English One

Unit 1
People or Institutions Making History

Objectives
After the completion of this unit, you will−
• read and understand texts through silent reading.
• ask and answer questions.
• know the reputed personalities home and abroad.

Overview
Lesson 1: Nelson Mandela, from Apartheid Fighter to President
Lesson 2: The Unforgettable History
Lesson 3: Two Women

Answer Key

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Lesson 1 : Nelson Mandela, from Apartheid Fighter to President

1. Warm-up activity:

Work in pairs.
• Who are the people in the pictures? Why are they famous?
• Make a list of some famous people that you have heard about and write about their
contribution to their fields.

2. Read the text.

REUTERS
15 December 2013
Johannesburg (Reuters)-Nelson Mandela guided South Africa from the shackles of apartheid to a
multi-racial democracy, as an icon of peace and reconciliation who came to embody the struggle
for justice around the world.
Imprisoned for nearly three decades for his fight against while minority rule, Mandela never lost
his resolve to fight for his people’s emancipation. He was determined to bring down apartheid
while avoiding a civil war. His prestige and charisma helped him win the support of the world.
“I hate race discrimination most intensely and in all its manifestations. I have fought it all during
my life; I will fight it now, and will do so until the end of my days, “Mandela said in his
acceptance speech on becoming South Africa’s first black president in 1994,... “The time for the
healing of the wounds has come. The moment to bridge the chasms that divide us has come.”
“We have, at last, achieved our political emancipation.”
In 1993, Mandela was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize, an honor he shared with F.W. de Klerk,
the white African leader who had freed him from prison three years earlier and negotiated the
end of apartheid.
Mandela went on to play a prominent role on the world stage as an advocate of human dignity in
the face of challenges ranging from political repression to AIDS.
He formally left public life in June 2004 before his 86th birthday, telling his adoring countrymen:
“Don’t call me. I’ll call you.” But he remained one of the world’s most revered public figures,
combing celebrity sparkle with an unwavering message of freedom, respect and human rights.

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“He is at the epicenter of our time, ours in South Africa, and yours, wherever you are,” Nadine
Gordimer, the South African writer and Nobel Laureate for Literature, once remarked.
The years Mandela spent behind bars made him the world’s most celebrated political prisoner
and a leader of mythic stature for millions of black South Africans and other oppressed people
far beyond his country’s borders.
Charged with capital offences in the 1963 Rivonia Trial, his statement from the dock was his
political testimony.
“During my lifetime I have dedicated myself to this struggle of the African people. I have fought
against white domination, and I have fought against black domination.
“I have cherished the ideal of a democratic and free society in which all persons live together in
harmony and with equal opportunities,” he told the court.
“It is an ideal I hope to live for and to achieve. But if needs be, it is an ideal for which I am
prepared to die.”
Friends adored Mandela and fondly called him “Madiba,” the clan name by which he was
known. People lauded his humanity, kindness and dignity.
Vocabulary:
Shackle (n) – a situation or factor that restrains or restricts someone
Apartheid - (n) any system or practice that separates people according to colour, ethnicity, caste,
etc
Decade –(n) a period of ten years
Revered (adj.) – very much respected and admired
Prominent (adj.) – very important
Testimony (n) – a formal written of spoken statement
Domination (n) – power or control over other people
Laud (v) – to praise highly
Prestige (n) – respect and admiration given to someone
Resolve (n) – firm determination to do something

3. Each of the following questions has a word with four alternative meanings.

Choose the word which is close in meaning in the context of the text.
i. What does apartheid in the title refer to?
a. apart
b. distance
c. discrimination
d. dialogue
ii. The word icon in the text means−.
a. portrait
b. image
c. symbol
d. idol

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iii. What do shackles refer to?

