LIFE SUPPORT

IS A SERIES OF EMERGENCY LIFESAVING PROCEDURES

THAT ARE CARRIED OUT TO PROLONG LIFE OF A
VICTIM WITH LIFE THREATENING EMERGENCIES
BASIC LIFE SUPPORT
AN EMERGENCY PROCEDURE THAT CONSISTS OF
RECOGNIZING RESPIRATORY OR CARDIAC ARREST OR
BOTH AND THE PROPER APPLICATION OF CPR TO
MAINTAIN LIFE UNTIL A VICTIM RECOVERS OR ADVANCED
LIFE SUPPORT IS AVAILABLE
ADVANCED LIFE SUPPORT

THE USE OF SPECIAL EQUIPMENT TO MAINTAIN BREATHING

AND CIRCULATION FOR THE VICTIM OF AN EMERGENCY
PROLONGED LIFE SUPPORT
FOR POST RESUSCITATIVE AND LONG TERM RESUSCITATION
CHAIN OF SURVIVAL

• Depends on a series of critical interventions

BREATHING AND CIRCULATION
• Air that enters the lungs contains:
– 21% O2
– trace of CO2
• Air exhaled from the lungs contains:
16% O2
4% CO2
Clinical death (0 - 4 min. - brain
damage not likely, 4 - 6 min. - damage
probable).
Biological death (6 - 10 min. -
brain damage probable; over 10
min. - brain damage is
certain).
BODY SUBSTANCE ISOLATION (BSI)

ARE PRECAUTIONS TAKEN TO ISOLATE OR PREVENT

RISK OF EXPOSURE FROM ANY OTHER TYPE OF
BODILY SUBSTANCE
BASIC PRECAUTIONS AND PRACTICES

• Personal hygiene
• Protective equipment
• Equipment cleaning and disinfecting
CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE

1. RISK FACTORS FOR CVD

a. RISK FACTORS THAT CANNOT BE CHANGED (NON-MODIFIABLE)

Heredity
Age
Gender
B. RISK FACTORS THAT CAN BE CHANGED (MODIFIABLE)
Cigarette smoking
Hypertension
Elevated cholesterol and triglyceride levels
Lack of exercise
Obesity
Stress
Diabetes mellitus
HEART ATTACK
(MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION)
OCCURS WHEN THE OXYGEN SUPPLY TO THE HEART MUSCLE
(MYOCARDIUM) IS CUT OFF FOR A PROLONGED PERIOD OF TIME,
WHICH RESULTS FROM REDUCED BLOOD SUPPLY DUE TO SEVERE
NARROWING OR COMPLETE BLOCKAGE OF THE ARTERY. THE
RESULT IS DEATH (INFARCTION) OF THE AFFECTED PART OF THE
HEART.
WARNING SIGNALS

•Chest discomfort
•Sweating
•Nausea
•Shortness of breath
FIRST AID MANAGEMENT
• Recognize the signals of heart attack and take action
• Have the patient stop what he or she is doing and sit
or lie him/her down in a comfortable position. Do not
let the patient move around
• Have someone call the physician or ambulance for
help
• If patient is under medical care, assist him/her in taking
his/her prescribed medication
2/21/2024

GUIDELINES IN GIVING
EMERGENCY CARE

Module 3

FA3-1
GETTING STARTED
2/21/2024

• Plan of Action
• Gathering of needed materials
• Remember the Initial Response
- Ask for help
- Intervene
- Do no further harm
• Instruction to helper/s

FA3-2
EMERGENCY ACTION PRINCIPLE
2/21/2024

1. Survey the scene

> is the scene safe?
> what happened?
> how many are injured?
> are there bystanders who can help?
> identify yourself as a trained first aider
> get consent to give care
2. Do a Primary Survey of the victim
Check Responsiveness
Activate Medical Assistance (AMA)/ transfer facility
Check for Airway
- head tilt-chin lift maneuver
- jaw-thrust maneuver
Check Breathing
-Look, Listen & Feel Method (LLF)
-Check for no more than 10 seconds
Check Circulation
o Pulse
- Carotid Pulse (Adult, Child)
- Brachial Pulse (Infants)
o Major Bleeding
o Perfusion
- Less than 2 seconds
3. Do a Secondary Survey of the victim
• Interview the victim
- ask the victim’s name
- ask what happened
• S – signs and symptoms of the episode
- ask the SAMPLE history
• A – allergies, particularly to medication
• M – medications
• P – past medical history
• L – last oral intake (food, drinks, meds.)
• E – events leading to the episode
FA3-7
• Check the vital signs
- pulse Adult 60-90/min.

