which could help during surgery. -One of the presidents who ushered in advancements in science
4. Chinampa. It is a form of Aztec technology for agricultural and technology was former President Ferdinand Marcos Sr.
farming in which the land was divided into rectangular areas Under his term, many agencies in science technology were
and surrounded by canals. established and strengthen.
5. Aztec calendar. This enabled them to plan their activities,
rituals, and planting season. The role of science and technology in philippine nation
6. Invention of the canoe. A light narrow boat used for building
traveling in water systems. 1. Science and Technology discoveries, inventions and
innovations brought about the
DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENCE IN ASIA & AFRICA growth of industries and enterprises that eventually led to the
China rise of the cities.
One of the ancient civilizations with substantial 2. Outputs in the study of Science and technology include more,
contributions in many areas of life like medicine, astronomy, new improved and rapidly
science. Mathematics, arts, philosophy, and music. The Chinese produced products to met the demands of the people.
are known for their traditional medicines. 3. Provide driving force to the computer information,
They discovered various medical properties and uses of communication and technology (ICT).
different plants and animals to cure human illness. Acupuncture 4. Discovery, development and promotion of various kind of
is an example. medicines.
5. Science discoveries and technology innovations have made
Africa life easier.
They fight against colonialism and imperialism in
Africa. Egypt was known to be a center of alchemy, which is Government policies on science and technology
known as the medieval fore runner of chemistry. The Philippine government introduced and
Astronomy was also famous in African region. For implemented several programs, projects, and
instance, documents show that Africans used three types of policies to boost the area of science and technology. The goal is
calendar: lunar, solar and stellar or a combination of the three. to prepare the whole country and its people to meet the demands
of a technologically driven world capacitate the people to live in
Module 4: Historical Background of Science and Technology in a world driven by science.
the Philippines The National Research Council of the Philippines
(NCRP) clustered these policies into four,
Pre-colonial period namely:
-Scientific and technological development in the Philippines 1. Social Sciences, Humanities, Education,International Policies
began in the pre-colonial period. Even before the Spaniards and Governance.
came to the Philippine islands. 2. Physics, Engineering and Industrial Research, Earth and
-Early Filipino settlers were already using certain plants and Space Sciences, and
herbs as medicines. Mathematics
-Systems of farming and animal-raising were also implemented. 3. Medical, Chemical, and Pharmaceutical Sciences
-Use of numerical, measurement and calendar system to 4. Biological Sciences, Agriculture, and Forestry
facilitate trading. There are also other existing programs supported by the
-A complicated engineering feat was achieved by the natives of Philippine government through the Department of Science and
the Cordilleras when they Technology (DOST).
built rice terraces by hand. Through these terraces, the people Some of these projects are the following:
were able to cultivate crops on the mountainsides in cold • Providing funds for basic research and patents Related to
temperatures. They incorporated an irrigation system that uses science and technology.
water from the forests and mountain tops to achieve an elaborate • Providing scholarships for undergraduate and Graduate studies
farming system. of students in the field of
Science and technology.
Colonial period • Establishing more branches of the Philippine Science High
Spanish colonization School System.
-Establishment of formal education institutions and the • Balik Scientist Program to encourage Filipino Scientists
launching of scientific organizations. abroad to come home and work in the Philippines
-Mandate schools to teach different subjects. • Developing science and technology parks in Academic
-Medicine & Biology were taught in educational & training campuses to encourage academe and Industry partnerships.
institutions. • The establishment of the National Science Complex And
-Engineering was introduced to construct buildings, churches, National Engineering Complex within the University of the
bridges and roads Philippines campus in Diliman