a. restraints
b. sick
c. stigma
d. spur
iv. Race discrimination refers to
a. differences on the basis of caste, creed and colour
b. competition among the members of a race
c. demoralization of people
d. domination of others
v. The word manifestation means
a. presentation
b. right
c. change
d. sign
vi. The word healing means
a. curing
b. heating
c. soothing
d. ailing
vii. The word chasm refers to
a. cleft
b. top
c. hatred
d. border
viii. The word emancipation is
a. participation
b. encouragement
c. expectation
d. liberation
4. Answer the following questions:
a. The text is a report prepared by a news agency. A newspaper here is interested to publish
it in a shortened form. Write a summary of the report for the newspaper.
b. What do the following dates refer to?
1963 1993 1994 2004
c. Why did Nadine Gordimer remark that “He (Mandela) is at the epicenter of our time, ours
in South Africa, and yours, wherever you are.”?
d. What emancipation did Mandela hint at by saying “We have, at last, achieved our political
emancipation.”?
e. Mandela is quoted in the report as saying, “It is an ideal I hope to live for and to achieve.
But if needs be, it is an ideal for which I am prepared to die.” What ideal is he talking
about? Do you support his ideal?

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f. Why can Nelson Mandela be called “an icon of peace and reconciliation”?
g. Why is Mandela also ‘Madiba’?
h. Do you know any other leader who struggled like Nelson Mandela? Write in brief.
i. Who was F.W. de Klerk? What do you know about him from the passage?
j. What is the ideal of Mandela? Do you support his ideal? Why/Why not?
5. Read the text below and fill in the gaps with the right use of verbs:
Mandela .........(be) among the first to advocate armed resistance to apartheid, going
underground in 1961 to form the ANC’s armed wing. He ....... (leave) South Africa and.........
(travel) the continent and Europe, studying guerrilla warfare and building support for the
ANC.
Branded a terrorist by his enemies, Mandela........... (sentence) to life imprisonment in
1964,isolated from millions of his countrymen as they .......(suffer) oppression, violence and
forced resettlement under the apartheid regime of racial segregation, He .........(imprison) on
Robben Island, a penal colony of Cape Town, where he ..........(spend) the next 18 years
before being moved to mainland prisons.
6. Read the text below and fill in the gaps with the clues given in the box. There is one
extra word.
Tuberculosis renew to for be damage
September of remained do the
But prison and old age took their toll on his health.
Mandela was treated in the 1980s for .............and later required an operation to repair the
.............to his eyes as well as treatment.............prostate cancer in 2001. His spirit,
however,...........strong.
“If cancer wins I will still .............the better winner, “he told reporters in ........of that year.
“When I go ...........the next world, the first thing I will ..........is look for an ANC office to
......... my membership.”
Most South Africans are proud ............their post-apartheid multi-racial ‘Rainbow Nation’.
7. Fill in the gaps in the text below using suitable words.
Mandela’s last major appearance on the ..............stage was in 2010 when he ............a cap in
the South African ..............and rode on a golf cart, ...........to an exuberant crowd of 90,000
...........the soccer World Cup final, one .............the biggest events in the country’s
.............apartheid history.
“I leave it to .............. public to decide how they should ............me,” he said on South
African .............before his retirement.
“But I should ...........to be remembered as an ordinary ..............South African who together
with others has ..............his humble contribution.”
[The text on Mandela is written by Andrew Quinn and Jon Herskovits; Edited by Pascal
Fletcher and Angus MacSwan, Source: http://tv.yahoo.com/news/nelson-mandela-apartheid-
fighter-president-unifier-105117261.html,accessed on 14/02/2014]

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8. Based on your reading of the passage, make short notes in each of the boxes in the
flow chart showing the incidents of Nelson Mandela.(No. 1 has been done for you.)
1 2 3 4 5 6
Fought against white → → → → →
minority

9. Write a brief summary of the passage in your words.

Lesson 2 : The Unforgettable History

1. Warm-up activity:

2. Look at the photograph of Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman giving the 7

March 1971 historic speech. Ask and answer the questions in pairs.
• What do you know about Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman?
• Where is he giving the speech? What was the time?
• What is the significance of the speech?
• Have you ever heard the speech? Where?

