A Major Project Report

On
SENSOR-GUIDED SURVEILLANCE ROBOT FOR
ENHANCED SECURITY
Submitted to JNTU HYDERABAD
In partial Fulfilment of the requirements for the Award of Degree of
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
IN
COMPUTER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING
Submitted
By
CHAKRALA AGNIVESH (208R1A0567)
ASHRITHA VADDEPALLI (208R1A05B8)
JOGA THARUN (218R5A0508)
DARA DINESH (208R1A0570)

Under the Esteemed guidance of

Mrs. M. ASHWITHA REDDY
Assistant Professor, Department of CSE

Department of Computer Science & Engineering

CMR ENGINEERING COLLEGE
UGC AUTONOMOUS
(Approved by AICTE, NEW DELHI, Affiliated to JNTU, Hyderabad)
Kandlakoya, Medchal Road, R.R. Dist. Hyderabad-501 401)
2023-2024
CMR ENGINEERING COLLEGE
UGC AUTONOMOUS
(Accredited by NBA, Approved by AICTE NEW DELHI, Affiliated to JNTU, Hyderabad)
Kandlakoya, Medchal Road, Hyderabad-501 401

Department of Computer Science & Engineering

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the project entitled “SENSOR GUIDED SURVEILLANCE ROBOT
FOR ENHANCED SECURITY” is a bonafide work carried out by
Chakrala Agnivesh (208R1A0567)
Ashritha Vaddepalli (208R1A05B8)
Joga Tharun (218R5A0508)
Dara Dinesh (208R1A0570)

in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of the degree of BACHELOR OF
TECHNOLOGY in COMPUTER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING from CMR
Engineering College, affiliated to JNTU, Hyderabad, under our guidance and supervision.

The results presented in this project have been verified and are found to be satisfactory. The
results embodied in this project have not been submitted to any other university for the award
of any other degree or diploma.

Internal Guide Major Project Coordinator Head of the Department

Mrs. M. Ashwitha Mrs. G. Sumalatha Dr. Sheo Kumar
Reddy
Assistant Professor Associate Professor Professor & H.O.D
CSE, CMREC CSE, CMREC CSE, CMREC
DECLARATION

This is to certify that the work reported in the present project entitled “SENSOR-GUIDED
SURVEILLANCE ROBOT FOR ENHANCED SECURITY” is a record of bonafide
work done by us in the Department of Computer Science and Engineering, CMR Engineering
College, JNTU Hyderabad. The reports are based on the project work done entirely by us and
not copied from any other source. We submit our project for further development by any
interested students who share similar interests to improve the project in the future.

The results embodied in this project report have not been submitted to any other University or
Institute for the award of any degree or diploma to the best of our knowledge and belief.

CHAKRALA AGNIVESH (208R1A0567)

ASHRITHA VADDEPALLI (208R1A05B8)
JOGA THARUN (218R5A0508)
DARA DINESH (208R1A0570)
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We are extremely grateful to Dr. A. Srinivasula Reddy, Principal and [Link] Kumar,
HOD, Department of CSE, CMR Engineering College for their constant support.

We are extremely thankful to [Link] Reddy, Assistant Professor, Internal Guide,

Department of CSE, for her constant guidance, encouragement and moral support
throughout the project.

We will be failing in duty if I do not acknowledge with grateful thanks to the authors of the
references and other literatures referred in this Project.

We thank Mrs.G. Sumalatha Major Project Coordinator for her constant support in carrying
out the project activities and reviews.

We express our thanks to all staff members and friends for all the help and co-ordination
extended in bringing out this project successfully in time.

Finally, we are very much thankful to my parents who guided me for every step.

CHAKRALA AGNIVESH (208R1A0567)

ASHRITHA VADDEPALLI (208R1A05B8)
JOGA THARUN (218R5A0508)
DARA DINESH (208R1A0570)
CONTENTS

TOPIC PAGE NO
ABSTRACT i
List of Figures ii
1. INTRODUCTION 1
1.1. Introduction & Objectives 1
1.2. Purpose of the Project 3
1.3. Existing System & Disadvantages 3
1.4. Proposed System with a Features 4
2. LITERATURE SURVEY 8
3. SOFTWARE REQUIREMENT ANALYSIS 13
3.1. Problem Specification 13
3.2. Modules and their Functionalities 13
3.3. Functional Requirements 15
3.4. Non Functional Requirements 17
3.5. Feasibility Study 18
4. SOFTWARE & HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS 20
4.1. Software requirements 20
4.2. Hardware requirements 21
5. SOFTWARE DESIGN 23
5.1. System Architecture 23
6. BIBLIOGRAPHY & REFERENCENS 34
ABSTRACT

The main objective behind this paper is to develop a robot to perform the act of surveillance
in industrial/Home areas Robots can be manually controlled and automatic based on the
requirement. The purpose of this robot is to roam around. In this project, one can control the
robot with the help of mobile or laptop through Internet of Things (IoT). In this proposed
system we used camera for surveillance, IR sensor for obstacle avoidance of the robot, metal
and fire sensor for metal detection. Surveillance video will post into IOT server. This robot
will collect data from remote place and able to send those data to a remote IoT cloud
database. This robot will be controlled via android mobile phone. We can control the
movement of the robot by sending instructions via IOT app from our android phone. Each
sensor which can be constrained by Arduino dependent on IoT .Each gadget is extraordinarily
recognizable by the controlling programming which is the center idea of IoT. In proposed
system we are going to designed a low-cost Microcontroller Based Android controlled Robot.
The robot will move forward, backward, left and right direction by following the instructions
given from the mobile. This system can be helpful for various purposes.

i
LIST OF FIGURES

[Link] FIGURE NO DESCRIPTION PAGENO

1 1.4.1 Schematic Diagram 5

2 5.1 System Architecture 23

ii
[Link]