American colonization The Philippine-American Academy of Science and Engineering

-Modernized all the aspects of life in the Philippines. (PAASE, 2008) identified several capacity-building programs
-Established the Bureau of Science. such as:
-Established the National Research Council of the Philippines in • Establishment of national centers of excellence;
1933. • Manpower and institutional development programs, such as
-Developments in science and technology were focused on the Engineering and Science
agriculture, medicine and pharmacy, food processing and Education Program (ESEP) to produce more PhD graduates in
forestry. science and engineering.
•Establishment of regional centers to support specific Industries;
Japanese colonization • Establishment of science and technology business centers to
-Priority of opening elementary schools. assist, advise, and incubate technopreneurship ventures; And
-Re-opening of vocational and normal schools in agriculture, • Strengthen science education at an early stage through the
medicine, fisheries and engineering. Philippine Science High
-Filipinos are engaged in the sale of food and medicine for School system.
aiding the soldiers.
Science schools in the philippines
Quezon city regional science high school The Question of Technology
• On September 17, 1967, it was known as Quezon City Science Two definitions of technology belong together.
High School. It served as the Regional Science High School * Technology is a means to an end.
since 1998. Science and technology are heavily emphasized in * Technology is a human activity.
the curriculum. Its objective is to give as many opportunities as
possible for science-gifted children to cultivate as inquisitive Technology itself is CONTRIVANCE in latin an
and creative attitude. instrumentum.
Manila science high school The current conception of technology, accord to which
• The Manila Science High School was the country's first it is means and a human activity, can therefore be called the
science high school. The program includes science and INSTRUMENTAL and ANTHROPOLOGICAL definition of
mathematics significantly. Its vision is to develop scientist wit technology.
souls. Humanities classes and other electives are incorporated as
their curriculum to Instrumental. Technology is a means to an end.
accomplish this. Anthropological. Technology is a human activity.
Technology is a way of bringing forth, a making something.
Philippine science high school systems (pshss) Heidegger also put forward the ancient Greek concepts of
• PSHS System education is founded on a curriculum that ALETHEIA, POIESIS, and TECHNE.
prioritizes science and mathematics. The PSHS System prepares
students for careers in science and technology while also Aletheia means unhiddenness or disclosure.
assisting in the improvement of the nation. It seeks to build Poiesis defined as bringing forth.
well-rounded individuals. Techne skills, art, or craft. A means of bringing forth something
thus, Heidegger’s work, technology is a poiesis that discloses or
Special science elementary schools (sses) project reveals the truth.
• The goal of the SSES Project is to impart scientific and
technological learning, skills, and values to Filipino children. Technology as poeisis
Famous filipinos in the field of science Applicable to Modern Technology? Modern technology may be
1. Ramon Cabanos Barba – for his outstanding research on a mode of revealing but not as harmonious bringing forth that is
tissue culture in Philippine Mangoes. describe of what technology as poeisis. Challenges the natural
2. Josefino Cacas Comiso – for his works on observing the world and its resources, which are taken by force for human use
characteristics of Antarctica By using satellite images. and storage. It brings about a “setting upon” of the land. With
3. Jose Bejar Cruz Jr. – known internationally In the field of modern technology, revealing never comes to an end. Heidegger
electrical engineering; was elected as officer of the famous described modern technology as the age of switches, standing
Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineering. reserve, and stockpiling for its own sake.
4. Lourdes Jansuy Cruz – notable for her Research on sea
snail venom. Questioning as the piety of thought
5. Fabian Millar Dayrit – for his research on herbal medicine. When we continuously acquire and pile things up, we begin to
6. Rafael Dineros Guerrero III – for his research on tilapia wonder and question “questioning is the piety of thought”,
culture. heidegger stated in the question concerning technology.
7. Enrique Mapua Ostrea Jr. – for invention of the meconium Piety is associated with being religious, however for Heidegger
drugs testing. piety means obedience and submission
8. Lilian Formalejo Patena – for Doing research on plant .
Biotechnology. Enframing: Way of revealing in modern technology
9. Mari-Jo Panganiban Ruiz – For being an outstanding The way of revealing in modern technology is an enframing.
Educator and graph theorist. This enframing that challenges forth and sets upon nature is a
10. Gregory Ligot Tangonan – for His research in the field of way of looking at reality.
Communications technology. Poeisis is concealed in enframing as nature is viewed as an
order-able and calculable system of information.
There are other outstanding Filipino scientists who Recognized Enframing is done because people want security.
here and abroad for their outstanding Contributions in science:
Caesar A. Saloma – an internationally renowned Physicist. Heidegger distinguished between calculative thinking and
Edgardo Gomez – famous scientist in marine Science. meditative thinking.
William Padolina – chemistry and president of National Calculative thinking, one orders and puts a system to nature so
Academy of Science and Technology (NAST)-Philippines. it can be understood better and controlled.
Angel Alcala – marine science. Meditative Thinking, one lets nature reveal itself to him/ her
without forcing it. One kind of thinking is not in itself better
Module 5: Technology is a way of revealing than the other. The human person has the faculty for both and
would do well to use them in synergy.
BCE/Before Common ERA/ Before Christ ERA
CE/Common ERA/Year of the Lord Human Person Swallowed by Technology
Though it is true that the individual takes part in the
Technology revealing of nature, LIMITS must still be recognized. If we
Notable comparisons allow ourselves to get swallowed by modern technology, we
 Good health and well-being lose the essence of who we are as beings in this world.
 Education According by the poet Horderlin, “But where danger is,
 Decent work and economic growth grows the saving power also”.
Essence is the way in which things are, as that which endures.
Martin Heidegger “Essence of Technology is nothing technological”
German philosopher, also in his contributions of Heidegger (1977)”
phenomenology, hermeneutics and existentialism. One of the
most important and influential philosophers in the 20th century. Art as a Way-Out of Enframing
According to MARTIN HEIDEGGER, technology can Enframing, as the mode of revealing in modern
be understood based on its BEING which CONSTITUTES technology, tends to block poeisis.
HUMAN ACTIVITY.
The poetry that is found in nature can no longer be
easily appreciated when nature is enframed.
In modern technology, that way of revealing is no
longer poetic; it is challenging.
Heidegger proposes ART as a way-out this enframing.
With art, we are better able to see the poetic in nature in reality.
We will recognize that nature is art par excellence.
Hence, nature is the most poetic.