3. Now read the speech below.

My brothers,
I stand before you today with a heart overflowing with grief. You are fully aware of the events
that are going on and understand their importance. We have been trying to do our best to cope
with the situation. And yet, unfortunately, the streets of Dhaka, Chittagong, Khulna, Rajshahi

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and Rangpur are awash with the blood of our brothers. The people of Bengal now want to be
free, the people of Bengal now want to live, and the people of Bengal now want their rights.
What have we done that was wrong? After the elections, the people of Bangladesh voted as one
for me, for the Awami League. We were to sit in the National Assembly, draft a constitution for
ourselves there, and build our country; the people of this land would thereby get economic,
political, and cultural freedom. But it is with regret that I have to report to you today that we
have passed through twenty-three tragic years; Bengal’s history of those years is full of stories
of torture inflicted on our people, of bloodshed by them repeatedly. Twenty-three years of a
history of men and women in agony!
The history of Bengal is the history of a people who have repeatedly made their highways
crimson with their blood. We shed blood in 1952; even though we were the victors in the
elections of 1954 we could not form a government then. In 1958 Ayub Khan declared Martial
Law to enslave us for the next ten years. In 1966 when we launched the six-point movement our
boys were shot dead on 7 June. When after the movement of 1969 Ayub Khan fell from power
and Yahya Khan assumed the reins of the government he declared that he would give us a
constitution and restore democracy, we listened to him then. A lot has happened since and
elections have taken place.
I’ve met President Yahya Khan. I’ve made a request to him not only on behalf of Bengal but also
as the leader of the party which has the majority in Pakistan; I said to him: “You must hold the
session of the National Assembly on 15 January.” But he did not listen to me. He listened to Mr.
Bhutto instead. At first he said that the meeting would take place in the first week of March. We
said, “Fine, we will be taking our seats in the Assembly then.” I said we will carry out our
discussions in the Assembly. I went so far as to say that if anyone came up with an offer that was
just, even though we were in the majority we would agree to that offer.
Mr. Bhutto came here; he carried out discussions with us; he had said that the doors of
negotiations had not been shut and that there would be further negotiations. I then had talks with
other leaders; I said to them, “Come and sit down with us; let’s create a constitution for
ourselves through discussions.” But Mr. Bhutto declared that if West Pakistan members came
here the Assembly would end up as a slaughterhouse. He claimed that whoever came here would
be slaughtered. He said that if anyone showed up here all shops from Peshawar to Karachi
would be shut down.
I declared that the Assembly would continue to meet. But suddenly on the 1st of March the
Assembly was shut down. Mr. Yahya Khan called the session of the Assembly in his capacity as
the President and I declared I would be attending it. Mr. Bhutto said he wouldn’t be part of it.
Thirty-five members of the Assembly came from West Pakistan to take part in its proceedings.
But it was dissolved all of a sudden. The blame was put on the people of Bengal; the finger was
pointed at me!
After the Assembly’s session was prorogued, the people of this country protested. I told them,
“Observe the General Strike we have called peacefully.” I told them “Shut down all mills and
factories.” Our people responded to my call. They came to the streets spontaneously. They
expressed their firm determination to carry out the struggle peacefully.
What have we got in return? Those who brought arms with our money to defend us from external
enemies are now using those arms on the poor,- the wretched,- the downtrodden people of the

