Research - scientific investigation of phenomena w/c includes,
collection of data, presentation, analysis, interpretation
CHARACTERISTICS OF RESEARCH
Empirical - Direct experience and observation by the researcher.
Logical - based in valid procedures and principles.
Cyclical - Starts with a problem, ends w/ a problems.
Analytical - it utilizes proven analytical procedures in gathering data whether historical, descriptive,
experimental and case study
Critical - careful & precise judgement
Methodical - conducted in methodical manner w/o bias by using systematic procedure and methods
Replicable - research design and procedures are replicated for the researcher to arrive at valid and
conclusive results
QUALITIES OF GOOD RESEARCHER
1. Research oriented
2. Efficient
3. Scientific
4. Effective
5. Active
6. Resourceful
7. Creative
8. Honest
9. Economical
10. Religious
CHARACTERISTICS OF THE RESEARCHER
1. Intellectual curiosity
2. Prudence
3. Healthy criticism
4. Intellectual honest
5. Intellectual creativity
VALUES OF RESEARCH TO MAN
1. Research improves quality of life
2. Research improves instruction
3. Research improves students achievement
4. Research improves teacher’s competence
5. Research satisfies man’s needs
6. Research reduces the burden of work
7. Research has deep-seated psychological aspects.
8. Research improves the exportation of food products
9. Research responds to economic recovery and austerity measure of the country
10. Research trains graduates to become responsive to the economic development of the country
and compete globally
TYPES OF RESEARCH
1. Basic research / Fundamental research – seeks to discover basic truths or principles (add
additional info/knowledge)
2. Applied research – involves seeking new application to scientific knowledge to the solution of a
problem
3. Developmental research - a decision oriented research that involves the application of the steps
of the scientific method and responds to an immediate need to improve existing practices.
(Existing but needs to improve)
CLASSIFICATION OF RESEARCH
1. Library research - done in the library / through observations, survey, and experimental method.
2. Field research - applicable to both descriptive survey and experimental method
3. Laboratory research - conducted in artificial / to control variants
VARIABLE
- A quantity susceptible of fluctuation are change in value or magnitude under different
conditions.
TYPES OF VARIABLES
1. Independent variable – (CAUSE) the stimulus variable which is chosen by the researcher to
determine its relationship to an observed phenomenon.
2. Dependent variable – (EFFECT) the response variable which is observed and measured to
determine the effect of the independent variable
3. Moderator variable - a secondary or special type of independent variable
- To determine if it changes or modifies
4. Control variable - it is controlled by the investigator in which the effect can be neutralized by
eliminating or removing variables
5. Intervening variable - it interferes with the independent and dependent variables but its effect
can either straighten or weaken the independent and dependent variables.
EXAMPLES: age, gender, civil status, experiences, socioeconomic status, values, and attitudes
COMPONENTS OF THE RESEARCH PROCESS
1. Problem objectives
2. Hypothesis
3. Theoretical or conceptual framework
4. Assumptions
5. Review of related literature
6. Research design
7. Data collection
8. Data processing and statistical treatment
9. Analysis and interpretation
10. Summary, conclusions and recommendations
RESEARCH PROBLEM
- Are the issues, controversies, and concerns that guide the need to conduct a research
study.
Houser (2012 as cited in almedia [Link])
FIVE FACTORS TO CONSIDER TO DETERMINE WHETHER A PROBLEM IS RESEARCHABLE OR NOT
1. The problem is existing in the locality or country but no known solution to the problem
2. The solution can be answered by using statistical methods and techniques
3. There are probable solutions but they are not yet tested
4. The occurrence of phenomena required scientific investigation to arrive at precise solution
5. Serious needs or problems of the people where it demands research
The research problem must be stated vividly and explicitly expressed, said Kerlinger, 1986
A good research problem should respond to the economic recovery of the country, said SMEs
CHARACTERISTICS OF A RESEARCH PROBLEM
Specific
Measurable
Achievable
Realistic
Time bound
SOURCES OF RESEARCH PROBLEM
1. Specialization of the researcher
2. Current and past researcher
3. Recommendations from theses, dissertations and research journals
4. Original and creative ideas of the researcher
CRITERIA Of A GOOD RESEARCH PROBLEM
1. Interesting
2. Innovative
3. Cost-effective
4. Relevant to the needs and problems of the people
5. Relevant to governments thrusts
6. Measurable and time-bound
RESEARCH OBJECTIVE
is defined as a statement as purpose for which the investigation is to be conducted
(Ardales, 1992)
1. To survey
2. To assess
3. To determine
4. To identify
5. To find out
HYPOTHESIS
- Is defined as a wise guess that is formulated and temporarily adapted to explain the
observed facts covered by the study.
- Tell us what to do? What to go about?
We need to test the hypothesis to check if it is acceptable.
NULL
H0 = X1 =X2 = 0 (Experimental)
H0 = X = Y = 0 (Descriptive)
ALTERNATIVE
H1 = X1 ¥ X2, either X1>X2, X1<X2
PURPOSES OF HYPOTHESIS
1. To test the hypothesis direct from theory
2. To control variant under research conditions
3. To discover the relationship of the dependent and independent variables
TYPES OF HYPOTHESIS
Null (H0) - Is a denial of an existence of a trait, characteristics, quality, value, correlation or difference of
the result
Alternative (H1) - an affirmative of the existence of observed phenomena
THEORETICAL AND CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
Theoretical framework - is a symbolic construction which uses abstract concepts, facts or laws, variables,
and their relations that explain and predict how an observed phenomenon exists and operates
Conceptual framework - present specific and well-defined concept which are called constructs
ASSUMPTIONS
- Presumed to be true statement of facts related to the research problem
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thesis, dissertations, research projects, foundation to form conclusions, resulting from
assumptions
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
- It is presented comprehensively in to convince the screening committee the importance
of the study. The researcher should prove that the study has important contributions in
relation to:
A. Solving the problem and need
B. Bridging a knowledge gap
C. Improving social, economic and health condition
D. Enriching research instruments methods and strategies
E. Supporting government thrust
SCOPE AND DELIMITATION OF THE STUDY
- An important section of a research paper. This include the coverage of the study area,
the subjects, the research apparatus, equipment or instrument, the research issues and
concerns
DEFINITION OF TERMS
1. Conceptual definition – (FROM BOOKS) they are based on concepts or hypothesis ones
which are usually taken from dictionary, encyclopedia and published journals.
2. Operational definition – (FROM OBSERVATIONS) they are based on observable
characteristics and how it is used in the study
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
- A formal survey of professional literature that is pertinent to the particular question
Research Question -
Past knowledge - will tell us what is already known as well as what is still unknown
Survey of related literature - is very essential because effective research must be based upon past
knowledge
Review of Related Literature - local bases literature & studies
Related Legal Bases - relevance of the study to the government thrusts
Related Literature - written works collectively
- Materials published in book, journal, magazines, novel poetry yearbook, etc.
- Must be organized alphabetically
- Composed of facts and principles to which person studies related
Related Studies - published & unpublished research studies
Local studies
Foreign Studies