1.1 INTRODUCTION

Cloud robotics is an emerging field that merges the concepts of cloud technologies and
service robots. It is a disruptive technology based on the advantages of rapid fall in costs of
servers, data centers, and broadband access, inexpensive cloud storage, and distributed
computing. Internet is used to complement the capabilities of the robots by relieving them
from on -board computation-intensive tasks and enable them to provide effective services on
demand. Robotics is a technology that deals with the design, construction, operation, and
application of robots, as well as computer systems for their control, sensory feedback, and
information processing. The human operator may manipulate the robot from a distance by
sending commands and receiving information via communication network. Robotic systems
have brought significant economic and social impacts to human lives over the past few
decades. Recently, robotic systems are utilized as data-gathering tools by scientists for a
greater understanding of environmental processes. Robots are also being designed to explore
deep oceans, to track harmful algal blooms, monitor climatic condition ns, and to study about
remote volcanoes Cloud is a service provider that provides services such as infrastructure,
software or resources. Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) models an organization that
outsources the resources required for its operations, including storage and networking
components. While the cloud computing paradigm was originally developed in the cyber
world and applied software as a service (SaaS), in the last few years it has been extended to
the cyber-physical world, including vehicles like cars and people with smartphones, and
robots like ground vehicles and unmanned aerial vehicles . Recently, researchers have started
to merge cloud computing concepts with mobile robotics, e.g.. This approach has been
particularly useful in the context of computation- intensive applications like image processing
and cognition needed by mobile robots as these tasks take up space, power, and incur high
costs. The cost and complexity of performing the basic functionalities such as sensing,
actuation, and control in a single robot increases exponentially. Therefore, the cloud robot
system efficiently provides different types of support. An interesting related technological
development is the emergence of Robots as a Service (RAAS), analogous to system oriented
architecture In spite of the significant potential of cloud robot systems, much of the research
in literature has focused mainly on cloud-based operation of robot manipulators or arms. For
example, Kehoe, et al have applied the cloud computing concept to a manipulator mounted
on a mobile robot system. Their technique performs object recognition, pose estimation and

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grasping of common household objects with the aid of Google Goggles Image Recognition
System and stores the results on a cloud server. Kamei, et al have proposed the use of cloud
networked robots for providing multi-location daily activity using on-board manipulators to
support elderly and disabled people. Use of vision-based servo control of manipulators with
distributed computing has been proposed in .

More recently, robotics researchers have turned to the applications of cloud computing in
individual and wirelessly networked mobile robot systems. Real-time path planning for
mobile robots using computation-intensive evolutionary algorithms on the cloud has been
studied in . Use of cloud- based multi-core graphic processing units for analysis of 3D
perceptual changes in robot texture images for purposes of navigation has been made in .

A number of mobile robotic systems have been developed in recent years for monitoring
climate variables both terrestrial and underwater, harmful algal blooms and volcanoes.
Mobile robots with on-board environmental sensors offer several advantages – low cost, ease
of automation, wide operational range, and flexibility – in the monitoring of wide
geographical areas. Indoor and outdoor environmental monitoring using mobile robots has
been considered by several researchers, e.g., . Small mobile robots called Boebots have been
built to capture image that will be processed by a cloud setup using Microsoft windows
Azure

.However, these robots are very small in size, and so not well suited for either indoor or
outdoor real-world environments.

consumes very less power when compared to laptop. The

A standalone low cost device for transmitting data with touch screen display had been built
using Raspberry Pi and Bluetooth. A robot to recognize voice had been developed using
Google voice API and Raspberry Pi . Raihan et. al. had developed an economical automated
toll system that work by processing images using Raspberry Pi. The system was developed as
an alternative to the more costly system using RFID.

In this paper, a robot is designed to move autonomously in the open space and to monitor the
environmental conditions. The sensor data collected by the robot are stored in a cloud server
that could be also be displayed in a webpage as well. Since very large amounts of spatio-
temporal environmental data are collected in the process, a cloud server is used for
economical storage, analysis, and retrieval of the data. The cloud environment is set up using

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OpenStack in Ubuntu Linux. The Raspberry Pi microcontroller is used in the robot for
communicating with the cloud server, while an Arduino microcontroller is used for control of
the robot.

1.2 PURPOSE OF THE PROJECT

The purpose of a sensor-guided surveillance robot for enhanced security, based on IoT
(Internet of Things), is to leverage advanced technology to improve and strengthen security
measures in various environments. This project aims to create a robotic system equipped with
sensors and IoT capabilities to autonomously monitor and surveil an area.

1.3 EXISTING SYSTEM

In current design of robots are done with Radio frequency RF and Bluetooth based
technology. But not multipurpose robts, no metal and detection. It can used for industrial
carries. These technologies are very older and controlling range also very limited. Due to
such a significant number of disadvantages in the currently existing system, it isn't so feasible
to utilize this technique. We can rather rely upon innovation to conquer such issues wherein
IoT plays a prominent role. we are integrating IOT based applications for effective
transmission. In proposed system we are going to designed a low-cost Microcontroller Based
Android controlled Robot. The robot will move forward, backward, left and right direction by
following the instructions given from the mobile. This system can be helpful for various
purposes.

In existing system, Mobile Robots intended for domestic purposes, most of them have a very
limited working range and require the operator to always be in close proximity in order to
control the robot. By implementing internet control, the Mobile Robot is not limited by
range. As the intended purpose is round-the-clock monitoring in an indoor warehouse
environment, the Mobile Robot should be provided with a strong internet connection and
should have enough battery back-up in order to avoid failure of the system. The Robot must
also be compact and should be able to carry the onboard camera and sensor circuitry with
ease all around the intended surveillance area.

Draw-Backs of Existing System :

 Already existing systems use robots that have limited range of communication as they

are based on RF Technology, Zigbee and Bluetooth.

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 Some existing robots can only be controlled with a manual mode which needs human

supervision throughout the whole surveillance process.

 Some existing projects use short range wireless camera

1.4 PROPOSED SYSTEM

The purpose of this robot is to roam around. In this project, one can control the robot with the
help of mobile or laptop through Internet of Things (IoT). In this proposed system we used
camera for surveillance, IR for obstacle avoidance of the robot, metal sensor for metal
detection. Surveillance video will post into IOT server. This robot will collect data from
remote place and able to send those data to a remote IoT cloud database. This robot will be
controlled via android mobile phone. We can control the movement of the robot by sending
instructions via IOT app from our android phone. Each sensor which can be constrained by
Arduino dependent on IoT .Each gadget is extraordinarily recognizable by the controlling
programming which is the center idea of IoT. In proposed system we are going to designed a
low-cost Microcontroller Based Android controlled Robot. The robot will move forward,
backward, left and right direction by following the instructions given from the mobile. This
system can be helpful for various purposes.

The Attention commands are transferred to the electronic devices. In reverse, the electronic
device transfers the stored messages from the wireless module. The micro controller checks
the IoT command and after validating the command it performs further certain task on the
robot or device. The micro controller used here in this project is ATMEGA 328 incorporated
in an Arduino UNO board.

In the block diagram consisting of the main parts of arduino, drivers, wifi modules and power
supply. Arduino is the main part of the project. Its plays the one of the important role in the
project. First battery is used to power the Arduino Uno and other is used to power the motor.
The regulated 5V supply for rest of the circuit is provided by 7805 [Link] on the
board indicates the presence of power supply. Motor H-bridge is used to drive two-motors
which work on 9V dc batteries. DC motors are interfaced to the Arduino-Uno. The data
received by the WI-FI module from Android smart phone is fed as input to the ATMEGA328
MICROCONTROLLER. The robotic arm moves left,right, forward, backward and pick and
place. An application run on a network, when it will send data to a device or another process
using the TCP protocol, Each process is associated with TCP will have a IP address and port.