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land. Bullets are being aimed at their hearts. We constitute the majority in Pakistan; but
whenever we Bengalis have tried to assume power they have used force on us.
I have had a talk with Mr. Yahya Khan. I told him, “Mr. Yahya, you are the President of
Pakistan; come and observe how the poor people of my country are being mowed down with
bullets; come and see how our mothers are being deprived of their children; how my people are
being massacred. Come, observe, and only then pass a judgment on what is going on. He has
apparently said that I had agreed to attend a Round Table Conference on the 10th of March.
Didn’t I say a long time back: what is the point of another Round Table conference? Who will I
sit with? Should I sit with those who have shed the blood of my people? He has suddenly
dissolved the Assembly without carrying out any discussions with me; after sitting in a secret
meeting for five hours he gave a speech where he has put all the blame on me. He has even
blamed the Bengali people!
My brothers,
The Assembly has been called into session on the 25th of March. But the blood spilled on our
streets has not yet dried. About the 10th of this month, I have told them: Mujibur Rahman won’t
join the Round Table Conference because that would mean wading over the blood that has been
shed. Although you have called the Assembly into session, you’ll have to listen to my demands
first. You’ll have to withdraw Martial Law. You’ll have to return all army personnel to their
barracks. You’ll have to investigate the way our people have been murdered. And you’ll have to
transfer power to the representatives of the people. It is only then that I’ll decide whether we will
take our seats in the Assembly or not. I don’t want the Prime Minister’s office. We want the
people of this country to have their rights. I want to state clearly that from this day Bangladesh’s
courts, magistracies, government offices and educational institutions will be shut down
indefinitely. So that the poor don’t have to suffer, so that my people don’t have to go through
hardships, all other things will be exempted from the General Strike from tomorrow. Rickshaws,
horse carriages, trains, and launches will be allowed to move. Only the Secretariat, the Supreme
Court, the High Court, Judges’ Court and semi-government organizations such as WAPDA will
not be allowed to work. On the 28th employees will go and collect their salaries. If their salaries
are not paid, if another bullet is fired, if my people are shot dead again, I request all of you:
convert every house into a fort; confront the enemy with whatever you have. And even at the risk
of your life, and even if I am not around to direct you, shut down all shops and make sure that
traffic on all roads and ports are brought to a standstill. If need be, we will starve to death, but
we’ll go down striving for our rights.
To those in the armed forces I have this to say: you are my brothers; stay in your barracks and
no one will bother you. But don’t try again to aim your bullets at our chests. You can’t suppress
seventy million people forever. Since we have learned to sacrifice ourselves no one can suppress
us any more.
And as for our martyrs and those who have been wounded, we in the Awami League will do
everything we can to assist them and their loved ones. If you have the means, please give what
little you can to our Relief Committee. To owners of factories whose workers had participated in
the General Strike the last seven days I have this to say: make sure that they are paid wages for
those days: To government employees I have this to tell: you’ll have to listen to my directives.
Till our country is liberated, taxes and custom duties won’t be collected. No one will pay them
either.

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Remember: the enemy is amidst us to create chaos and confusion, to create anarchy and to loot.
In our Bengal Hindus and Muslims, Bengalis and non-Bengalis are all brothers. We are
responsible for their safety; let us not taint ourselves in any way.
Remember those of you who work for radio and television: if the people running the radio station
aren’t ready to listen to us, no Bengali will report for work there. Banks will be open for two
hours every day so that people can collect their salaries. But we won’t allow even a single
poisha to be transferred from East Bengal to West Pakistan. Telephones and telegram services
will continue as before in our East Bengal; if we have to transmit news abroad you will see to
that. But if any attempt is made to exterminate our people all Bengalis must take appropriate
action.
Form Revolutionary Committees under the leadership of the Awami League in every village,
every community. Be prepared to act with whatever you have in your possession.
Remember: since we have already had to shed blood, we’ll have to shed a lot more of it; by the
Grace of God, however, we’ll be able to liberate the people of this land.
The struggle this time is a struggle for freedom-the struggle this time is a struggle for
emancipation.
Long live Bengal!
[The speech has been translated by Fakrul Alam]

Vocabulary
History (n) – the branch of knowledge dealing with past events
Repeatedly (adv.) – happening again and again
Election (n) – a public vote on an official proposition
Declare (v) – to announce officially
Rein (n) – the controlling or directing power
Restore (v) – to bring back into existence
Cary out (v) – to put into operation; execute
Show up (v) – be, allow, or cause to be visible
Capacity (n) – a specified role or position
Suddenly (adv.) – quickly and unexpectedly
Respond (v) – say something in reply
Majority (n) – the greater number
Assume (v) – suppose to be the case, without proof
Martial law (n) military government
Hardship (n) – severe suffering or privation
Convert (v) – change the form

