COLEGIO DE STA. LOURDES OF LEYTE FOUNDATION INC.

Tabontabon, Leyte
COLLEGE OF NURSING

MODULE 03: NCM 100: THEORETICAL FOUNDATION IN NURSING

MODULE OVERVIEW:
Module 03 is all about Nursing Philosophies. It discuss how the beginning Nursing Theorists conceptualized and
spearheaded the formation of nursing theories. This is a compilation of concepts, assumption, and philosophies of
nursing theories especially their philosophies that they firmly believe. Moreover, the module encompasses the
nursing paradigm as to Nurse, Person, Health, and Environment of each nursing theoretical model. By so doing the
learner will be able to appreciate the nursing profession as it enhances the concepts of what is Nursing, how to nurse
someone like Person, understanding the Person and humanity as the main focus and considering the various aspects
that affect the nursing profession and persons like the Health and Environment.

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
At the end of the lesson, the learner will be able to:
1. Describe the Meta concepts of a person, health, environment, and nursing as viewed by different
theorists.
2. Integrate relevant nursing theories in the care of the clients in a given health and nursing situation.

COURSE CONTENT:
1. FLORENCE NIGHTINGALE (1820 – 1910)

Nightingale’s model was developed before the general acceptance of modern disease theories & other theory of
medical science.
This means to say that the Philosophy of Florence Nightingale evolved before modern disease theories and
other medical science theory.
She knew “germ theory” before its publication. She deduced that cleanliness, fresh air, sanitation, comfort &
socialization were necessary to health.
From her experiences in Scutari army hospital in Turkey, & other hospitals, she was able to document her
ideas in nursing.
Nightingale wrote many books & reports to federal & world – wide agencies. Her record of letters is
voluminous & several books have been written to analyze her writings.
Through her extensive body of work, she changed Nursing & Health care dramatically.

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BACKGROUND OF THE THEORIST
May 12, 1820 – Florence Nightingale was born in Florence, Italy to a very wealthy family. Grew up mostly in
Derbyshire, England.
Educated in statistics, languages, history, mathematics, [Link] the classical tradition by her wealthy landowner
father – William Nightingale.
Her mother wished her to lead a life of social grace, but she preferred productivity, choosing to school herself
in the care of the sick.
In 1851, her father gave her permission to train as a nurse. She attended nursing Program at age 31 for 3
months in DEACONESS SCHOOL OF NURSING in Kaiserswerth, Germany (1850) – the only formal nursing education
available at that time. Directed by Pastor Theodore Fleidner.
Worked at Sisters of Charity in Paris. Worked as Nursing Superintendent at the Institution for Care of Sick
Gentlewomen in Distressed Circumstances.
During the Crimean war (March 1854 - Crimean War France, England and Turkey declared war to Russia), soon
after the British soldiers arrived in Turkey they started to die from cholera and malaria. Sir Sidney Herbert – secretary
of war, urged Nightingale to assist in the care of the wounded soldiers.
Nightingale offered her services and she was eventually allowed to form a group of 38 women to go nursing in
Scutari, Turkey. When they arrived to Scutari, they saw that soldiers were kept in filthy rooms, with no blankets nor
descent food and still wearing their dirty uniforms.
No wonder they were all dying not because of the wounds but all the diseases they were contracting there.
Nightingale discovered that few soldiers die from their wounds, rather: open sewers, lack of cleanliness, lack
of pure water, lack of fresh air, lack of wholesome food were frequently the causes of death.
Nightingale received very little help from the military. She used her contacts in The Times to report the way
soldiers were treated by the British army. After the big publicity, Nightingale was asked to organize the hospital.
Despite the opposition of Army physician, Nightingale instituted a system of care that reportedly cut the casualties
from 48% to 2% within 2 years.
Nightingale became known as the “Lady of the Lamp” as she made her nightly rounds through the wards to
review the care of the soldiers in Scutari. She even wrote letters to the families in behalf of the soldiers who were
incapable of doing so because of blindness & other disabilities.
To spread her opinions she wrote two books: Notes on Hospital and Notes on Nursing. Nightingale also
published her best known work, Notes on Nursing, in 1860. Since then it has been translated into 11 different
languages and is still in print today. The principles she explained in her book are still being used today.
As a proof to the medical establishment of the value of the work of nurses, Nightingale instituted the system
of record keeping & adapted statistical reporting known as “cock’s comb model” to analyze the data she collected.
In 1856 Florence had a long interview with Queen Victoria and Prince Albert, this conversation eventually
resulted in the formation of the Army Medical College.
On her return to England from Turkey, Nightingale she reformed the Army medical school. Instituted a
program of record keeping for government health statistics. Assisted with the public health programs in India.
The major effort for which she is known was the Nightingale School for Nurses at St. Thomas Hospital. She
raised 59,000 pounds and used this to fund the Nightingale School & Home for Nurses at St. Thomas' Hospital. Funds
for the school came from the Nightingale Fund which had been awarded to her by the grateful British citizens in honor
of her work in Crimea. The English queen & the Sultan of Turkey, gave her lavish jewels in gratitude of her selfish
service.
Queen Victoria rewarded her BADGE OF HONOR that carried the cross of St. George (England’s royal
emblem). Nightingale became a Fellow of the Royal Statistical Society because of her voluminous statistical reports.
During her service in the Crimean War Florence got a disease called “Crimean Fever”. Even after recovering
from the illness, the patient would have a life full of pain and ill health. Florence was often bed ridden for the rest of
her days. But even through her illness she continued to work hard to improve health standards. In 1895 she went
blind. Soon afterwards she had to receive full-time nursing.
At the age of 90 Florence died at home on August 13th, 1910. A burial was offered in Westminster Abbey but
Nightingale’s relatives refused and insisted she was buried in the family plat at East Willow, Hampshire.
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Memorial services were held all over London, including Liverpool Cathedral and St. Paul’s Cathedral.
Nightingale philosophy:

Nightingale’s work is broadly philosophy rather than a theory. (Healing, leadership, global action).

NIGHTINGALE’S METAPARADIGM:

ENVIRONMENT:
Nightingale believed 5 points were essential in achieving a healthful house 1. Pure air 2. Pure water
3. Efficient drainage 4. Cleanliness and 5. Light. Proper household management makes a difference in healing of the ill.
Nursing care pertained to the house in which patient lived, & to those who came into contact with the patient as well
as to the care of the patient.
Healthy environment was essential for healing. E.g. noise harms & impedes the need of the patient to rest.
Noises to avoid: Caregivers’ talking; Rustles of the wide skirts; Fidgeting; Asking unnecessary questions; and Heavy
tread while walking. Healthful house must provide: nutritious foods; Proper beds & beddings;
Cleanliness; and Social contact was important to healing.

NURSING:
Is seen in a way to put the patient in such a state as that it will have no disease or that it can recover from disease.
“Put as to the best possible condition for nature to act upon to restore or preserve health; to prevent or cure injury.”
Nurses must make accurate observations of their patients & able to report the state of the patient to the
physician in an orderly manner.
Nurses should be able to think critically about the care of the patient & to do what is appropriate & necessary
to assist the patient to heal.

PERSON:
Has not been defined specifically yet, defined in relation to their environment & the impact of environment upon
them.

HEALTH:
To be well is to be able to use every power we have.
Health is the positive pathology integrative.
Health is meant more than the mere absence of disease.

2. MARGARET JEAN HARMAN WATSON - Philosophy and Science of Caring (1940 – Present)

Margaret Jean Harman Watson was born in Southern West Virginia.

Grew up during 1940’s and 1950’s in the small town of Welch, West Virginia in the Appalachian Mountains.
She earned a B.S. in Nursing in 1964 at the Boulder Campus; an M.S. in Psychiatric-Mental Health Nursing in 1966 at
the Health Sciences Campus;
Ph.D. in educational psychology and counseling in 1973 at the Graduate School Boulder, Campus.
She is a distinguished Professor of Nursing and Director of Human Caring, School of Nursing, University of
Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver.

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She is a fellow in the American Academy of Nursing and has received numerous other awards and honors,
including a Visiting Kellogg Fellowship at Western Australia Institute of Technology and an International Fulbright
Award.
Previously, Dean of Nursing at the University Health Sciences Center and President of the National League for
Nursing.
Undergraduate and graduate degrees in Nursing and Psychiatric-Mental Health Nursing and PhD in
Educational Psychology and Counseling.
She holds honorary doctorate from Assumption College, Worcester, MA, at the University of Akron, OH.
Watson has been invited distinguished lecturer in numerous countries such as Israel, Canada, Japan, Australia, and
Taiwan as well as in the United States.
Jean Watson has authored 10 books, shared in authorship of 5 books & has written countless articles in
nursing journals.