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The main objective behind this project is to develop a robot to perform the act of surveillance
in domestic areas. Nowadays robot plays a vital role in our day to day life activities thus
reducing human labor and human error. The purpose of this surveillance robot is to roam
around and provide video information from the given environment and to send that obtained
information to the user. The robot can be controlled with the help of mobile through Internet
of Things (IoT) and also can provide live feed of video both in daytime as well as at night
with the help of wireless camera. The robot can be operated both in manual as well as in
automated mode with the help of Arduino microcontroller. This robot also uses various
sensors that collects data and sends it to the Arduino microcontroller which controls the robot
behavior. Along with the obtained live streamed video output, user can also obtain the
presence of metal bombs using metal detectors. Thus the action of surveillance can be
performed. Further advancement in our project can provide surveillance even in defense
areas.

Figure 1.4.1 Schematic diagram

It checks if the metal sensor (metal) is HIGH or LOW, and updates the LCD and sends
messages to Serial based on the metal detection [Link], it checks the state of the fire
sensor (fire) and updates the LCD and sends messages to Serial [Link] code then

5
sends a '#' character to the serial port. If the metal is not detected and the fire is not detected,
it activates the buzzer.

This is the pin diagram where all the hardware components are been connected components.
this ARDUINO microcontroller having 28 pins. In which 14 GPIO pins as digital pins and 6
GPIO pins. 16MHz crystal oscillator connected internally. The step down transformer,
Bridge rectifier capacitor with 1000f Resisters and led are connected in Regulated power
supply which provide the 5v to th e Arduino and all input/output modules.

16*2 LCD Monitor has connected with the Digital pins 2, 3, 4,5,6,7.

WIFI has connected to Digital Pins D0,D1 internal Transmitter and receiver pins.

IR connected to A0 and A1 pins of the Arduino micro controller.

Metal sensor connected to A2 pins of the Arduino micro controller.

Mode switch connected to digital pin A4

Fire sensor connected to digital pin A3

Buzzer alarm connected to digital pin 8

Robot is connected to 9,10,11,12 arduino controller

Logic Explanation

1. Library Inclusion: The code starts by including the required libraries:

 LiquidCrystal: Used for interfacing with the LCD display.

 stdio.h: Standard Input/Output library.

2. Pin Definitions: The code defines various pins used for components including motor
control (m1a, m1b, m2a, m2b), infrared sensors (irl, irr), buzzer (buzzer), fire
sensor (fire), mode switch (mode), and metal sensor (metal).

3. Function sensor_fun(): This function handles the logic related to sensor readings and
robot movement based on those readings. It includes:

 Setting the mode (modes) based on the state of the mode switch.

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 Displaying indicators on the LCD based on the states of the infrared sensors
(irl and irr).

 Controlling the motors based on sensor readings and the selected mode.

4. Setup Function:

 The setup function initializes pins and components, sets up serial

communication, initializes the LCD display, and waits for a brief period.

 It sets up pins for input or output based on their purposes.

5. Logic in Loop Function:

 The main logic of the code resides in the loop function.

 It starts by sending a '*' character to the serial port.

 It checks if the metal sensor (metal) is HIGH or LOW, and updates the LCD
and sends messages to Serial based on the metal detection status.

 Similarly, it checks the state of the fire sensor (fire) and updates the LCD and
sends messages to Serial accordingly.

 The code then sends a '#' character to the serial port.

 If the metal is not detected and the fire is not detected, it activates the buzzer.

 The loop includes a for-loop that runs 270 iterations, during which it listens
for commands from the serial port and processes those commands to control
the robot's movement.

 After processing commands, it calls the sensor_fun() function to update

sensor readings and motor control based on the current state.

6. Wi-Fi Initialization Function: The code includes a commented-out function called

wifiinit(), which seems to be intended to initialize Wi-Fi connectivity to an access
point. The function includes logic to connect to the specified Wi-Fi network using
credentials.

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[Link] SURVEY

[1]. Wireless mobile robotic arm

Authors : Yusoff, Mohd Ashiq Kamaril, Reza Ezuan Samin, and Babul Salam
Kader Ibrahim

A mobile robot that functional to do pick and place operation and be controlled by using
wireless PS2 controller. It can move forward, reverse, turn right and left for a specific
distance according to the controller specification. The development of this robot is based on
Arduino Mega platform that will be interfaced with the wireless controller to the mobile
robotic arm. Analysis such as speed, distance, load that can be lifted of the robot has been
done in order to know its performance.

[2] Research directions for the internet of things

Authors: Stankovic, John A.

Many technical communities are vigorously pursuing research topics that contribute to the
Internet of Things (IoT). Nowadays, as sensing, actuation, communication, and control
become even more sophisticated and ubiquitous, there is a significant overlap in these
communities, sometimes from slightly different perspectives. More cooperation between
communities is encouraged. To provide a basis for discussing open research problems in IoT,
a vision for how IoT could change the world in the distant future is first presented .

[3] Internet controlled robotic arm

Authors: Kadir, Wan Muhamad Hanif Wan, Reza Ezuan Samin, and Babul Salam
Kader Ibrahim.

To bridge the gap of the normal perception of “robots are for the industries only”, internet
will be use. This paper presents the development of an internet controlled robotic arm. The
movement of the robot arm can be controlled by a computer via the internet. This robot can
be used to demonstrate that a robot can be used inside a home for daily human chores. The
robot is controlled by Arduino Uno that interfaced with the internet using Arduino Ethernet
Shield. Two type of analysis were done for this project that is servo motor analysis and
accuracy test.

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[4] ISO 9000: Outside the iron cage.

Authors: Boiral, Olivier

Adopted by an increasing number of organizations around the world, the ISO 9000 standards have
become a growing concern for more and more managers who are often compelled to adopt
this system without really knowing its requirements and implications for employees. Though the
effects of this standard on quality management and on performance improvement have been widely
debated, there is little knowledge of how the managers and employees who are asked to implement
and maintain it perceive the ISO 9000 standards or resist its use.

[5] Wireless industrial control and monitoring beyond cable replacement

Authors: K. Koumpis, L. Hanna, M. Andersson, and M. Johansson

Architectures for various types of applications and technical options for implementing
these architectures are discussed. A review of the state of the art in cable replacement
with an emphasis on practical examples is also featured. The paper continues with a
hybrid wired/wireless fieldbus topology as well as the approach of mesh networking in
which wireless nodes function as senders, receivers and routers allowing distributed
control and sensing.

[6] Modeling and PD control of a quadrotor VTOL vehicle

Authors: Erginer, Bora, and Erdinc Altug.