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4. Answer the following questions:

a. Which features of the speech do you appreciate most? Why?

b. What are the two main parts of the speech?
c. Why does Bangabandhu say that “that 23 years of our history with Pakistan is a history of
repression and bloodshed?”
d. How do you differentiate between the ‘struggle for freedom’ and the ‘struggle for
emancipation?”
e. Can you compare this speech with other famous speeches in history that you know about?
5. Read the speech again. The speech has references to some years and dates in our
history. Find out their historical importance and complete the flow chart,

1958 1966 23 February 7 December 25 March

1969 1970 1971

6. Based on your reading of the speech, make short notes in each of the boxes in the flow
chart showing what people did after the dissolution of the Assembly. (No. 1 has been
done for you.)
1 2 3 4 5 6
People responded to the → → → → →
call of Bangabandhu

7. Write a brief summary of the speech in your words.

8. Fill in the gaps with a suitable words from the box. (Make any grammatical change
necessary). There are more words in the box than you need.

lives identify movement dead significant symbol

immortal designed concept mausoleum inspiration mortal
The central ShahidMinar was built to make the memory of the martyrs (a) —— who down their
(b) —— in 1952 in the historical language (c) — for the cause of our mothertongue. (d) —— of
the ShahidMinar in our national life is very great. It (e) —— all the aspirations of Bengali
identity and nationalism. It has been (f) —— to focus the language movement as the central (g)
——. The basic horizontal and vertical forms of the Shahid Minar express the concept of Bengali
solidarity and unity of their national (h) ——. The vertical lines of the design suggest the inner
strength of the nation and the four columns on both sides of the central structure suggest the
balance and harmony of a united stand thus the Shahid Minar is not a mere (i) — but it stands for
our national hope and (j) —.

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Lesson 3 : Two Women

1. Read the following text on two women of extraordinary achievements and

answer the questions that follow.
Valentina Tereshkove (born on 6 March 1937)
Valentina Tereshkova was born in the village
Maslennikovo, Tutayevsky District, in Central Russia.
Tereshkova’s father was a tractor driver and her mother
worked in textile plant. Tereshkova began school in 1945
at the age of eight, but left school in 1953 at continued her
education through distance learning. She became
interested in parachuting from a young age, and trained in
skydiving at the local Aeroclub, making her first jump at
age 22 on 21 May 1959. At that time she was employed as
a textile worker in a local factory. It was her expertise in
skydiving that led to her selection as a cosmonaut.
After the flight of Yuri Gagarin (the first human being to
travel to outer space in 1961), the Soviet Union decided to
send a woman in space. On 16 February 1962,
“proletaria” Valentina Tereshkova was selected for this
project from among more than four hundred applicants.
Tereshkova had to undergo a series of training that
included weightless flights, isolation tests, centrifuge
tests, rocket theory, spacecraft engineering, 120 parachute
jumps and pilot training in MiG-15UTI jet fighters.
Since the successful launch of the spacecraft Vostok-5 on 14 June 1963, Tereshkova began
preparing for her own flight. On the morning of 16 June 1963, Tereshkova and her back-up
cosmonaut Solovyova were dressed in space-suits and taken to the space shuttle launch pad by a
bus. After completing her communication and life support checks, she was sealed inside
Vostok6. Finishing a two-hour countdown, Vostok-6 launched faultlessly.
Although Tereshkova experienced nausea and physical discomfort for much of the flight, she
orbited the earth 48 times and spent almost three days in space. With a single flight, she logged
more flight time than the combined times of all American as astronauts who had flown before
that date. Tereshkova also maintained a flight log and took photographs of the horizon, which
were later used to identify aerosol layers within the atmosphere.
Vostok-6 was the final Vostok flight and was launched two days after Vostok-5, which carried
Valary Bykovsy into a similar orbit for five days, landing three hours after Tereshkova. The two
vessels approached each other within 5 kilometers at one point, and from space Tereshkova
communicated with Bykovsky and the Soviet leader Khrushchev by radio.
Much later, in 1977 Tereshkova earned a doctorate in Engineering from Zhukovsky Air Force
Academy. Afterwards she turned to politics. During the Soviet regime she became one of the
presidium members of the Supreme Soviet. Now this living legend is a member in the lower