METAPARADIGM IN NURSING

PERSON:
Watson uses interchangeably the terms human being, person, life, personhood, & self.
She views person as “a unity of mind/body/spirit/nature” and she describes that personhood is tied to a notion that’s
ones soul possess a body that is not confined by objective time and space. Human Being is valued person in and of
him to be cared for, respected, nurtured, understood and assisted. In general, it is a philosophical view of a person as
a fully functional integrated self.
She viewed human as greater than, and different from, the sum of his or her parts.

ENVIRONMENT:
A caring environment is one that offers the development of potential while allowing the person to choose the best
action for himself or herself at a given point in time.
Environment provides the values that determine how one should behave & what goals one should strive toward. A
caring attitude is not transmitted from genes to genes. It is transmitted by the culture of the profession as a unique
way of coping with its environment.

HEALTH:
Health refers to unity and harmony within the mind, body, and soul. It is also associated with the degree of
congruence between self as perceived and as experienced.
Three elements of HEALTH:
1. A high level of over-all physical, mental and social functioning.
2. A general adoptive-maintenance level of daily functioning.
3. The absence of illness (or the presence of efforts that lead to its absence)

NURSING:
Nursing consists of knowledge; thought, values, philosophy commitment, & action with some degree of passion.
Nursing is concerned with the promoting health, preventing illness, caring for the sick, and restoring health. It focuses
on health promotion and prevention and treatment of disease.
Watson believes that holistic health care is central to the practice of caring in nursing.

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PHILOSOPHY AND SCIENCE OF CARING
10 CARATIVE TEN CARITAS PROCESSES
FACTORS
1. Formation of a 1. Cultivating the practice of loving – kindness & equanimity towards self and others as
humanistic- foundational to Caritas Consciousness.
altruistic system of  The creation of humanistic selfless values are learned from life experiences. The
values capacity to love and care for others starts with how we are loved and cared for, that
will become the foundation as to how to love and care in return. “natututunan ang
magmahal at pakikipagkapawa tao sa paraan kung papano tayo minahal at
minamahal. Na sya ring batayan sa pagbuo ng mga kaugalian papano magmahal sa
kapwa tao.”
2. Instillation of 2. Being authentically present: enabling, sustaining, and honoring the faith, hope, and deep
faith-hope belief system and the inner – subjective world of self/other.
 Though humanistic and altruistic value system are learned in early life as how we are
reared by our parents and care takers, society also help in shaping our value system
of caring and capacity to care for others. Likewise, even if our early experiences are
not that good to make us develop value system of love and care, if the society will
provide us opportunities to develop the value system of love and care, the person
may become humanistic- altruistic in time. For it is believed and we have faith and
hope that man is basically good. “kahit sinasabi na ang karanasan natin sa buhay ay
nagtuturo sa atin paano tayo magmahal at mag aruga sa kapwa, maging negatibo
man na karanasan ay maari nating mabago dahil naniniwala at umaasa tayo na ang
tao ay lubos at natural na mapagmahal at mapag aruga.”
3. Cultivation of 3. Cultivation of one’s own spiritual practices and transpersonal self, going beyond ego-self.
sensitivity to self  The capacity to care for others starts with our acknowledgment of our own true
and to others feelings towards how to care for self and others. If we are honest how true we feel
and how true we care for others we accept our selves. In that manner, we will be
able to pinpoint what are those things we need to improve in ourselves so that we
will be able to care for others beyond our capacity.” Sa pagiging totoo natin sa ating
mga sarili at sa mga naramramdaman paano magmahal at magaruga sa iba, makikita
natin kung saan aspeto sa ating pagkatao ang may kailangan pang bagohin para mas
maipadama pa natin nang maayos ang magmahal at mag aruga sa iba nating kapwa
tao. Sa ganitong paraan tayo ay magmamahal at magaaruga nang mas higit pa sa
ating kakayahan.”
4. Development of 4. Development and sustaining a helping – trust caring relationship.
a helping trust A trusting relationship promotes accepts the expression of both positive and negative
relationship feelings.
It involves congruence, empathy, non-possessive warmth and effective communication.
Congruence – being honest, real, genuine, & authentic. “pagiging totoo”
Empathy – ability to experience & thereby understand the other person’s perceptions and
feelings. “pagintindi sa kapwa sa pamamagitan nang paglagay sa sarili sa mga
nararamdaman ng ibang kapwa.”
Non possessive warmth – speaking moderate volume, relaxed open posture and facial
expression that matches to conveyed feelings and emotions.
Effective communication – involves cognitive, affective and behavior response components.
“makipagtalastasan upang maipahayag an gating sarili at makinig maiigi sa sinasabi ng iba sa
isip, sa puso at sa gawa.”thou shall speak and listen with thy whole mind, thy whole soul,
and thy whole heart.”
5. Promotion and 5. Being present to, supportive of, the expression of positive and negative feelings.
acceptance of the  As nurses we should allow persons to express whatever they want be it positive or
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expression of negative since expression should be natural, open, uncontrolled. It might be the only
positive and way for the person to express his needs and problems. “matuto tayong makinig at
negative feelings magintindi hindi lang sa mga mabubuting bagay o karanasan kundi magiging sa mga
di kaayayang bagay na gusto maipahiwatig ng ating kausap.”
6. Systematic use of 6. Creative use of self and all ways of knowing as part of the caring process; engage in the
the scientific artistry of Caritas Nursing.
problem-solving  The process of nursing requires application of various ways of knowing including
method for creative, intuitive, aesthetic, ethical, personal, and spiritual. “bilang mga nurse,
decision making kailangan natin isaalang – alang na maging malikhain, matalino, mahusay, matuwid,
personal at tingnan ang espiritwal na aspeto ng tao sa ating mga ginagawa sa pag
aruga at pag bigay solusyon sa mga pangangailangan at problema ng ating kapwa.”
7. Promotion of 7. Engage in genuine teaching – learning experience that attends to unity of being and
interpersonal subjective meaning – attempting to stay within the other’s frame of reference.
teaching-learning  The nurse facilitates this process with teaching – learning techniques that are
designed to enable patients to provide self - care, determine personal needs, and
provide opportunities for their personal growth.
8. Provision for 8. Creating a healing environment at all levels.
supportive,  Internal environments – physical, mental, spiritual well – being, and socio – cultural
protective, and beliefs of an individual.
corrective External variables – epidemiological variables, comfort, privacy, safety, and
mental, physical, clean, esthetic surrounding.
sociocultural, and
spiritual
environment
9. Assistance with 9. Administering sacred nursing acts of caring – healing by tending to basic human needs.
gratification of  The nurse facilitates achievement of patient’s satisfaction of lower needs before
human needs attempting to attain higher order needs.
Foods, elimination, and ventilation – lower order biophysical needs.
Activity, sexuality – lower order psychophysical needs.
Achievement, affiliation – higher psychosocial needs.
Self – actualization – higher order intrapersonal/interpersonal need.
10. Allowance for 10. Opening and attending to spiritual/mysterious and existential unknowns of life and
existential death.
phenomenological  “Our rational minds and modern science do not have all the answers to life and
forces death and all the human conditions we face. Thus, we have to be open to unknown
we cannot control, even allowing for what we may consider a “miracle” to enter our
life and work.”(Watson)

