Chapter 7: Graphs Olivia Chen Mathematics

Parallel Lines

Parallel lines are a fixed distance apart and will never meet, no matter how long they are extended. Lines
that are parallel have the same gradient.

The graphs above, 𝑦 = 2𝑥 + 1 and 𝑦 = 2𝑥 − 2 have the same gradient of 2.

The lines are parallel.

Exercise 7.4
1. Write the equation of the line is that is parallel to the given equation and passes through the given
point.

(a) 𝑦 = 3𝑥 + 6 ; (4, 7)

M 3
=

y 3x c
=
+

y 3(4) c
= +

1 12 C y 31 5
= -
=
+

f 5
=
-

(b) 𝑦 = I𝑥 − 4 ; (−2, 3)

m 1
=

yx C
= +

3
=
=
2 G
+

85 y (1+5
=
=

13
Chapter 7: Graphs Olivia Chen Mathematics

1
(c) 𝑦 = 2 𝑥 + 5 ; (4, −5)

1
i 1
=
-
=

c
1x
+

y
=

y ix 7
= -

5 1(4) 0
-
=
+

(d) 𝑦 + 2𝑥 = 4 ; (−1, 2)

y (x 4 6 0
=
= +

M 1
=

y 2x
=

y
=
-
2x C
+

2
=
-
2) 1) c
- +

&
(e) 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 8 ; (0, −4)

&
(f) 𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 4 ; (0, 5)

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Chapter 7: Graphs Olivia Chen Mathematics

Perpendicular Lines

Perpendicular lines will always cross at right angles.

To determine if two lines are perpendicular, we need to multiply their gradients together. If the lines are
perpendicular to each other, the product of their gradients will be -1.

We say 𝒎𝟏 × 𝒎𝟐 = −𝟏, where 𝑚1 is the gradient of the first line and 𝑚2 is the gradient of the second line.

11 0 3
= -

3 -
8
· 15,6) =

-
1

1013]
6
Mc 1
B =
-

10,1) 0 -

5
c
13,0)
③

I
=

M, XM a

1X1 1
=
-
-

Exercise 7.5 M2
1. Work out the gradient of a line that is perpendicular to:

(a) 𝑦 = 4𝑥 + 2 (b) 𝑦 = 2𝑥 − 7 (c) 𝑦 = 𝑥 − 3

Mi 4 Mi 2
= =

M1 1
=

1 2XMc 1
4 XM,
=

1
=

IX Bc
- - =
-

1
Mc
=
=
-
mc Mc 1
=

2
1 3
(d) 𝑦 = −𝑥 + 1 (e) 𝑦 = 2 𝑥 + 3 (f) 𝑦 = 4 𝑥 − 2
M, 1
I =
= =
=
mi mi
1 XMc = -
1 1
!XBc
- =
-

-1
P XRc =

Mc 1
=

M2 2
=
-

Mc
4
=
-

& & &

1 2
(g) 𝑦 = −5𝑥 +1 (h) 𝑦 = −3𝑥 −5 (i) 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 12

15
Chapter 7: Graphs Olivia Chen Mathematics

2. Write down the equation of each of the following lines.

(a) Perpendicular to 𝑦 = 2𝑥 − 1 and passing through (4, 0)

M1 2
=

y 1x c
= +
=

2XMc 1
(x + 2
=

((4) cy
=
- =

0
=
= +

M2
=
- 1
2
8 2
=

(b) Perpendicular to 𝑦 = −3𝑥 + 4 and passing through (6, 1)

M1 y
5x
=

c 1
-

y
=

c
=
+
=

3XMc -
1
+ C
·

16)
=

1
=

3 y ix 1
=
-

Mc
=

1 2 +C
=

(c) Perpendicular to 𝑦 = 4𝑥 and passing through (−12, 5)

M1 1 y
yx 1 2
=

c
= =
-
+

4 X Mc 1
=
=

5 41 12) C
=
- +

4x
-

y 2
=
-
=

Mc
+

5 3 C
=
+

&
1
(d) Perpendicular to 𝑦 = − 𝑥 + 1 and passing through (3, −7)
2

&
2
(e) Perpendicular to 𝑦 = 𝑥 + 4 and passing through (−6, −4)
3

&
(f) Perpendicular to 𝑦 = −
3
5
𝑥 − 2 and passing through (9, 9)

16
Chapter 7: Graphs Olivia Chen Mathematics

Midpoints

A midpoint is a point lying between two points and is in the middle of the line joining the two points.

1 2,5)
-

13.10)
III YI 11. Y
(-213,3410):(0.5, 1.5)
Distance between Two Points
Distance between two points is the length of the line segment that connects the two given points.