It present a model of a four rotor vertical take-off and landing (VTOL) unmanned air vehicle
known as quadrotor aircraft. And we explained its control architecture including vision based
control. Quadrotors have generated considerable interest in both the control community due
to their complex dynamics and military because of their advantages over regular air vehicles.
The proposed dynamical model which comprises gyroscopic effects and its control strategies
can be source for future works.

[7] Profinet the industrial Ethernet standard for automation

Published by : Siemens

The future-proof PROFINET Ethernet standard enables plant-wide an end-to-end and

secure communication in the process industry. Among other things, the real-time
network allows for fast, reliable exchange of critical process data – secured by redundant

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ring structures, comprehensive device and network diagnostics even for remote locations,
and functional safety with PROFIsafe.

[8].Smart phone based robotic arm control using raspberry pi, android and Wi-Fi

Authors: Premkumar, Keerthi, and K. Gerard Joe Nigel

The android phone and raspberry piboard is connected through Wi-Fi. As the name suggests
the robotic arm is designed as it performs the same activity as a human hand works. A signal
is generated from the android app which will be received by the raspberry pi board and the
robotic arm works according to the predefined program. The android application is the
command centre of the robotic arm. The program is written in the python language in the
raspberry board. the different data will control the arm rotation.

[9] IOT based remote access human control robot using MEMS sensor

Author : Patil, Abhishek Deendayal

Robots are playing a vital role in today's industrial automation and monitoring system. As
technology developed these robots have increased their applications and functionality.
Working robots will cooperate to the people makes the work more Effortless and
uncomplicated. This paper provides 4 different gestures for controlling the robots, i.e.,
forward, backward, left, right. For cutting weeds a gripper concept using buttons is
anticipated. These movements are given by the user using MEMS Sensor. The MEMS Sensor
will be set to the hand. Whenever the hand moves in some direction, the mechanical
movement of the hand will be recognized by MEMS. MEMS translate this mechanical hand
movement into equivalent electrical signals and send it to the Raspberry Pi.

[10] Internet of robotic things: concept, technologies, and challenges

Author: Ray, Partha Pratim

It proposes a new concept which tackles the issues for supporting control and monitoring
activities at deployment sites and industrial automations, where intelligent things can monitor
peripheral events, induce sensor data acquired from a variety of sources, use ad hoc, local,
and distributed “machine intelligence” to determine appropriate course of actions, and then
act to control or disseminate static or dynamic position aware robotic things in the physical
world through a seamless manner by providing a means for utilizing them as Internet of
robotic things (IoRT).

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[11] Accelerometer-based control of an industrial robotic arm

Authors : Neto, Pedro, J. Norberto Pires, and A. Paulo Moreira

Most of industrial robots are still programmed using the typical teaching process,
through the use of the robot teach pendant. In this paper is proposed an accelerometer-
based system to control an industrial robot using two low-cost and small 3-axis wireless
accelerometers. These accelerometers are attached to the human arms, capturing its
behavior (gestures and postures).

[12] Design and implementation of a robotic arm based on haptic technology

Author: Krishna, R.

It deals with designing a haptic robotic arm, which can be used to pick and place the objects.
In this paper, a robotic arm with four degrees of freedom is designed and is able to pick the
objects with a specific weight and place them in a desired location. To facilitate the lifting of
the objects, Servomotors with a torque of 11 kg are used. The programming is done on
ATMEGA-328 Microcontroller using Arduino programming. The Microcontroller along with
input pins is soldered on a PCB board. The input is given using a remote, which is an arm,
made of Polycarbonate fitted with Potentiometers with a certain angle of rotation.

[13] Development of a miniature robot for swarm robotic application

Authors : Arvin, Farshad, Khairulmizam Samsudin, and Abdul Rahman Ramli

Biological swarm is a fascinating behavior of nature that has been successfully applied to
solve human problem especially for robotics application. The high economical cost and
large area required to execute swarm robotics scenarios does not permit experimentation
with real robot. Model and simulation of the mass number of these robots are extremely
complex and often inaccurate. This paper describes the design decision and presents the
development of an autonomous miniature mobile-robot (AMiR) for swarm robotics
research and education.

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[14] Multisensor based autonomous mobile robot through Internet Control

Authors: Chen, Tse Min, and Ren C. Luo.

A remote supervisory control system that combines a computer network and an autonomous
mobile robot is constructed. The main feature of this system is that users just need a general-
purpose computer and a World Wide Web browser, they can command the mobile robot in a
remote location through the Internet and Home Page. Hardware configuration of this
architecture includes an autonomous mobile robot, server workstation, and other computers,
each of them is able to communicate with others via a computer network.

[15] Internet controlled robotic arm

Authors: Kadir, Wan Muhamad Hanif Wan, Reza Ezuan Samin, and Babul Salam
Kader Ibrahim

When we talk about robots, people tend to think that robots are only suitable to use in the
industry or just for the scientist to test about new technologies. However, the main function
of robots are to help humans in doing work either in the industries or just helping out doing
normal household chores. To bridge the gap of the normal perception of “robots are for the
industries only”, internet will be use. This paper presents the development of an internet
controlled robotic arm. The movement of the robot arm can be controlled by a computer via
the internet. T

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[Link] REQUIREMENTS ANALYSIS

3.1 PROBLEM SPECIFICATION

The project aims to address the pressing need for advanced security measures through the
development of a sensor-guided surveillance robot. The primary objective is to create an
autonomous robotic system equipped with a diverse array of sensors, including cameras,
infrared sensors, and motion detectors, to enhance surveillance capabilities. Key challenges
encompass the development of algorithms for obstacle detection and avoidance, real-time
data processing to analyze sensor inputs, and the establishment of a reliable communication
system for seamless connectivity.

3.2 MODULES AND THEIR FUNCTIONALITIES

Modules:

1. Chassis and Mobility System:

 Functionality: Provides the physical structure and movement capabilities to
navigate the environment.
 Components: Motors, wheels, chassis frame, and a control system.
2. Sensor Suite:
 Functionality: Detects and collects data from the environment to make
informed decisions.
 Components: Various sensors such as:
 Infrared Sensors: Detects heat signatures and movement.
 Ultrasonic Sensors: Measures distances to avoid obstacles.
 Camera (RGB or Infrared): Captures images and video for
surveillance.
 Gas Sensors: Detects harmful gases.
 Microphone: Captures audio data.
3. Control Unit:
 Functionality: Processes sensor data and controls the robot's movements and
actions.
 Components: Microcontroller (e.g., Arduino, Raspberry Pi), control
algorithms.

