‫تلخيص مادة مصطلحاث طبيت‬

‫‪Medical terminology‬‬

‫تلخيص الطالبة ‪ /‬ملياء اخلرجيي‬

Root : gives the essential meaning of the term .
Suffix : is the word ending .
Prefix : is a small part added to the beginning of a term .
Combining vowel : connect roots to suffix and roots to other
rots .
Combining form : is the combination of the root and the
combining vows.
Should we start with
1) suffix
2) prefix
3) root
Combining from
1- Cyt/o Cell
2- Cerebr/o Cerebrum ( largest part of the brain)
3- Derm/o , Dermat/o Skin
4- Cyst/o urinary bladder
5- Arthr/o joint
6- Cephal/o head
7- Aden/o gland
8- Bi/o Bife
9- Cardi/o Heart
10- Carcin/o Cancer / cancer ( skin tissue)
11- Gnos/o Knowledge
12- Erythr/o red
13- Enter/o small intestines
14- Gynec/o women I female
15- Gastr/o stomach
16- Encephal/o Brain
17- Electr/o Electricity
18- Hem/o , Hemat/o Blood
19- Hepat/o fiver
20-Oste/o Bone
21-Fapar/o Abdomen
22-Onc/o Tumor
23-Feuk/o white
24-Neur/o nerves
25-Ophthalm/o Eye
26-Nephr/o Kidney
27-Path/o disease
28- Thromb/o clotting
29- Psych/o mind
30-Sarc/o flesh
31-Ren/o Kidney
32-Rhin/o nose
33-glyc/o sugar
34-crin/o secrete
Suffix
1- algia pain
2- Cite Cell
3- ectomy excision I cutting out I removal
4- emia blood condition
5- globin protein
6-gram record I x-ray
7-ia condition
8-al I ic pertaining to
9-ism condition , process
10- it is inflammation of
11- logist specialist in the study of
12-logy study of
13- oma Tumor / mass
14- opsy process of viewing / to view
15- osis abnormal condition
16-scope Instrument to visually examine
17-scopy visual examination
18-sis state of ( sometimes condition )
19-tomy incision / catting into section
20- vascular pertaining to blood vessels
em/ia alg/ia
blood condition pain condition
21- meter measurement
22-y condition or / inner lining
23-crine secrete
24- Um structre
Prefix
1-a-,an – no , not
2- out – self
3- dia complete / through
4- dys – abnormal / bad / painful / difficult
5- endo – within
6- exo outside
7- hupo – Excessive / than narmal / too much
8- hyper – below than normal / under
9- pro – before / forward
10- re back
11-retro – behind
12- sub - below
13- trans – across / through
14- peri surrounding
Medical term : Examples : Definition :
1- Enter/it is inflammation of the intestines .
2-Gastr/o/enter/it is inflammation of the stomach and
intestines
3- Hemat/o/lcgy study of the blood
4- Electr/o/cardi/oqram record of electricity of the heart
5- Gastr/o/enter/o/logy study of stomach and small
intestines
6- Gastr/o/scope instrument to visually examine of
the stomacl
7- Gastr/ic perfaining to the stomach.
8-Cardi/ac pertaining to the heart .
Male and female Urinary systems
Digestive System
Abbreviations
AD Alzheimer disease
SNS Central nervous system
Csf Cerebrospinal Fluid
CVA Cerebrovascular accident ( stroke )
EEG Electroencephalography
FP lumbar puncture
MS Multiple sclerosis
TENS Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation
TIA Transient ischemic attack ( temporary interference
with blood supply to the brain
ECG Electrocardiogram
Nervous System
Example suffix
- adenoma
- adenitis
- arthritis
- biology
- biopsy
- carcinoma
- cardiology
- cephalic
- cerebral
- cerebrovascular
- cystoscopy
- cytology
- dermal
- dermatitis
- electrocardiogram
- electroencephalogram
- enteritis
- erythrocyte
- gastroscopy
- diagnosis
- prognosis
- gynecology
- hemoglobin
- hematoma
- hepatitis
- laparotomy
- leukocyte
- nephrectomy
- neurology
- oncologist
- opthalnoscope
- ophthalmologist
- osteoarthritis
- pathologist
- psychosis
- renal
- rhinitis
- sarcoma
- thrombocyte
- thrombosis
- neural
- arthralgia
- leukocyte
- leukemia
- hyperthyroidism
- nephrology
Example prefix
- anemia
- autopsy
- diagnosis
- diagmeter
- dysentery
- endocrine glands
- endocardium
- exocrine glands
- heperglycemia
- hypoglycemia
- pericardium
- prostate gland
- resection
- sub hepatic
- transurethral
- transdermal
Nervous System
* Combining farm : meaning : description:
- Cerebell/o Cerebellum ( howerback part of the brain that
controls muscular coordination and balance ).
- Cerebr/o Cerebrum ( largest part of the
brain,controls body movements )
- encepha//o brain
- medull/o medulla oblongata ( lower part of the
brain , nearest the spinal cord )
- myel/o spinal cord ( collection of nerves that are
within the spinal cavity )
- newr/o nerve ( Nerves that transmit massages to and
from the spinal cord )