Child 80-100/min

Infant 100-120/min.

- respiration
Adult 12-20/min.

Child 18-25/min
Infant 25-35/min.

- skin appearance
- look at the victim’s face and lips
- record skin appearance, temperature, moisture, and color
• Do head-to-toe exam 2/21/2024

D – deformity
C – contusions
A – abrasions
P – punctures
B – burn
T – tenderness
L – laceration
S – swelling

FA3-10
2/21/2024

GOLDEN RULES IN GIVING EMERGENCY CARE

FA3-11
WHAT TO DO:
• Do obtain consent, when possible
• Do think the worst, it’s better to administer 1st aid for the gravest
possibility
• Do remember to identify yourself to the victim
• Do provide comfort and emotional support
• Do respect the victim’s modesty and physical privacy
• Do be as calm and as direct as possible
• Do care for the most serious injuries first
• Do assist the victim with his or her prescription medication
• Do keep onlookers away from the injured person
CONT…: • Do handle the victim to a minimum 2/21/2024

• Do loosen tight clothing

WHAT NOT TO DO:

• Do not let the victim see his/her own injury

• Do not leave the victim alone except to get help
• Do not assume that the victim’s obvious injuries are the only ones
• Do not make any unrealistic promises
• Do not trust the judgment of a confused victim and require them to
make decision
FA3-14
Respiratory Arrest &
Rescue Breathing

Module 3

BLS3-1
RESPIRATORY ARREST
IS THE CONDITION IN WHICH THE BREATHING STOPS OR IS
INADEQUATE

BLS3-2
CAUSES: •Obstruction
• Anatomical Obstruction
• Mechanical obstruction
•Disease
• bronchitis
• pneumonia
• chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
(COPD) and other respiratory illnesses
•Other causes of respiratory arrest
• electrocution
• circulatory collapse
• external strangulation
• chest compression (by other physical forces)
• drowning
• poisoning
• suffocation

BLS3-5
RESCUE BREATHING
IS A TECHNIQUE OF BREATHING AIR INTO A PERSON TO
SUPPLY HIM OR HER WITH THE OXYGEN NEEDED TO
SURVIVE. RESCUE BREATHING IS GIVEN TO VICTIMS WHO
ARE NOT BREATHING OR INADEQUATE BUT STILL HAVE
PULSE

BLS3-6
WAYS TO VENTILATE THE LUNGS
• Mouth-to-mouth breathing
• Mouth-to-nose breathing
• Mouth-to-mouth-and-nose breathing
• Mouth-to-stoma breathing
• Mouth-to-face shield rescue breathing
• Mouth-to-mask rescue breathing
• Bag-mask device
BLS3-7
Table of comparison on Rescue Breathing for Adult, Child, and Infant
Adult Child Infant
Opening of airway Maximum tilt of the head Neutral plus position Neutral position
(Head-Tilt-Chin lift
Maneuver)
Checking of pulse Carotid pulse (side of neck) Carotid pulse (side of neck) Brachial pulse (upper arm)
Method (basic) Mouth-to-mouth or Mouth- Mouth-to-mouth or Mouth- Mouth-to-mouth & nose
to-nose to-nose
Breaths Full, slow breath (1.5 to 2 Full, slow regulated breath Gentle, slow breath (1 to
seconds per breath) (1 to 1.5 seconds per 1.5 seconds per breath)
breath)
Rate 24 breaths per 2 minutes 40 breaths per 2 minutes (1 breath every 3 seconds)
(1 breath every 4 to 5
seconds)
Counting for Breath 1, 1002, 1003, Breath, 1, 1001, breath, 1, 1002, breath, 1, 1003
standardization 1001, breath, 1, 1002, 1003, breath... 1, 1040, breath
purposes 1002, breath, 1, 1002, 1003,
1003, breath. 1, 1002, 1003,
up to 1024,breath

