CA 2
1. Law Enforcement/Police - Its function is to conduct investigation on the alleged crime
committed by a person; to arrest or detain violators of the penal law or an ordinance; to
affect the warrant issued by the court; and to assist the complainant to file a case.
2. Prosecution - This refers to the evaluation of the findings of the police submitted to their
office. It represents or acts as the legal prosecutor of the offended party.
3. Court - Conducts cross-examination of the witness before the issuance of the warrant
(either warrants of arrest or search warrant), conducts arraignment, and holds trial before
giving final decision on the case.
4. Correction. Considered the weakest component of the criminal justice system. Its function
is to reform the convicted offender through the rehabilitation program inside the
correction.
5. Community – Helps and coordinates the program of the government specifically on the
maintenance of peace and order.
6. Non-Institutional based Correction – It is also known as Community based correction,
which refers to correctional activities that may take place within the community.
7. Parole - It is the conditional release of a prisoner from a correctional institution after
serving the minimum period of prison sentence.
8. Restorative Aspect - There are measures expected to be achieved by the offender, such as
an establishment of a position in the community in which he does not violate the laws.
9. Managerial Aspect - Managerial skills are of special importance because of the sharp
contrast between the per capita cost of custody and any kind of community program.
10. Probation- it is considered as a least severe sanction, and may be used in conjunction with
suspended sentence and other options.
11. Intensive Supervision - it is an enhanced version of probation, where offenders have
increased contact with their probation officers.
12. Restitution and Fines - It is the most commonly used sanction. Restitution is the repayment
of the offender to victims who have suffered financial losses as a result of the offender’s
crime.
13. Community Service - this option requires the offenders to voluntarily donate their time
back to serving their community.
14. Substance Abuse Treatment - referrals are often provided when the offense includes some
substance during the intake process that an offender needs such referral.
15. Day Reporting Centers - it requires the offenders to report to a centralized location on a
daily basis to receive treatment and education.
16. House Confinement- It is a program that requires offenders to remain in their homes except
for approved periods of absence.
17. Halfway House- Offenders are required to remain in the house at night but are allowed to
obtain employment in their respective communities.
18. Boot Camp- It incorporates rigorous military style punishments. It is designed as a short
term residential option.
19. Diversion- A process whereby an alleged offender (usually a juvenile delinquent) is “turned
away” from further movement into the justice system.
20. Sanctuary - It is one of the earliest forms of leniency, and came into two forms: secular and
religious.
CA 3
1. Rehabilitation - rehabilitation refers to the process of restoring offenders to a law-abiding
life. It aims to address the root causes of criminal behavior and help offenders acquire the
skills and knowledge necessary to reintegrate into society.
2. A Person Deprived of Liberty (PDL) - a detainee, inmate, or prisoner, or other person under
confinement or custody in any other manner.
3. Penology - also known as Penal Science. It is the division of criminology that concerns itself
with the philosophy and practice of society in its efforts to repress criminal activities.
4. Sentences - are punishments for convicted defendants. Imposition of sentences is a judicial
function to be performed by sentencing courts.
5. Criminal sentencing - can range from probation and community service to prison. Different
types of sentences are designed to meet different goals.
6. Retribution - The severity of the punishment is proportionate to the seriousness of the
crime.
7. Incapacitation - It refers to the act of making an individual incapable of committing a crime
by execution.
8. Deterrence - It is the use of punishment to stop potential criminals from committing crimes.
9. Restoration - It is the process where victims, offenders, and communities affected by a
particular offense meet to find a way to restore the harm resulting from an offense.
10. Rehabilitation as Anti-Recidivism - Incapacitation seeks to reduce the likelihood of
recidivism. Its distinctive feature lies in how it gets there, in the means used to achieve this
end.
11. Rehabilitation as Harm-Reduction - Punishment can be justified even when it does not have
any general deterrent effects, because it may rehabilitate the offender.
12. Rehabilitation as Moral Improvement - Punishment is justified as a way to prevent
wrongdoing as it can teach both wrongdoers and the public the moral reasons for choosing
not to perform an offense.
13. Rehabilitation as Restoration - Rehabilitation is a matter of restoring the offender’s social
standing in society or fostering the capacities needed for such restoration.
14. Therapeutic Community - It is a treatment environment; an environment that helps people
get help while helping others.
15. Community Service - This program refers to the services in the community rendered by
clients for the benefit of society.
16. Payment of Civil Liability - The payment of civil liability to victims of offenders are pursued
despite the economic status of clients.
17. Sports and Physical Fitness - Activities that provide physical exertion like sport: games and
group play are conducted to enhance the physical well being of clients.
18. Work or Job Placement - Categorized as an informal program wherein a client is referred for
job placement through the officer's own personal effort.
19. Health, Mental and Medical Services - To address some of the basic needs of clients,
medical missions are organized to provide various forms of medical and health services.
20. Literacy and Education - This is particularly intended for clients who are "no read, no write"
to help them become functionally literate.
