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    UoG Presentation-4

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    Carlos Gamio
    1) Electrical capacitance tomography (ECT) is a non-invasive imaging technique used to visualize multiphase industrial processes in real-time. 2) Current research includes developing high-sensitivity capacitance sensors, image reconstruction algorithms, and a high-pressure ECT system for gas-oil flows. 3) Future work aims to extend ECT from monitoring to quantifying flows.

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    UoG Presentation-4

    Uploaded by

    Carlos Gamio
    29 views28 pages
    1) Electrical capacitance tomography (ECT) is a non-invasive imaging technique used to visualize multiphase industrial processes in real-time. 2) Current research includes developing high-sensitivity capacitance sensors, image reconstruction algorithms, and a high-pressure ECT system for gas-oil flows. 3) Future work aims to extend ECT from monitoring to quantifying flows.

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    1) Electrical capacitance tomography (ECT) is a non-invasive imaging technique used to visualize multiphase industrial processes in real-time. 2) Current research includes developing high-sensitivity capacitance sensors, image reconstruction algorithms, and a high-pressure ECT system for gas-oil flows. 3) Future work aims to extend ECT from monitoring to quantifying flows.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    29 views28 pages

    UoG Presentation-4

    Uploaded by

    Carlos Gamio
    1) Electrical capacitance tomography (ECT) is a non-invasive imaging technique used to visualize multiphase industrial processes in real-time. 2) Current research includes developing high-sensitivity capacitance sensors, image reconstruction algorithms, and a high-pressure ECT system for gas-oil flows. 3) Future work aims to extend ECT from monitoring to quantifying flows.

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    Current Research & Future Developments

    in Electrical Capacitance Tomography for


    Multiphase Process Imaging

    Dr Carlos Gamio
    Contents

    1. Introduction to capacitance tomography

    2. Current research & achievements

    3. Future developments
    1. Introduction to ECT

    • Electrical capacitance tomography (ECT) is an


    emerging internal visualization technique, aimed at
    industrial processes involving electrically non-
    conducting multiphase mixtures.

    • Non-invasive.

    • Fast (~100 frames per second, suitable for dynamic


    industrial processes).

    • It is just one of a number of related process


    tomography methods.
    Basic Principle of ECT
    measurement
    insulating electrodes
    grounded
    pipe screen

    grounded end guards

    ECT sensor ECT system

    • All the inter-electrode capacitances are measured.


    • The capacitances are non-linear functions of the electrical
    permittivity inside the sensor, ε(x,y).
    • From their values, an image of the permittivity distribution
    is obtained, which reflects the phase distribution.
    ECT System Photos

    • Designed & built by me to do


    my research.
    • Sensitivity 0.1 femtofarads.
    • Twin plane sensor for velocity
    measurement.
    Applications

    • Multiphase flow visualisation and measurement.


    • Optimisation of separator design and operation.
    • Optimisation of fluidised bed systems (design and
    model validation).
    • Validation of trickle bed reactor design.
    • Monitoring other industrial multiphase processes.
    • Sensor fully scalable (Macro  Mini).
    2. Research & Achievements

    1. High-sensitivity stray-immune capacitance


    transducers for ECT.

    2. High-pressure tomographic capacitance sensors for


    flow imaging.

    3. Image reconstruction algorithms based on global


    optimisation methods.
    2.1 Capacitance Transducers for ECT

    • In ECT we need to measure inter-electrode


    capacitances as low as 10 fF with 0.1 fF resolution.

    • In the presence of much larger stray capacitances to


    ground (~100 pF, due mainly to the cables from the
    electronics to the sensor).

    • Fast enough to image dynamic processes: 66


    capacitance measurements every 10 ms for a 100-
    frame-per-second acquisition rate.
    Capacitance Transducer Circuit
    Cx
    Vo ( ideal )  Ve
    Cf

    AC-based capacitance transducer Basic capacitance measuring circuit


    • Each electrode is connected to one transducer circuit.
    • Depending on the state of the CMOS switches, each transducer circuit has two
    possible modes of operation: excitation or detection.
    • Two such transducers are involved in each capacitance measurement, one in
    excitation mode, the other in detection mode.
    • Results of detailed analysis of these circuits were published in Meas. Sci. Tech.,
    IEEE Trans. Instr. Meas. and IEEE Sensors.
    6
    ECT System Design

    ECT DATA ACQUISITION UNIT COMPUTER

    EXC REF
    DDS
    SIGNAL
    DEM REF
    GENERATOR

    ECT
    TRANSDUCER
    CH 1 MUX +
    PGA DAC
    -
    PLUG-IN
    I/O
    DAC
    CARD

    CONTROL
    SIGNALS
    ECT
    TRANSDUCER
    CH 12

    • The system is essentially a fully programmable high-


    sensitivity multi-channel capacitance meter.
    5
    Actual System Photos

    7
    2.2 High-Pressure ECT Sensors

    High-pressure (2000 psi) sensor

    • First capacitance tomography sensor for imaging gas-oil two-phase


    flows in presurised pipelines up to 2000 psi.
    • For an industrial rather than a laboratory environment.
    • Sensors were modelled using FEM.
    • Commercial packages (Opera, Maxwell, Femlab) were used.
    High-Pressure Sensor Design
    hermetic
    connector
    steel tube

    borosilicate glass tube

    pressure aluminium screen


    equalising
    piston

    • Connects to standard 3-inch pipe flanges.