3. PATRICIA E. BENNER - From Novice to Expert

BORN - August 1942 in Hampton, Virginia

FIELDS - Nursing Theory and Nursing Education
INSTITUTIONS Professor Emerita - University of California, San Francisco (UCSF)
ALMA MATER Pasadena College (BA in Nursing)
UCSF (MS in Med/Surgical Nursing)
University of California, Berkeley (PhD)

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KNOWN FOR From Novice to Expert: Excellence in Power and Nursing Practice
Living Legend of the American Academy of Nursing (2011)

BENNER’S STAGES OF CLINICAL COMPETENCE

This concept explains that nurses develop skills and an understanding of patient care over time from
a combination of a strong educational foundation and personal experiences.

She described 5 stages of clinical competence as:

Stage 1. Novice
Stage 2. Advanced Beginner
Stage 3. Competent
Stage 4. Proficient
Stage 5. Expert

Stage 1: Novice - Beginners have had no experience of the situations in which they are expected to perform.
Novices are taught rules to help them perform. The rules are context-free and independent of specific cases, hence
the rules tend to be applied universally. The rule governed behavior typical of the novice is extremely limited and
inflexible. As such, novices have no “life experience” in the application of rules.

Stage 2: Advanced Beginner - Advanced Beginners are those who can demonstrate marginally
acceptable performance, those who have coped with enough real situations to note, or to have pointed out to them
by a mentor/teacher, the recurring meaningful situational components. These components require prior experience
in actual situations for recognition. Principles to guide actions begin to be formulated. The principles are based on
experience.