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4. Communication Module:
 Functionality: Facilitates communication between the robot and a central
control station.
 Components: Wireless modules (Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, Zigbee), communication
protocols.
5. Power Supply:
 Functionality: Provides the necessary power to all components.
 Components: Batteries, power distribution system.
6. Navigation and Mapping Module:
 Functionality: Creates a map of the environment and helps the robot navigate
autonomously.
 Components: Mapping algorithms, GPS module, navigation algorithms.
7. Object Recognition and Tracking:
 Functionality: Identifies and tracks objects or people in the environment.
 Components: Image processing algorithms, machine learning models
8. Alarm System:
 Functionality: Raises alarms or alerts in case of suspicious activities or
security breaches.
 Components: Buzzer, LED indicators, communication with the central control
station.
9. Autonomous Decision-Making System:
 Functionality: Enables the robot to make decisions based on sensor data and
predefined rules.
 Components: Decision-making algorithms, rule-based systems.
10. Centralized Control Station:
 Functionality: Monitors and controls multiple surveillance robots.
 Components: Computer system, user interface, communication interface.
11. Data Storage and Logging:
 Functionality: Stores sensor data, images, and video for future analysis.
 Components: Data storage devices (SD cards, hard drives), logging
algorithms.

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12. Remote Operation Interface:
 Functionality: Allows remote control and monitoring of the robot.
 Components: User interface (web-based or application), remote control
algorithms.
13. Self-Charging System (Optional):
 Functionality: Enables the robot to return to a charging station autonomously.
 Components: Charging dock, battery management system.
14. Security and Encryption:
 Functionality: Ensures the security of communication and data storage.
 Components: Encryption algorithms, secure communication protocols.

3.3 FUNCTIONAL REQUIREMENTS:

1. Mobility:
 The robot should be able to move in different directions (forward, backward,
left, right) to navigate through the surveillance area.
 It should have obstacle detection and avoidance capabilities to navigate around
obstacles autonomously.
2. Sensors:
 Camera: High-resolution camera(s) with pan, tilt, and zoom capabilities for
real-time video streaming and image capture.
 Infrared (IR) sensors for low-light or night-time surveillance.
 Ultrasonic sensors for obstacle detection.
 Gas sensors for detecting harmful substances.
 Temperature and humidity sensors for environmental monitoring.
3. Communication:
 Wireless connectivity (e.g., Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, Zigbee) to transmit live video
feed and sensor data to a centralized monitoring system.
 Secure communication protocols to protect data integrity and confidentiality.
 Two-way communication to allow remote operators to interact with the
surroundings.
4. Power Management:
 Efficient power management system to ensure long operating hours.
 Automatic recharging capabilities or a docking station for autonomous

15
[Link] and Mapping:
5. GPS module for location tracking.
 Mapping capabilities to create and update a digital map of the surveillance
area.
 Path planning algorithms to optimize the robot's route for efficient coverage.
 Security Features:
 Tamper detection to alert authorities if the robot is being tampered with.
 Encryption of data to ensure the confidentiality and integrity of transmitted
information.
6. User Interface:
 Intuitive and user-friendly interface for remote operators.
 Real-time video streaming and playback functionality.
 Alerts and notifications for suspicious activities.
7. Integration with IoT Platform:
 Compatibility with standard IoT platforms for seamless integration into
existing security systems.
 API support for third-party applications and services.
8. Autonomous Operation:
 Ability to operate autonomously based on predefined rules and algorithms.
 Automated response to specific events (e.g., intruder detection, fire, gas leaks).
9. Scalability:
 Ability to deploy multiple robots for broader surveillance coverage.
 Scalable architecture to handle an increasing number of connected devices.
10. Compliance and Regulations:
 Adherence to relevant privacy laws and regulations.
 Compliance with security standards and certifications.
11. Maintenance and Diagnostics:
 Self-diagnostic capabilities to identify and report malfunctions.
 Remote troubleshooting and maintenance features.

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3.4 NON-FUNCTIONAL REQUIREMENTS:

1. Performance:

 Response Time: The system should respond to user commands or detected

threats within milliseconds.
 Throughput: The robot should be capable of transmitting high-quality video
data in real-time without significant latency.
 Processing Speed: The system should process sensor data efficiently to
provide timely information.
2. Reliability:

 System Uptime: The robot should be available for surveillance operations for
an extended period without frequent downtime.
 Failure Rate: The system should have a low failure rate, and failures should
not compromise security.
3. Availability:

 The system should be available for use 24/7, with scheduled downtime for
maintenance communicated in advance.
 Redundancy features to ensure continuous operation in the event of
component failures.
4. Scalability:

 The system should be scalable to accommodate additional sensors or robots if

the surveillance area expands.
 Scalability to handle an increased volume of data as the number of deployed
robots grows.
5. Usability:

 User Interface Clarity: The user interfaces for remote monitoring and control
should be clear and user-friendly.
 Training Requirements: The system should be designed to require minimal
training for operators.

17
6. Compatibility:

 The system should be compatible with various devices, browsers, and

operating systems for remote control and monitoring.
 Compatibility with existing security systems and protocols.
7. Security:

 Data Encryption: All communication between the robot and the control center
should be encrypted to prevent unauthorized access.
 Access Controls: Role-based access control to ensure that only authorized
personnel can access different levels of information and control features.
 Tamper Detection: The system should detect and respond to any attempts at
tampering or unauthorized access
8. Maintainability:

 The system should be designed for ease of maintenance, with modular

components that can be replaced or upgraded without significant downtime.
 Clear documentation for maintenance procedures and troubleshooting.
9. Portability:

 The robot should be easily deployable to different locations within the

surveillance area.
 The mobile app for remote control should work seamlessly across different
devices and screen sizes.
10. Power Efficiency:

 The robot should be designed to optimize power consumption, maximizing

operational time on a single charge.
 Low power consumption during standby or idle modes.
3.5 FEASIBILITY STUDY:

The feasibility study for the project is a critical component of the project's planning phase,
assessing the practicality and viability of the system's implementation. This study
encompasses several dimensions, each of which is instrumental in determining the project's
feasibility.

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Financial Feasibility:

The financial aspect is a key consideration, as the project aims to provide an affordable and
accessible security solution. To assess financial feasibility, an indepth analysis of budgetary
requirements, resource allocation, and cost projections is necessary. This includes estimating
expenses related to hardware components, software development, testing, manufacturing, and
marketing. The project should ensure costeffectiveness without compromising the system's
quality and performance. Financial feasibility is integral to ensuring that the solution can
reach a wide audience and fulfill its mission of enhancing women’s safety.

Technical Feasibility:

The technical feasibility of the project examines whether the proposed system can be
effectively designed, developed, and implemented. This involves evaluating the availability
of technology, infrastructure, and expertise required for the project's execution. The project
incorporates advanced technology, including GPS, IoT, and wireless communication, which
must be readily accessible and compatible with the project's objectives. Additionally,the
technical feasibility study should address any potential challenges or obstacles that may arise
during development and implementation, as well as the measures to mitigate them.