    • Annular space filled with pressure equalising fluid.
    • Tested to 1400 PSI.
    ECT System Connected to Flow Loop

    image
    reconstruction
    computer

    data
    aquisition
    system

    sensor
    Flow Images

    STRATIFIED
    FLOW
    compressor off
    Qoil = 196 bpd

    ALMOST
    FULL OF OIL
    compressor off
    Qoil = 3204 bpd
    More Flow Images
    INTERMITENT
    FLOW
    Qgas = 263000 scfd
    Qoil = 3433 bpd
    P = 6.4 barg
    T = 19.4 °C

    ANNULAR
    FLOW
    Qgas = 1.6×106 scfd
    Qoil = 3210 bpd
    P = 6.95 barg
    T = 21.6 °C
    2.3 Image Reconstruction
    • Obtaining the permittivity distribution inside the sensor
    from the measured capacitances is known as image
    reconstruction.

    • It is one of the main challenges in ECT. Ideally we want


    a reconstruction algorithm that is both accurate and fast.

    • Mathematically it is an inverse problem. These are often


    hard to solve because of their ill-posed nature.

    • The corresponding forward problem of calculating the


    capacitances for a given permittivity distribution is
    tackled using Maxwell’s equations, which lead to a PDE
    that can be solved numerically by FEM.
    Image Reconstruction Methods
    • Linear back-projection: fast but poor accuracy.
    - Adapted from X-ray (linear) tomography
    - Most commonly used
    - Suitable for low-contrast mixtures

    • Optimisation ( minε ||cmeas - ccalc(ε)|| 2 ): more accurate


    but slow ( must solve the forward problem iteratively).
    - Local methods: regularised Newton type
    - Global optimisation: simulated annealing & genetic
    algorithms (pioneered by my research team)

    • Neural Networks (acurate & fast?).


    3. Test Setup

    • 3-inch multi-phase gas/oil/water flow loop.


    • Only gas (N2) and oil (Exxsol D 80) were used.
    • Ratings: 2×106 scfd (gas), 3500 bpd (oil), 2500 bpd
    (water), @ up to 12 bar.
    Actual Flow Loop Photo

    compressor

    pumps

    Coriolis
    meter
    separator

    window

    flow
    output
    Comparison with Flow-Regime Map
    5. Conclusions
    • Electrical capacitance tomography (ECT) was used
    effectively for imaging gas/oil flows in a pressurised line.

    • The images obtained were consistent with both theoretical


    predictions and direct observation of the flow.

    • The potential of ECT for real-time flow visualisation and


    flow regime identification in real-life industrial operating
    conditions (i.e., high pressure) was established.

    • Additional work is under way in order to extend the


    application of ECT from mere monitoring to flow
    quantification.
    ECT system (...cont.)

    ECT DATA ACQUISITION UNIT COMPUTER

    EXC REF
    DDS
    SIGNAL
    DEM REF
    GENERATOR

    ECT
    TRANSDUCER
    CH 1 MUX +
    PGA DAC
    -
    PLUG-IN
    I/O
    DAC
    CARD

    CONTROL
    SIGNALS
    ECT
    TRANSDUCER
    CH 12

    • The system is a fully programmable high-sensitivity (0.1


    femtofarad) multi-channel capacitance meter.
    5
    ECT system (...cont.)
    Cx
    Vo ( ideal )  Ve
    Cf

    AC-based capacitance transducer Basic capacitance measuring circuit


    • Each electrode is connected to one transducer circuit.
    • Depending on the state of the CMOS switches, each transducer circuit has two
    possible modes of operation: excitation or detection.
    • Two such transducers are involved in each capacitance measurement, one in
    excitation mode, the other in detection mode.
    • Results of detailed analysis of these circuits were published in Meas. Sci. Tech.,
    IEEE Trans. Instr. Meas. and IEEE Sensors.
    6
    ECT system (...cont.)

    • I did everything myself,


    including circuit design,
    component selection, low-
    noise PCB lay-out, card
    assembly and testing and
    final prototype system
    assembly.
    7
    The linear back-projection (LBP) algorithm
    n electrodes m = ½n(n-1) measurements p image regions or 'pixels'

    Sensitivity ci (k )  ci ( emp)
    si (k )  k = 1, . . , p i = 1, . . , m
    maps ci ( full )  ci ( emp)

    ci  ci ( emp)
    Normalised i  i = 1, . . , m
    measurements ci ( full )  ci ( emp)

      s (k )i i
    Weighted g (k )  i 1
    m
    k = 1, . . , p
    back-projection
     s (k )
    i 1
    i
    Sensor Design and Modelling
    Demostración Simple

    15

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