Stage 3: Competent - Competence, typified by the nurse who has been on the job in the same or similar situations
two or three years, develops when the nurse begins to see his or her actions in terms of long-range goals or plans of
which he or she is consciously aware. For the competent nurse, a plan establishes a perspective, and the plan is based
on considerable conscious, abstract, analytic, contemplation of the problem.

Stage 4: Proficient - The proficient performer perceives situations as whole rather than in terms of chopped up
parts or aspects, and performance is guided by maxims. Proficient nurses understand a situation as a whole because
they perceive its meaning in terms of long term goals. The proficient nurse learns from experience what typical events
to expect in a given situation and how plans need to be modified in response to these events. The proficient nurse can
now recognize when the expected normal picture does not materialize or not accomplished.

Stage 5: Expert - The expert performer no longer relies on an analytic principle (rule, guideline, and maxim) to
connect her or his understanding of the situation to an appropriate action. The expert nurse, with an enormous
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background of experience, now has an intuitive grasp of each situation and zeroes in the accurate region of the
problem without wasteful consideration of a large range of unfruitful, alternative diagnosis and solutions. The expert
operates from a deep understanding of the total situation.

METAPARADIGM IN NURSING
NURSING:
Nursing as an “enabling condition of connection and concern” which shows a high level of
emotional involvement in the nurse-client relationship. She viewed nursing practice as the care and study of the lived
experience of health, illness, and disease and the relationships among these three elements.
PERSON:
A “self-interpreting being, that is, the person does not come into the world predefined but gets
defined in the course of living a life. A person also has… an effortless and non-reflective understanding of the self
in the world. The person is viewed as a participant in common meanings.”
Benner believed that there are significant aspects that make up a person. She had conceptualized the major aspects
of understanding that the person must deal as:
1. The role of the situation
2. The role of the body.
3. The role of personal concerns.
4. The role of temporality.
HEALTH:
Health is described as not just the absence of disease and illness. Also, a person may have a disease
and not experience illness because illness is the human experience of loss of dysfunction, whereas disease is what can
be assessed at the physical level.
ENVIRONMENT:
Instead of using the term “environment,” Benner used the term “situation,” because it suggests a
social environment with social definition and meaning.
She used the phenomenological terms of being situated and situated meaning, which are defined by a person’s
engaged interaction, interpretation and understanding of the situation.

4. KATIE ERIKSSON - “THEORY OF CARITATIVE CARING”

Katie Eriksson is a Finland-Swedish nurse.

After taking nursing in 1965 to be able to practice nursing, she became a nursing instructor at Helsinki
Swedish Medical Institute.
She currently works as a professor of Health Sciences Abo Akademi University in Vaasa, where she built a
master’s degree program in health sciences, and a four-year postgraduate studies program leading to a
doctoral degree in health sciences.

THEORY OF CARITATIVE CARING

The theory of Caritative Caring was developed by Katie Eriksson. This model of nursing distinguishes
between caring ethics, the practical relationship between the patient and the nurse, and nursing ethics.
Nursing ethics are the ethical principles that guide a nurse’s decision making abilities. Caritative
caring consist of love and charity, which is also known as caritas, and respect and reverence for human holiness and
dignity.
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According to the theory, suffering that occurs as a result of a lack of Caritative care is a violation of
human dignity.
THEORY OF CARITATIVE CARE (1988)
Caritas – the motive that is the substance of care, expressed in ways of alleviating human suffering and preserving
health and life. (Eriksson, 2002)
Understanding of humans as soul & spirit, residing in a body that is both holy and spiritual. (Eriksson, 2002)
Caring identifies with suffering, sees dignity as serving with love for the sake of others ( Eriksson,2002)

PERSPECTIVE OF NURSING
Caring nursing – describes the innermost core of caring. It represents a kind of caring without prejudice that
emphasizes the patient and his or her suffering and needs. Such care may seem unstructured and chaotic from the
outside, but its inner structure reflects good, individual patient care. (Guzzetta, 1998)
Nursing care – based on the nursing process. It aims to meet the patient’s needs systematically. It is based on illness
and diagnosis. It represents good care when it is controlled by the innermost core of caring. However , if the
innermost part is not taken into consideration, nursing may be technically good, but it is still not caring . (Guzzetta,
1998)
Nursing - Nursing – based on the structures of nursing care planning. The aim is systemic planning of patient care.
Unless it is based on the nursing process and the essence of nursing, there is a risk that nursing could. (Guzzetta, 1998)