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house of the Russian legislature. On her 70th birthday when she was invited by the Russian Prime
Minister Vladimir Putin, she expressed her desire to fly to Mars, even if for a one-way trip.
Kalpana Chawla (17 March 1962-1 February 2003)
Chawla was born in Karnal, India.
She completed her earlier schooling
at Tagore Baal Niketan Senior
Secondary School, Karnal. She is
the first Indian-born woman and the
second person in space from this
sub-continent. After garduating in
Aeronautical Engineering from
Punjab Engineering College, India,
in 1982, Chawla moved to the
United States the same year. She
obtained her Master’s degree in
Aerospace Engineering from the
University of Texas in 1984. Later
she did her Ph.D. in Aerospace
Engineering in 1988 from the
University of Colorado.
Determined to become an astronaut
even in the face of the Challenger
disaster 1986 that broke apart 73 seconds into its flight, leading to the deaths of its seven crew
members, Chawla joined NASA in 1988. She began working as a Vice President where she did
Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) research on vertical take-off and landing. In 1991 she got
U.S. citizenship and started her career as a NASA astronaut in 1995. She was selected for her
first flight in 1996. She spoke the following words while travelling in the weightlessness of
space, “You are just your intelligence.” She had travelled 10.67 million miles, as many as 252
times around the Earth.
Her first space mission (Mission STS 87) began on 19 November 1997 with six other astronauts
ont he Space Shuttle Columbia. On her first mission that lasted for 15 days, 16 hours, 34 minutes
and 4 seconds, she travelled 6.5 million miles. She was responsible for deploying the Spartan
Satellite which however malfunctioned, necessitating a spacewalk by Winston Scott and Tako
Doi, two of her fellow astronauts, to retrieve the satellite.
In 2000 she was selected for her second space mission STS 107. This mission was repeatedly
delayed due to scheduling conflicts and technical problems. On 16-January 2003, Kanpana
Chawla finally started her new mission with six other space crews on the ill-fated space shuttle
Columbia. She was one of the mission specialists. Chawla’s responsibilities included the
microgravity experiments, for which the crew conducted nearly 80 experiments studying earth
and space science, advanced technology development, and astronaut health and safety.
After a 16 day scientific mission in space, on 1 February 2003, Columbia disintegrated over
Texas during its re-entry into the Earth’s atmosphere. All the crew in Columbia including
Chawla died only 16 minutes prior to their scheduled landing. Investigation shows that this fatal
accident happened due to damage in one of Columbia’s wings caused by a piece of insulating
foam from the external fuel tank peeling off during the launch. During the intense heat of re-

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entry, hot gases penetrated the interior of the wing, destroying the support structure and causing
the rest of the shuttle to break down.

Vocabulary:
Textile (adj.) – relating to fabric or weaving
Continue (v) – doing something
Undergo (v) – to experience something
Successful (adj.) – achieving the result hoped for
Decide (v) –to choose something
Complete (v) – to finish doing something
Identify (v) – to recognize something
Vessel (n) a large craft
Approach (v) – to come near or advance nearer
Log (v) – to officially record something
Flight (n) – a trip by a flying object
Express (v) – to convey a thought or feeling in words
Deploy (v) – bring into effective action
Retrieve (v) – get or bring back from somewhere

2. What do the following words mean? You can use any number of words to

establish the meanings.

isolation spacesuit adopt

centrifuge nausea weightlessness
spacecraft aerosol malfunction
launch regime ill-fated
cosmonaut legislature disintegrate

3. These sentences below are true about either Tereshkova or Chawla. Find out which
apply to whom.
a. She is an engineer.
b. She is one of the victims of a spacecraft disaster.
c. She came from an ordinary family.
d. She earned a Ph.D. degree.
e. She was selected from among 400 competitors.
f. She was involved in politics.
g. She made history.