Operational Feasibility:

Operational feasibility focuses on the practicality of deploying and operating the system. It
involves analyzing the day-to-day functioning of the project and assessing whether it aligns
with the intended objectives. For the project, operational feasibility examines how the system
will interact with users and authorities in real-world scenarios. It also considers the ease of
use, maintenance, and scalability of the system to meet evolving security needs. The study
should identify potential operational challenges and outline strategies for overcoming them.
In summary, the feasibility study for the project is a comprehensive evaluation of financial,
technical, and operational aspects. It aims to ensure that the project is not only practical but
also capable of providing a low-cost and effective security solution for women. By assessing
its viability from multiple angles, the study helps confirm that the project aligns with its
mission of enhancing women's safety and security.

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4. SOFTWARE & HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS
4.1. SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS

[Link] PCB – for designing circuit

 It can be likened to more of a toy then a professional CAD program.

 It has a poor part library (which we can work around)
 It cannot import or export files in different formats
 It cannot be used to make prepare boards for DIY production
[Link] IDE compiler - for compilation part

 Arduino IDE is compatible with major operating systems, including Windows,

macOS, and Linux, making it accessible to a wide range of users.
 The built-in code editor supports syntax highlighting, auto-indentation, and code
completion, helping developers write and edit code efficiently.
 The IDE provides a straightforward and user-friendly interface, suitable for
beginners and experienced developers alike.
 Arduino IDE supports multiple programming languages, including C and C++,
making it accessible to developers with different language preferences.
[Link] 7 (Embedded C) – for simulation part

 Proteus allows you to design and simulate electronic circuits, including

microcontroller-based circuits programmed in Embedded C.
 Proteus 7 supports a variety of microcontrollers, including popular families like
PIC, AVR, and 8051. This enables you to simulate and test your Embedded C
code for different microcontroller architectures.
 It provides an integrated development environment for writing, compiling, and
debugging Embedded C code directly within the Proteus software.
 Proteus allows you to simulate your Embedded C code in real-time, providing a
dynamic visualization of how your code interacts with the connected electronic
components and peripherals.

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4.2. HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS

1 Arduino:

Figure 2.1 ATMEGA 328 Microcontrollers

2.2 Pin Diagram:

Figure 2.2 ATMEGA 328 PIN diagram

Figure 2.3 ARDUINO Development Board

21
VCC:
Digital supply voltage magnitude of the voltage range between 4.5 to 5.5 V for the
ATmega8 and 2.7 to 5.5 V for ATmega8L
GND:
Ground Zero reference digital voltage supply.
PORTB (PB7.. PB0) :
PORTB is a port I / O two-way (bidirectional) 8-bit with internal pull-up resistor can be
selected. This port output buffers have symmetrical characteristics when used as a
source or sink. When used as an input, the pull-pin low externally will emit a current if
the pull-up resistor is activated it. PORTB pins will be in the condition of the tri-state
when RESET is active, although the clock is not running.
PORTC (PC5.. PC0) :
PORTC is a port I / O two-way (bidirectional) 7-bit with internal pull-up resistor can be
selected. This port output buffers have symmetrical characteristics when used as a
source or sink. When used as an input, the pull-pin low externally will emit a current if
the pull-up resistor is activated it. PORTC pins will be in the condition of the tri-state
when RESET is active, although the clock is not running.
PC6/RESET:
If RSTDISBL Fuse programmed, PC6 then serves as a pin I / O but with different
characteristics. PC0 to PC5 If Fuse RSTDISBL not programmed, then serves as input
Reset PC6. LOW signal on this pin with a minimum width of 1.5 microseconds will
bring the microcontroller into reset condition, although the clock is not running.
PORTD (PD7.. PD0) :
PORTD is a port I / O two-way (bidirectional) 8-bit with internal pull-up resistor can be
selected. This port output buffers have symmetrical characteristics when used as a
source or sink. When used as an input, the pull-pin low externally will emit a current if
the pull-up resistor is activated it. PORTD pins will be in the condition of the tri-state
when RESET is active, although the clock is not running.

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[Link] ARCHITECTURE

Ultrasonic
sensor

Figure 5.1 System Architecture

 Memory:
It has 8 Kb of Flash program memory (10,000 Write/Erase cycles durability), 512
Bytes of EEPROM (100,000 Write/Erase Cycles). 1Kbyte Internal RAM
 I/O Ports:
23 I/ line can be obtained from three ports; namely Port B, Port C and Port D.
 Interrupts:
Two External Interrupt source, located at port D. 19 different interrupt vectors
supporting 19 events generated by internal peripherals.
 Timer/Counter:
Three Internal Timers are available, two 8 bit, one 16 bit, offering various
operating modes and supporting internal or external clocking.
 SPI (Serial Peripheral interface):
ATmega8 holds three communication devices integrated. One of them is Serial
Peripheral Interface. Four pins are assigned to Atmega8 to implement this
scheme of communication.

23
 USART:
One of the most powerful communication solutions is USART and ATmega8
supports both synchronous and asynchronous data transfer schemes. It has three
pins assigned for that. In many projects, this module is extensively used for PC-
Micro controller communication.
 TWI (Two Wire Interface):
Another communication device that is present in ATmega8 is Two Wire
Interface. It allows designers to set up a commutation between two devices using
just two wires along with a common ground connection, As the TWI output is
made by means of open collector outputs, thus external pull up resistors are
required to make the circuit.
 Analog Comparator:
A comparator module is integrated in the IC that provides comparison facility
between two voltages connected to the two inputs of the Analog comparator via
External pins attached to the micro controller.
 Analog to Digital Converter:
Inbuilt analog to digital converter can convert an analog input signal into digital data
of 10bit resolution. For most of the low end application, this much resolution is
enough.
Features:

 High-performance, Low-power Atmel®AVR® 8-bit Microcontroller

 Advanced RISC Architecture
 High Endurance Non-volatile Memory segments
 In-System Programming by On-chip Boot Program
 True Read-While-Write Operation
 Programming Lock for Software Security
 Peripheral Features
 Mode
 Eight Channels 10-bit Accuracy
 Six Channels 10-bit Accuracy
 Special Microcontroller Features
 Standby
 Operating Voltages

24
 Speed Grades
 Power Consumption at 4Mhz, 3V, 25oC
 Power Supply:
A regulated power supply converts unregulated AC (Alternating Current) to a
constant DC (Direct Current). A regulated power supply is used to ensure that the
output remains constant even if the input changes. A regulated DC power supply
is also known as a linear power supply; it is an embedded circuit and consists of
various blocks. The regulated power supply will accept an AC input and give a
constant DC output. The figure below shows the block diagram of a typical
regulated DC power supply.
 ROBOT DC MOTOR
A dc motor uses electrical energy to produce mechanical energy, very typically
through the interaction of magnetic fields and current-carrying conductors. The
reverse process, producing electrical energy from mechanical energy, is
accomplished by an alternator, generator or dynamo. Many types of electric
motors can be run as generators, and vice versa. The input of a DC motor is
current/voltage and its output is torque (speed).
 Operation:
The DC motor you will find in modem industrial applications operates very similarly
to the simple DC motor described earlier in this chapter. Figure 12-9 shows an
electrical diagram of a simple DC motor. Notice that the DC voltage is applied
directly to the field winding and the brushes. The armature and the field are both
shown as a coil of wire. In later diagrams, a field resistor will be added in series with
the field to control the motor speed.