MAJOR ASSUMPTIONS:
PERSON:
The human being is fundamentally an entity of body, spirit, and soul.
The human being is fundamentally a religious being, but all human beings have not recognized this dimension.
The human being is fundamentally holy. Human dignity means accepting the human obligation of serving with love, of
existing or the sake of others.
Communion is the basis for all humanity. Human beings are fundamentally interrelated to an abstract and or concrete
other in a communions.
NURSING:
Caring is something human by nature, a call to serve in love.
Suffering is an inseparable part of life. Suffering and health are each other’s perspective.
HEALTH:
Health means a movement in becoming being and doing, and striving for integrity and holiness which is compatible
with bearable suffering.
NURSING/CARING:
The basic motive of caring is the caritas motive.
Caring implies alleviating suffering in charity, love, faith, and hope. Natural basic caring is expressed through tending,
playing, and teaching in a sustained caring relationship.

Prepared by:
MARIA MELANDA V. SOSING
Instructor
melmasosing@[Link]
09171003456

RUBRIC FOR GRADING

COMPOSITION SCORING RUBRIC

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CRITERIA STUDENT TARGET ACCEPTABLE UNACCEPTABLE
HIGH LOW
SCORE 18 - 20 15 - 17 12 – 14 9 - 11

Content _____ out Interesting content Some interesting Conventional ideas Cursory; gives the
of 20 and presentation; content; points not or clichés; little impression of writing
points ideas well-conceived sustained or not fully supporting detail just to complete the
and developed with developed. included. assignment.
sufficient examples.

9 - 10 7-8 6 4-5

Structure, _____ out Logical progression Logical progression of Gaps in logic or no Disorganized;
Logic and of 10 of ideas with well- ideas but often lacks transitions. appears to have been
Transitions points executed transitions. transitions. written as thoughts
occurred to the
writer.

9 - 10 7-8 6 4-5

Grammatical _____ out Appropriate level of Confined to simpler Errors frequently Message is largely
Accuracy of 10 complexity in syntax sentences or affect incomprehensible
points with very few errors, structures with very comprehensibility, or due to inaccurate
if any. few errors OR shows very basic types of grammar, which
variety and errors (subject-verb alters or obscures it,
complexity in syntax agreement; noun- OR reader must
with errors that do adjective agreement, know English to
not affect etc.) comprehend much of
comprehensibility. the message.

5 4 3 2

Vocabulary/ _____ out Uses sufficient, Usually uses Often uses Uses only elementary
Word Choice of 5 appropriate, and appropriate inappropriate, or vocabulary; creates
points varied vocabulary; vocabulary with some non-specific nonexistent words
English influence not variety; some errors vocabulary; lack of from English OR uses
apparent. in usage that do not variety in word words in English;
affect the message. choice. translates English
idioms verbatim.

5 4 2-3 0

Punctuation, _____ out Correct spelling Occasional Frequent mechanical English spelling and
Spelling, and of 5 (including accents) mechanical errors. errors. punctuation: no
Presentation points and punctuation; accents; mechanical
neatly typed with errors in most
correct format as sentences.
specified.

Total _____ out

of 50
points

ACTIVITY 02 NCM 100: THEORETICAL FOUNDATION IN NURSING

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GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS:
1. In a long bond paper/s, write/type your answer in the following questions.
2. Observe neatness, correct spelling, grammar, margin, and pagination.
3. Write your name, subject, and title of the activity/worksheet, section and the name of your instructor.
4. Make it readable.
5. Refer to the Rubrics for grading.

SUBMISSION:
Sections – D; C; A; B - submit on 10 – 4 – 2022
Sections – G; H; E; F - submit on 10 – 6 – 2022

WHAT TO DO:

FLORENCE NIGHTINGALE stressed that control of the environment is essential or important in

maintaining health. Observe your own community and your household and its environment.

1. List down as many as possible what are the problems you observe considering each of the 5 points that
were essential in achieving a healthful house such as:
1. Pure air
2. Pure water
3. Efficient drainage
4. Cleanliness and
5. Light. (50 points)

2. If you are the community health nurse, what solutions can you identify for each of the problem you
observed? (50 points)

OBSERVED PROBLEMS SOLUTIONS

AIR
1.
2.
3.
Etc.

WATER
1.
2.
3.
Etc.
DRAINAGE
1.
2.
3.
Etc.
CLEANLINESS
1.
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2.
3.
Etc.
LIGHT
1.
2.
3.
Etc.

Prepared by:

MARIA MELANDA V. SOSING

Instructor
melmasosing@[Link]
09171003456

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