4. Find a partner and compare the lives and achievements of Tereshkova and Chawla
using your answers.

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5. Complete the questions about the two astronauts. Then ask and answer them with your
partner.
About Valentina Tereshkova
a. Where ............................ born?
b. When ............................................................ as a cosmonaut?
c. When ............................................................ first space flight?
d. How old........................................................ then?
e. How ............................................................. feel in the spacecraft?
f. Who ............................................................. talk to from the space?
g. What ............................................................ want to do now?
About Kalpana Chawla
h. Where .......................................................... born?
i. When............................................................her first flight?
j. Why ............................................................. to USA?
k. Why.............................................................. NASA?
l. What............................................................. in 1997?
m. How.............................................................. die?
n. What ............................................................ make?
What do you think?
Who are some of the famous women in your country and why are they famous?
6. Find out the similarities and dissimilarities between Tereshkova and Chawla.
Areas of similarities
1. They both are engineers.
2. ................................................................................................................
3. ................................................................................................................
4. ................................................................................................................
5. ................................................................................................................
6. ................................................................................................................
Areas of dissimilarities
1. Tereshkova was born in Russia while Chawla was born in India.
2. ................................................................................................................
3. ................................................................................................................
4. ................................................................................................................
5. ................................................................................................................
6. ................................................................................................................

7. Write a paragraph in 150 words about Tereshkova and Chawla based on the
information provided in the text.

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8. Based on your reading of the passage, make short notes in each of the boxes in the flow
chart showing the incidents of Valentina Treshkova.(No. 1 has been done for you.)
1 2 3 4 5 6
Interested in → → → → →
parachuting

9. Based on your reading of the passage, make short notes in each of the boxes in the flow
chart showing Chawla’s road to NASA. (No. 1 has been done for you.)
1 2 3 4 5 6
Graduated in → → → → →
Areonautical
Engineering

10. Write a brief summary of the passage in your words.

11. Fill in the gaps with a suitable words from the box. (Make any grammatical changes if
necessary). There are more words in the box than you need.
justice conscious benefit consider expose consequently unnoticed
beat introduce law be maltreat dominate protect
Women in our society have always been (a) —— subservient to men. The majority of the houses
are male (b) —— usually by husbands. In many household women are (c) —— up by the
husbands or (d) —— by the in-laws but their miseries go (e) —— because women lack of (f) —
— of their right and do not know how and where to seek (g) ——. To protect their rights the
government has (h) —— the women and children's Repression Act. But few women are During
(i) —— by this new (j) ——.

Answer Key
Lesson 1
3. (i) c. discrimination (ii) c. symbol (iii) c. stigma (iv) a. differences on the basis of creed and
colour (v) d. sign (vi) a. curing (vii) c. hatred (viii) d. liberation
4. Prepare the answers by yourself and show your tutor.
5. Read the text below and fill in the gaps with the right use of verbs:
Mandela was among the first to advocate armed resistance to apartheid, going underground in
1961 to form the ANC’s armed wing. He left South Africa and travelled the continent and
Europe, studying guerrilla warfare and building support for the ANC.