5.1 LCD DISPLAY

 LCD Background:
One of the most common devices attached to a micro controller is an LCD display.
Some of the most common LCD’s connected to the many microcontrollers are 16x2
and 20x2 displays. This means 16 characters per line by 2 lines and 20 characters per
line by 2 lines, respectively.

25
 Circuit Description:

Above is the quite simple schematic. The LCD panel's Enable and Register Select is
connected to the Control Port. The Control Port is an open collector / open drain
output. While most Parallel Ports have internal pull-up resistors, there is a few which
don't. Therefore by incorporating the two 10K external pull up resistors, the circuit is
more portable for a wider range of computers, some of which may have no internal
pull up resistors.

5.2 IOT ESP8266

 Introduction
Espressif Systems’ Smart Connectivity Platform (ESCP) of high performance
wireless SOCs, for mobile platform designers, provides unsurpassed ability to embed
Wi-Fi capabilities within other systems, at the lowest cost with the greatest
functionality

 Features
 802.11 b/g/n protocol

 Wi-Fi Direct (P2P), soft-AP

 Integrated TCP/IP protocol stack

 Integrated TR switch, balun, LNA, power amplifier and matching network

 Integrated PLL, regulators, and power management units

 +19.5dBm output power in 802.11b mode

 Integrated temperature sensor

 Supports antenna diversity

 Power down leakage current of < 10uA

 Integrated low power 32-bit CPU could be used as application processor

 SDIO 2.0, SPI, UART

 STBC, 1×1 MIMO, 2×1 MIMO

26
 A-MPDU & A-MSDU aggregation & 0.4s guard interval

 Wake up and transmit packets in < 2ms

 Standby power consumption of < 1.0mW (DTIM3)

5.3 Current Consumption

The following current consumption is based on 3.3V supply, and 25 C ambient, using
internal regulators. Measurements are done at antenna port without SAW filter. All the
transmitter’s measurements are based on 90% duty cycle, continuous transmit mode.
 CPU, Memory and Interfaces
 CPU chip embeds an ultra low power Micro 32-bit CPU, with 16-bit thumb
mode. This CPU can be interfaced using:
 code RAM/ROM interface (iBus) that goes to the memory controller, that can
also be used to access external flash memory,

 data RAM interface (dBus), that also goes to the memory controller

 AHB interface, for register access, and

 JTAG interface for debugging

 MemoryController
The memory controller contains ROM, and SRAM. It is accessed by the CPU using
the iBus, dBus and AHB interface. Any of these interfaces can request access to the
ROM or RAM modules, and the memory controller arbiters serve these 3 interfaces
on a first-come-first-serve basis.

 AHB and AHB Blocks

The AHB blocks performs the function of an arbiter, controls the AHB interfaces
from the MAC, SDIO (host) and CPU. Depending on the address, the AHB data
requests can go into one of the two slaves:
 APB block, or

 flash controller (usually for standalone applications).

Data requests to the memory controller are usually high speed requests, and requests
to the APB block are usually register access.

The APB block acts as a decoder. It is meant only for access to programmable
registers within ESP8266’s main blocks. Depending on the address, the APB request

27
can go to the radio, SI/SPI, SDIO (host), GPIO, UART, real-time clock (RTC), MAC
or digital baseband.

 Interfaces

The ESP8266 contains several analog and digital interfaces described in the following
sections.
5.4 Master SI / SPI Control

The master serial interface (SI) can operate in two, three or four-wire bus configurations
to control the EEPROM or other I2C/SPI devices. Multiple I2C devices with different
device addresses are supported by sharing the 2-wire bus.
Multiple SPI devices are supported by sharing the clock and data signals, using separate
software controlled GPIO pins as chip selects.
The SPI can be used for controlling external devices such as serial flash memories, audio
CODECs, or other slave devices. It is set up as a standard master SPI device with 3
different enable pins:
 SPI_EN0,
 SPI_EN1,
 SPI_EN2.

Both SPI master and SPI slave are supported with the latter being used as a host
interface.
SPI_EN0 is used as an enable signal to an external serial flash memory for downloading
patch code and/or MIB-data to the baseband in an embedded application. In a host based
application, patch code and MIB-data can alternatively be downloaded via the host
interface. This pin is active low and should be left open if not used.
SPI_EN1 is usually used for a user application, e.g. to control an external audio codec or
sensor ADC, in an embedded application. This pin is active low and should be left open if
not used.

SPI_EN2 usually controls an EEPROM to store individual data, such as MIB information,
MAC address, and calibration data, or for general use. This pin is active low and should
be left open if not used.

28
 General Purpose IO
There are up to 16 GPIO pins. They can be assigned to various functions by the firmware.
Each GPIO can be configured with internal pull-up/down, input available for sampling by
a software register, input triggering an edge or level CPU interrupt, input triggering a
level wakeup interrupt, open-drain or push-pull output driver, or output source from a
software register, or a sigma-delta PWM [Link] pins are multiplexed with other
functions such as host interface, UART, SI, Bluetooth coexistence, etc.
 Digital IO Pads
The digital IO pads are bidirectional, non-inverting and tri-state. It includes input and an
output buffer with tristate control inputs. Besides this, for low power operations, the IO
can also be set to hold. For instance, when we power down the chip, all output enable
signals can be set to hold low. Optional hold functionality can be built into the IO if
requested. When the IO is not driven by the internal or external circuitry, the hold
functionality can be used to hold the state to the last used state. The hold functionality
introduces some positive feedback into the pad. Hence, the external driver that drives the
pad must be stronger than the positive feedback. The required drive strength is however
small – in the range of 5uA..
 Wi-fi
ESP8266 offers a complete and self-contained Wi-Fi networking solution,
allowing it to either host the application or to offload all Wi-Fi networking
functions from another application processor.

5.5 ESP32-CAMERA

ESP32-CAM is the latest small size camera module released by Essence. The module
can work independently as the smallest system, with a size of only 27*40.5*4.5mm,
and a deep sleep current as low as 6mA.