* Example :
- Cerebellar pertaining to the cerebellum
- Cerebral pertaining to the largest part of the brain.
- encephalitis Inflammation in the brain
- medullary Pertaining to the medulla
- myelitis Inflammation of the spinal cord
- neuropathy Diesease of the nerves .
Body Systems
1- Digestive system .
Brings food into the body and breaks it down.
2- nervous system
Carries electrical messages to and from the brain and spinal
cord
3- Female and male reproductive system
Produce the cells ( eggs and sperm) that joint to form the
embryo
4- Urinary system
Produces urine and sends it out of the body through the
kidneys, Ureters , bladder , and urethra .
5- respiratory system
Controls breathing , a process by which air enters and leaves
the body .
6- skin and sense organ system
Including the skin and eyes and ears , receives messages from
the environment and sends them to the brain
7- Endocrine system
Composed of glonds , sends chemical messengers called
hormones into the blood to act on other glands and organs
8- Lymphatic system
Includes lymph vessels , and nodes that carry a clear fluid called
lymph .
9- Circulatory system
( heart , blood and blood vessels such as arteries , veins , and
capillaries transport blood throughout the body .
10- musculoskeletal system
Including muscles , bones , joints , and connective tissues ,
supports the body and allows it to move .
Body Cavities
Peritoneum
Divisions of the back ( spinal column )

Cervical neck region

Thoracic chest region
Lumbar Lon or waist region
Sacral sacrum or lower back region
Coccygeal Coccyx or tailbone region
1- Abdominal cavity : the space that contains organs such as
the stomach , Liver , gallbladder , and intestines .
2- Cranial cavity :
Space within the skull , containing the brain.
3- Diaphragm :
The muscle separating the chest and the abdomen
4- Mediastinum :
The space between the lungs in the chest .
5- Pelvic cavity :
Space below the abdominal cavity , containing the urinary
bladder .
6- pelvis :
The bones of the hip
7- Peritoneum :
The membrane surrounding the organs in the abdomen
8- Pleura :
The membrane surrounding the lungs
9- spinal cavity :
Space within the backbones , containing the spinal cord .
10- thoracic cavity : Entire chest cavity , containing the lungs,
Heart, trachea , esophagus , and bronchial tubes .
11-spinal cord :
The nerves running down the back.
12- vertebra :
A single backbone .
13- disk ( disc) :
Apiece of cartilage in between two backbones
14- spinal calumn :
The back bones .
Planes of the Body
1- Frontal ( coronal ) plane into front and back
2- Sagittal ( lateral ) plane right and Left
3- Transverse ( axial) plane up and down

