Moles and solutions

Threshold Questions
1 With regard to the following solutions, calculate the volume of:

a 0.28 M NaF solution contains 0.15 grams of solute

b 3.0 M CuSO4 solution contains 1.0 gram of solute

2 Calculate the molar concentration of the following solutions:

a 4.0 L of a solution containing 2.8 moles of NaCl

b 250.0 mL of a solution containing 25.0 g of Ba(NO3)2

c 1.8 L of a solution containing 1.0 g of Ca(OH)2

3 At 20 oC the aqueous solubility of sulfur dioxide is 11.3 g/100 mL of solution.

a What is the molar concentration of sulfur dioxide in this solution?

b How many SO2 molecules are present in each millilitre of solution?

4 The diagram represents beakers of six different aqueous sucrose (C12H22O11) solutions.
Each “o” represents a dissolved solute particle.

a Which of the six solutions is the most concentrated?

b Which of the six solutions is the least concentrated?

c Which of the six solutions is the most dilute?

d Which two solutions have the same concentration?

e If Solutions E and F were combined, the resulting solution would have the same
concentration as which other solution?

f Solutions D and F were combined, would the resulting solution have a higher or lower
concentration than solution A?

g If half of the water in Solution B evaporates, the resulting solution has the same
concentration as which other solution?

h If half of Solution A was placed in another beaker and then 250 mL of water were
added, the resulting solution would have the same concentration as which other
solution?

5 Solution X contains 0.500 moles of magnesium sulfate in 1.00 litre of solution. Solution Y
contains 0.500 moles of magnesium sulfate dissolved in 1.00 litre of water. Does Solution
X have a higher, lower or the same concentration as Solution Y?
Intermediate Questions
6 Beaker A contains 0.100 mol of sulfuric acid in 100 mL of solution, Beaker B contains
0.100 mol of sulfuric acid in 200 mL of solution and Beaker C contains 0.100 mol of sulfuric
acid in 400 mL of solution. Which solution (A, B or C) will be able to dissolve the largest
mass of magnesium metal?

7 Most of Australia’s drinking water is fluoridated. This is brought about by adding sodium
fluoride to the water supply until its concentration is 1.0 mg/L. What is the molar
concentration of this solution?

8 The most bitter–tasting compound known is strychnine (C21H22N2O2) which humans can
detect in a solution with a concentration of 1.0 mg/L. Calculate the molar concentration of
this solution and determine how many strychnine molecules are present in 20 mL of a
solution with this concentration?

9 At 20 oC the solubility of table sugar (C12H22O11) is 2039 grams per litre and the solubility
of table salt (NaCl) is 360 grams per litre. Which compound has the larger solubility
expressed as moles per litre?

10 Calculate the molar concentration of a solution containing:

a 31.9 grams of dissolved copper sulfate (CuSO4) per litre of solution.

b If this solution is set aside and allowed to evaporate the resulting solid crystals have
the formula CuSO4·5H2O. Calculate the mass of these crystals.

11 How many grams of potassium bromide would be obtained by evaporating all the water
from 85.75 mL of 1.27 M KBr solution?

12 Calculate the concentration of a solution prepared by diluting 400.0 mL of 1.50 M sodium

carbonate solution to a volume of 1.00 litre.

13 Enough water was added to 10.0 mL of 6.0 M potassium nitrate solution to make 100.0 mL
of solution.

a Did the concentration of the solution increase, decrease or stay the same?

b Did the number of moles of solute present increase, decrease or stay the same?

c How many moles of potassium nitrate were in the original concentrated solution?

d How many moles of potassium nitrate were present in the final dilute solution?

14 What total volume of 0.500 M solution can be made by diluting 250.0 mL of 1.26 M
potassium phosphate solution with water?

15 250.0 mL of a 2.00 M sodium nitrate solution were diluted with water until its total volume
was 400.0 mL

a What is the concentration of this dilute solution?

b What volume of the dilute solution contains 1.00 gram of solute?

c How many moles of NaNO3 are present in the dilute solution?

16 Calculate the molar concentration of a solution made by mixing 50.0 mL of 0.15 M

potassium hydroxide solution with 75.0 mL of 0.25 M potassium hydroxide solution.
(Assume the solution volumes are additive).
17 Calculate the concentration of a solution made by mixing 50.0 mL of 1.64 M ammonium
chloride solution with 150.0 mL of 1.02 M ammonium chloride solution. (Assume the
solution volumes are additive).

18 The concentration of glucose (C6H12O6) in the blood of a person suffering from diabetes
may sometimes rise to 2500 mg/L (4 sig figs).

a Calculate this concentration in moles per litre.

b An average adult has 65 mL of blood per kilogram of body mass. Calculate the total
mass of dissolved glucose in a 70.0 kg diabetic with the blood glucose concentration
described.

19 The main part of most aqueous solutions is water. Table sugar is very soluble in water and
a solution containing 30.0 % sugar (C12H22O11) by mass has a density of 1.129 g/mL.

a Calculate the mass of 1 litre of this sugar solution.

b Calculate the masses of sugar and water present in 1 litre of this solution.

c Calculate the number of moles of sugar molecules present in 1 L of this solution.

d Calculate the number of moles of water molecules present in 1 L of this solution.

e Evaluate the ratio: (number of water molecules) ÷ (number of sugar molecules) in this
solution.

20 Calculate the mass of zinc that would react completely with 35.0 mL of 1.38 M sulfuric acid
solution.

21 Calculate the volume of 0.556 M silver nitrate solution that would react completely with
1.54 grams of metallic lead.

22 Magnalium powder (used for fireworks) is a mixture of equal masses of magnesium and
aluminium metals.

a Calculate the number of moles of each metal present in 100.0 grams of magnalium.

b Write balanced equations for each metal reacting with hydrochloric acid.

c Calculate the minimum volume of 1.00 M hydrochloric acid solution needed to react
completely with 100.0 grams of magnalium.

23 What mass of zinc metal is needed to react completely with:

a 23.8 mL of 0.142 M sulfuric acid solution?

b 23.8 mL of 0.142 M hydrochloric acid solution?

c 33.1 mL of 0.102 M copper chloride solution?

d 107.3 mL of 0.0630 M silver nitrate solution?

e 107.3 mL of 0.0630 M lead nitrate solution?

24 Hospital patients sometimes receive a “saline drip” containing a 0.90 % NaCl solution.
(This means it contains 0.90 g of NaCl per 100 g of solution.) If the density of this solution
is 1.0064 g/mL, calculate its molar concentration.
25 Environmental chemists often express concentrations as parts per million (ppm). This is
usually equal to (mg solute) ÷ (litres of solution). Natural water at R.T.P. is said to be
polluted if it contains less than 5 ppm of dissolved oxygen gas. Express this as a molar
concentration.

Advanced Questions
26 The density of seawater at 25 oC is 1.025 g/mL. The evaporation of all the water from a
100 mL sample of seawater left the following mixture of solids: sodium chloride (2.72 g),
magnesium chloride (0.38 g), magnesium sulfate (0.16 g), calcium sulfate (0.13 g),
potassium sulfate (0.088 g), calcium carbonate (0.012 g) and magnesium bromide
(0.0078 g).

a The salinity of any aqueous solution is defined as the percentage (by mass) of the
dissolved solids present. Calculate the salinity of this seawater.

b Calculate the molar concentration of magnesium bromide in the original seawater.