ESP32-CAM can be widely used in various IoT applications, suitable for home smart
devices, industrial wireless control, wireless monitoring, QR wireless identification,
wireless positioning system signals and other IoT applications. It is an ideal solution
for IoT applications .

29
ESP32-CAM adopts DIP package and can be used directly by plugging in the bottom
plate, realizing the rapid production of products, providing customers with high-
reliability connection methods, which is convenient for application in various IoT
hardware terminal occasions.

 Features

 Here is a list with the ESP32-CAM features:

 The smallest 802.11b/g/n Wi-Fi BT SoC module
 Low power 32-bit CPU,can also serve the application processor
 Up to 160MHz clock speed, summary computing power up to 600 DMIPS
 Built-in 520 KB SRAM, external 4MPSRAM
 Supports UART/SPI/I2C/PWM/ADC/DAC
 Support OV2640 and OV7670 cameras, built-in flash lamp
 Support image WiFI upload
 Support TF card
 Supports multiple sleep modes
 Embedded Lwip and FreeRTOS
 Supports STA/AP/STA+AP operation mode
 Support Smart Config/AirKiss technology
 Support for serial port local and remote firmware upgrades (FOTA)

5.6 ESP32-CAM Pinout

There are three GND pins and two pins for power: either 3.3V or [Link] 1 and GPIO 3 are
the serial pins. You need these pins to upload code to your board. Additionally, GPIO 0 also
plays an important role, since it determines whether the ESP32 is in flashing mode or not.
When GPIO 0 is connected to GND, the ESP32 is in flashing mode.
The following pins are internally connected to the microSD card reader:

 GPIO 14: CLK

 GPIO 15: CMD
 GPIO 2: Data 0
 GPIO 4: Data 1 (also connected to the on-board LED)
 GPIO 12: Data 2

30
 GPIO 13: Data 3
 Using low-power dual-core 32-bit CPU, can be used as an application processor

 Main frequency up to 240MHz, computing power up to 600 DMIPS

 Built-in 520 KB SRAM, external 8MB PSRAM

 Support UART/SPI/I2C/PWM/ADC/DAC and other interfaces

 Support OV2640 and OV7670 cameras, built-in flash

 Support picture WiFI upload

 Support TF card

 Support multiple sleep modes.

 Embedded Lwip and FreeRTOS

 Support STA/AP/STA+AP working mode

 Support Smart Config/AirKiss one-click network configuration

 Support secondary development

 Application scenarios

 Home smart device image transmission

 Wireless monitoring

 Smart agriculture

 QR wireless recognition

5.7 IR sensor

 IR transmitter and receiver

Basics of IR transmitter and receiver transmitter and receiver are commonly used in
engineering projects for remote control of objects. In particularly, in Robotic system
uses transmitter and receiver. Here i would like to describe the basics if IR transmitter
and receiver

31
5.8 Basics of IR transmitter

An electroluminescent IR LED is a product which requires care in use. IR LEDs are

fabricated from narrow band hetero structures with energy gap from 0.25 to 0.4 eV. Infrared
transmitter emits IR rays in planar wave front manner. Even though infra red rays spread in
all directions, it propagates along straight line in forward direction. IR rays have the
characteristics of producing secondary wavelets when it collides with any obstacles in its
path. This property of IR is used here.

When IR rays gets emitted from LED, it moves in the direction it is angled. When any
obstacle interferes in the path, the IR rays get cut and it produces secondary wavelets which
propagates mostly in return direction or in a direction opposite to that of the primary waves,
which produces the net result like reflection of IR rays.

5.9 Basics of IR receiver.

Infrared photo receiver is a two terminal PN junction device, which operates in a reverse bias.
It has a small transparent window, which allows light to strike the PN junction. A photodiode
is a type of photo detector capable of converting light into either current or voltage,
depending upon the mode of operation. Most photodiodes will look similar to a light emitting
diode. They will have two leads, or wires, coming from the bottom. The shorter end of the

two is the cathode, while the longer end is the anode and the cathode will be connected to it.
A photodiode consists of PN junction or PIN structure. When a photon of sufficient energy
strikes the diode, it excites an electron thereby creating a mobile electron and a positively
charged electron hole. If the absorption occurs in the junction's depletion region, or one
diffusion length away from it, these carriers are swept from the junction by the built-in field
of the depletion region. Thus holes move toward the anode, and electrons toward the cathode,
and a photocurrent is produced.

5.10 METAL DETECTOR

A metal detector is an electronic instrument which detects the presence of metal nearby.
Metal detectors are useful for finding metal inclusions hidden within objects, or metal objects
buried underground. They often consist of a handheld unit with a sensor probe which can be
swept over the ground or other objects. If the sensor comes near a piece of metal this is
indicated by a changing tone in earphones, or a needle moving on an indicator. Usually the
device gives some indication of distance; the closer the metal is, the higher the tone in the

32
earphone or the higher the needle goes. Another common type are stationary "walk through"
metal detectors used for security screening at access points in prisons, courthouses,
and airports to detect concealed metal weapons on a person's [Link] simplest form of a
metal detector consists of an oscillator producing an alternating current that passes through a
coil producing an alternating magnetic field. If a piece of electrically conductive metal is
close to the coil, eddy currents will be induced in the metal, and this produces a magnetic
field of its own. If another coil is used to measure the magnetic field (acting as
a magnetometer), the change in the magnetic field due to the metallic object can be detected.

5.11 FIRE SENSOR:

 Introduction:

This module is sensitive to the flame and radiation. It also can detect ordinary
light source in the range of of a wavelength 760nm-1100 nm. The detection
distance is up to 100 cm. The Flame sensor can output digital or analog signal. It
can be used as a flame alarm or in fire fighting robots. Future Electronics Egypt
Ltd. (Arduino Egypt).

 Description:

 Detects a flame or a light source of a wavelength in the range of 760nm-1100

nm
 Detection distance: 20cm (4.8V) ~ 100cm (1V) • Detection angle about 60
degrees, it is sensitive to the flame spectrum.
 Comparator chip LM393 makes module readings stable.
 Adjustable detection range.
 Operating voltage 3.3V-5V
 Digital and Analog Output DO digital switch outputs (0 and 1) AO analog
voltage output
 Power indicator and digital switch output indicator Interface Description (4-
wire) 1) VCC -- 3.3V-5V voltage 2) GND -- GND 3) DO -- board digital
output interface (0 and 1) 4) AO -- board analog output interface.

33
[Link]

[Link] Agenda - Internet of Things (IoT) news, blogs and analysis - [Link]
([Link])

[Link] - IoT Resources ([Link])

[Link] Stack Exchange - Using an Arduino for learning embedded C programming -

Arduino Stack Exchange

[Link] - Embedded C Programming | Basic Structure of Embedded C | Edureka

[Link] - Introduction of Embedded Systems | Set-1 - GeeksforGeeks

34
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