BLS3-8
Foreign Body Airway
Obstruction Management

Module 4

BLS4-1
CAUSES OF OBSTRUCTION
• Improper chewing of large pieces of food
• Excessive intake of alcohol
• Presence of loose upper and lower dentures
• For children - running while eating
• For smaller children of “hand-to-mouth” stage left unattended

TYPES OF OBSTRUCTION:
• Anatomical Obstruction
• Mechanical Obstruction
CLASSIFICATION OF OBSTRUCTION

• Mild obstruction
• Severe obstruction
Cardiac Arrest &
Cardiopulmonary
Resuscitation

Module 5

BLS5-1
2 COMMON CARDIOVASCULAR EMERGENCIES
CARDIAC ARREST
• Condition in which circulation ceases and vital organs are
deprived of oxygen

THREE CONDITIONS OF CARDIAC ARREST

• Cardio Vascular Collapse

• Ventricular Fibrillation
• Cardiac standstill

BLS5-2
CARDIOPULMONARY RESUSCITATION
• Is a combination of chest compression and rescue breathing. This must be
combined for effective resuscitation of the victim of cardiac arrest
COUGH-CPR
• Self-initiated CPR. Its use, however, is limited to clinical situations in which
the patient has a monitored cardiac arrest

COMPRESSION ONLY CPR

• If a person is unwilling or unable to perform mouth-to-mouth ventilation
for an adult victim, chest compression only-CPR should be provided rather
than no attempt of CPR.
CRITERIA FOR NOT STARTING CPR
ALL PATIENTS IN CARDIAC ARREST RECEIVE RESUSCITATION
UNLESS:

• The patient has a valid “DNAR” order

• Patient has signs of irreversible death: rigor mortis,
decapitation or dependent lividity
• No physiological benefit can be expected because the vital
functions have deteriorated despite maximal therapy for
such conditions as progressive septic or cardiogenic shock
WHEN TO STOP CPR
• S – spontaneous signs of circulation are restored
• T – turned over to medical services or properly
trained and authorized personnel
• O – operator is already exhausted and cannot
continue CPR
• P – physician assumes responsibility (declares
death, take-over, etc.)
• S – Scene becomes unsafe
TABLE OF COMPARISON ON CPR FOR ADULT, CHILD, AND INFANT
ADULT CHILD INFANT

Compression Area Simplified Simplified 1 finger width below

approach- approach- the imaginary nipple
Center of the Chest Center of the Chest line

Depth Approximately 1 ½ Approximately 1 to Approximately ½ to

to 2 inches 1 ½ inches 1 inch

How to compress Heel of 1 hand, Heel of 1 hand, 2 fingers (middle &

other hand on top other hand on top ring fingertips)
of Heel of 1 hand
TABLE OF COMPARISON ON CPR FOR ADULT, CHILD, AND INFANT (COMBINED CPR & RB)
ADULT CHILD INFANT

Rate Approximately 100/min Approximately 100/min At least 100/min

Compression-ventilation 30:2 (1 or 2 rescuers) 30:2 (1 or 2 rescuers) 30:2 (1 or 2 rescuers)

ratio

Number of cycles per 5 cycles (1 or 2 rescuers) 5 cycles 1 rescuer or 2

minute rescuers at 10 cycles

Counting for 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12

standardization purposes ,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20, ,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20, ,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,
1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9 and 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9 and 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9 and
1,then breathe, breathe; 1,then breathe, breathe; 1,then breathe, breathe;
(…up to 5 cycles) (…up to 5 cycles) (…up to 5 cycles)
breathe, breathe breathe, breathe breathe, breathe
Simplified Adult/Child CPR Algorithm (Lay Rescuer)
Simplified Adult/Child CPR Algorithm (Lay Rescuer)
Unresponsiveness
No Breathing or No Normal
breathing (only Gasping )

Activate Emergency Response or

Activate Medical GET DEFIBRILATOR
Assisstance(AMA)

START
CPR Check rhythm/Shock if indicated
Repeat every 2 minutes.
(Reassess Pulse and Breathing
afterm2min. cycle