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HSC Programme

Branded a terrorist by his enemies, Mandela was sentenced to life imprisonment in 1964, isolated
from millions of his countrymen as they suffered oppression, violence and forced resettlement
under the apartheid regime of racial segregation, He was imprisoned on Robben Island, a penal
colony of Cape Town, where he would spend the next 18 years before being moved to mainland
prisons.
6. Read the text below and fill in the gaps with the clues given in the box. There is one extra
word than is necessary.
Tuberculosis, renew, to, for, be, damage
September, of, remained, do, the,
But prison and old age took their toll on his health.
Mandela was treated in the 1980s for tuberculosis and later required an operation to repair the
damage to his eyes as well as treatment for prostate cancer in 2001. His spirit, however,
remained strong.
“If cancer wins I will still be the better winner, “he told reporters in September of that year.
“When I go ...........the next world, the first thing I will do is look for an ANC office to renew my
membership.”
Most South Africans are proud of their post-apartheid multi-racial ‘Rainbow Nation’.
7. Fill in the gaps in the text below using suitable words.
Mandela’s last major appearance on the global stage was in 2010 when he donned a cap in the
South African winter and rode on a golf cart, waving to an exuberant crowd of 90,000 at the
soccer World Cup final, one of the biggest events in the country’s post apartheid history.
“I leave it to the public to decide how they should remember me,” he said on South African
television before his retirement.
“But I should like to be remembered as an ordinary South African who together with others has
made his humble contribution.”
8. A flow chart showing the incidents of Nelson Mandela is given below:
1. Fought against white minority
⇓
2. Charged with capital offences in Rivonia Trial
⇓
3. Imprisoned nearly 30 years
⇓
4. Freed from prison by F. W. de Klerk
⇓
5. Left his normal life in 2004
⇓
6. Awarded Nobel Peace Prize

9. Prepare the answers by yourself and show your tutor.

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English One

Lesson 2
4. Prepare the answers by yourself and show them to your tutor.
5.
Ayub Khan The six points Lesson 3
Sheikh General Election The Operation
declared movement by the Mujibur was held on 7th Searchlight
Martial leadership of Rahman was December, 1970 started on the
Law Bangabandhu given the title night of March
Sheikh Mujibur Bangabandhu 25, 1971
Rahman

6. A flow chart showing what people did after the dissolution of the Assembly is given below:
1. People responded to the call of Bangabandhu
⇓
2. People observed the strike
⇓
3. People shut down mills and factories
⇓
4. People came out to the streets
⇓
5. People protested spontaneously
⇓
6. People expressed firm determination to carry on peacefully
7. Prepare the answers by yourself and show your tutor.
8. (a) immortal
(b) lives
(c) movement
(d) Significance
(e) symbolizes
(f) designed
(g) concept
(h) identity
(i) mausoleum
(j) inspiration

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HSC Programme

Lesson 3
2.
Word Meaning
isolation separation
centrifuge a machine with a rapidly rotating container that applies centrifugal force
to its contents
spacecraft spaceship
launch take-off
cosmonaut an astronaut
spacesuit a piece of clothing worn by a person who travels to space
nausea feeling of sickness with an inclination to vomit
aerosol a substance enclosed under pressure and released as a finer spray by
means of a propellant gas
regime a way of government
legislature governing body
adopt accept
weightlessness the state of having no weight
malfunction inability to work or operate correctly
ill-fated unlucky or unsuccessful
disintegrate to become much worse
3. Prepare the answers by yourself and show your tutor.
4. Prepare the answers by yourself and show your tutor.
5. About Valentina Tereshkova
a. Where was Valentina Treshkova born?
b. When was selected as a cosmonaut?
c. When did she make her first space flight?
d. How old was she then?
e. How did she feel in the spacecraft?
f. Who did she talk to from the space?
g. What does she want to do now?

About Kalpana Chawla

h. Where was Kalpona Chawla born?
i. When was she selected for her first flight?
j. Why did she go to USA?
k. Why did she join NASA?
l. What happened in 1997?
m. How did she die?
n. What did she make?

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English One

8. A flow chart showing the incident of Valentina Treshkova is given below:

1. Interested in parachuting
⇓
2. Employed as a textile worker
⇓
3. Trained in skydiving
⇓
4. Selected as a cosmonaut
⇓
5. Received a series of training
⇓
6. Launched Vostok-6 faultlessly

9. A flow chart showing Chawla’s road to NASA is given below:

1. Graduated in Areonautical Engineering
⇓
2. Settled in the United States of America
⇓
3. Obtained master’s degree in Aerospace Engineering
⇓
4. Completed Ph.D in Aerospace Engineering
⇓
5. Joined NASA as a Vice President
⇓
6.Selected for the first flight in 1996

11.
a) considered b) dominated
c) beaten d) maltreated
e) unnoticed f) consciousness
g) justice h) introduced
i) benefited j) law

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