𝒇𝒐𝒓𝒎𝒖𝒍𝒂 = √(𝒚𝟐 − 𝒚𝟏 )𝟐 + (𝒙𝟐 − 𝒙𝟏 )𝟐

Exercise 7.6
1. Work out the midpoints and the length of the line segments joining each pair of points.

(a) (4, 0) and (6, 6) (b) (0, 3) and (8, 7) (c) (2, −2) and (4 ,6)

1a) Midpoint:
( 416,06 C
(b) midpoint
=( 018,357 I 10) Midpoint:
(254,
(3,2)
=

=
(5,3)
=
(4,5)
Length ((1 3): length (6 2)
=

+ 18-0)2 + 14-2)
=
+

Length 116-032
-

+ 16-4)
=

8.94
=

6.32
=
=

8-15

(d) (1, 5) and (5, 1) 0

(e) (−4, 6) and (6, 1) &
(f) (−5, −3) and (4, 3)

(d) Midpoint:
11ts, (
=13,3)
length ((1 -5) 2+ (5-1)2
=

=>
5.66

&
(g) (2, 2) and (6, 5) &
(h) (−3, 2) and (9, 7) &
(i) (1, 5) and (7, −3)

17
Chapter 7: Graphs Olivia Chen Mathematics

Exam Practice Questions

1.

1 1.2, 2.63
-

·
---

·
10,2]

14,0
X

y 4
=

0=
+

m
=

(1+ 2
-
-

!
y dx
=

2
+

18
Chapter 7: Graphs points Olivia Chen Mathematics
I intersection

-1.2 1.6

/ y- intersept
M 2
=

y 2x C
=
+

y 2x 18
+
=

y xx
=
18
+

2.

2y 511 3
= +

-XMc =

-
1
y
5x 3
=

Mc
=
+
=

mi
5
=

-I

3.

y 3x 2
=
+

3
2

ly-intercept)
8 I

19
Chapter 7: Graphs Olivia Chen Mathematics

4.

midpoint:
(2,3, I
I
(4.5,-1)
=
4.5
-

M, G 3 y Gx c
- - =
+
=

7 2
y
g( 4
- =

+ 2
3
g()
= +

-
-

8
I 3
3 6
=
+

1
I
=

B XM, 1
=

Mc 5
=

8
51 +
&
5.

1 11 -5)2 + 1.4-8)
118+ 144
=

12.6
=

12.6

(5,(y) 23
=
(2,3)

20
Chapter 7: Graphs Olivia Chen Mathematics

6.

10.6)
x

x13,09

y M(1 C
= +

M yz y1
=
-

y 2x C
=
- +

112-11 1) 6
y
= +
-

= 8 6
-

- -

1 y
=
-
1) 6 +

3 8
-

y cx c
=

2XMc 1
= +
-
=

19) + C
I 3
=

Me
=

1 -
=

1.5

i(1 3
-

y
=

7.

M 2
=
-H 2
=

+2 -

41 2
=
·
112-111 -11
=

- 4k
-

41 -
=

11 2.75
-

5 -

6 = 2
1
4
=

k -
3k 21

2.75
=
Chapter 7: Graphs Olivia Chen Mathematics

8.

length
=
1)yc-41)2+ (112-11132

(14-2) 15.3)
-

8.25
=
8.25

midpoint
midpoint I 3:5,*(
-

Mi 4
= -
2

(.1,3)
=

G z
-
-

·I
y 4x c
4
= +

=
-

I I 6
3 4) 1) C
=
- +

midpoint
13023 1.5.4)
IXMc 1 g 4+ C
=
=
- -
-

Mc 4 9 7
= =

45+7

6(-5,4)H)0,y)
y 4 1/144
=

((y 4)
+
10 5) 13
=

- +

y 4 12 y 4 12
- =
=
- -

/y -4) + g2 169
=

y 16
=

y 8
=

14 -4)2 25 164
=
+

2
-4) 144
=

14
8 16 O -

22
Chapter 7: Graphs Olivia Chen Mathematics

9.

i,
3 x
39 311 9 51 + 1yX3
= =
-
+

9( (7 x+ 3 =
-
+

IX Mc 1
=

1011 24
=

Mc
=

-
3
11 0 -1
=

y 3x f
=
= +

3(2) + C y 3) 4) 9
= +

y
= -

1.8
=

C G
=

y 3x
=

G
+

2.4 1.8

10. y 51 4
= +

M1 5
-

y5x c
=
+

SXM 1
=

- -

6 5(0) + c
=

Mc
s
=

6 0 C
= +

6 2
=

y G) 6
=
+

23