Module 6: Human flourishing

The ability to live a good life

Easter Culture
An effort to achieve self-actualization and fulfillment
within the context of a larger community of individuals, each
with the right to pursue his or her own such efforts. Focused on
community.
Western Culture
Involves the rational use of ones individual human
potentialities, including talents, abilities, and virtues in the
pursuit of his freely and rationally chosen values and goals. Self
Improvement.
Aristotelian Flourishing
Flourishing suggested the cultivation of virtue, a
trademark in Aristotle’s philosophy, and was originally used by
him to characterized it as “the way we are intended to be as
human beings. Focused on moral character, cultivation of virtue.

Characteristics of Human Flourishing

According to bandarlipe, et al. (2019). The following are some
characteristics of human flourishing:
1. All human aims to flourish.
2. Human flourishing involves putting into action ones
capacities, capabilities and virtues.
3. Human flourishing depends on free will.
4. Human flourishing is sustained over time.
5. Human flourishing involves doing well in broad
domains of human life.

Difference between traditional frameworks of progress and

development, and Hickels’ concept of de-development

Traditional frameworks of progress and developments

•Are based on the idea that economic growth and
industrialization are essential for improving people’s we’ll being
and achieving prosperity.
•This approach has been dominant in mainstream economics
and international development for decades and it focuses on
increasing GDP, promoting free trade and encouraging foreign
investment.
•Gross domestic product (GDP)- is the standard measure of
the value added created through the production of goods and
services in a country during a certain period.

WHO IS JASON HICKEL?

Jason Hickel is an economic anthropologists whose
research focuses on global inequality and political ecology. He
challenge us to re-think and reflect on the different paradigm of
“de-development”

DE-DEVELOPMENT
• Is the process of allowing society’s upper class to slow down
their consumption, while allowing the lower classes to catch up.
This does not imply making a rich country poor, but. Rather
reducing their resource usage.
• Jason Hickel proposed a solution that is different from what is
usually thought of. In his article Forget ‘developing’ poor
countries, it’s time to de-develop rich countries.
• Growth has been the main object of development for the past
70 years, although it’s not working.
• Way up bridging the gap between countries.