( From ) small to big : Cell Tissue organ system

Definitions :
MRI : Magnetic resonance imaging
CT: Computed Tomography
X – Ray : radiographs
CSF: cerebro spinal fluid
Suffix
1- al , ar pertaining to
2- ior pertaining to
3- ic pertaining to - eal pertaining to
4- ac pertaining to
5- Cyte cell
6- it is inflammation
7- oma tumor , mass
8- logy study of
9-tomy incision , cutting into
10- ectomy Excision , removal , resection
11- scopy process of visual examination
12- scope instrument of visual examination
13-stomy New opening
14- Cele Hernia , Protrusion
15- megaly Enlargement
Combining Forms
1- Abdomin / o Abdomen
2- lapar / o Abdomen
3- Thorac / o Chest
4-Chondr/o Cartilage
5- spin / o Backbone
6- Vertebr/o Backbone
7-Poster/o Back / behind
8- bronch /o Bronchial tube
9- pelv /o Bones of the hip
10-esophog/o Food tube / Esophagus
11-hepat /o Liver
12- Lymph / o Lymph
13-Lumb/o Lion I waist region
Combining Form
14- cervic/o Neck / cervix
15- Pleur/o pleura / membrane surround the lung
16- peritone/o peritoneum / membrane in the Abdomen
17- epitheli/o skin surface ( cell )
18- Gani/o skull
19- later /o side
20- sacr /o sacrum / 5 Fused bones of the lower back
21- pharyng / o throat / pharynx
22- Coccyg / o Tai/bone
23- Trache /o windpipe / Trachea
24- laryng / o voice box / Larynx
25- Anter/o Front
26- mediastin /o Mediastinum
Digestive System

1- An/o : / Anus 8- Hepat/o : Liver

2- Append/o Appendic/o : Appendix 9-ile/o :/lleum(3rd part of
small intestine )

3- Cholecyst/o : Gallbladder 10- Jejun/o : / Jejunvm(3nd part of

small intestine )
4- col/o – colon/o colon ( large 11- or /o , stomat/o Mau the
intestine )
5-duoden/o duodenum 12- pancreat/o pancreas
6- Esophagi/o : Esophagus ( food 13-pharyng/o : pharynx ( throat)
tube)
7- Gastr/o : / stomach 14- proct/o Anus / rectum
15- Rect/o : / Rectum 16- siamoid / o sigmoid colon
Pathology :
1- Cholelithiasis : Abnormal condition of gallstones .
2- Cirrhosis : chronic degenerative disease of the Liver
3- Colonic polyposis : small growths protrude from the
intestine lining
4- Diverticulosis : Abnormal condition of small pouches in the
intestines .
5- Gastro esophageal reflux disease ( GERD) :
Contents of the stomach flow bock wards .
6- Hepatitis : inflammation of the Liver .
7- Inflammatory bowel disease ( IBD):
Ulcerative colitis and crohn disease .
8- Irritable bowel syndrome ( IBS) :
Signs of GI distress.
9- Hepatocellular carcinoma : primary cancer of the liver .
10- Jaundice : Yellow coloration od the skin and tissues .
Cobining Forms :

1- aden / o gland
2- amni / o amnion
3- angi/o vessel
4- arteri / o artery
5- axill / o armpit
6- bronch / o bronchi /o bronchial tube
7- carcin /o cancerous
8- cardi / o heart
9-chem / o druq , also shemical
10- cholecyst / o gallbladder
11- chron / o time
12- col / o colon ( large intestine or bowel )
13- Crani / o skull
Arthr / o ioint
14- cry / o cold
15- Cyst / o urinary bladder
16- electr / o electricity
17- encephala / o brain
18- erythr / o red
19- esophag / o esophagus
20- hem / o blood
21- hemat / o blood
22- hepat / o Liver
23- hyster / o uterus
24- inguin / o groin
25- isch / o to hold back
26- hapar / o abdomen
27- haryng / o voice box
Ather /o plaque
28- leuk / o white
29- mamm / o breast
30- mast / o breast
31- men / o menses
32- mening / o meninges ( membrane slronnd the
brain and spinal cord )
33- my / o muscle
34- myel / o spinal cord , bone marrow .
35- necr / o death ( of cells )
36- nephr / o kidney
37- neur / o nerve
38- oophor / o ovary
39- oste / o bone
40- ot / o ear
41- pelv / o hip area
42- peritone / o peritoneum
43- phleb / o vein
44- pneumon / o lung
45- pulmon / o lung
46- radi / o x- rays
47- ren/o kidney
48- rhin / o nose
49- salping / o fallopian
50- sarc / o flesh
51- septic / o pertaining to infection
52- thorac / o Chest
53- Tonsill / o tonsil
54- trache / o windpipe , trachea
55- ur / o urine or urea
56- vascul / o blood vessel
Suffixes and Terminology
1 2
Diagnoses Procedures
Diagnostic suffixes Procedural suffixes
Describe disease conditions Describe procedures
Or their symptoms Used in patient care

Diagnostic suffixes :
1- algia condition of pain , pain
2- emia blood condition
3- ia condition
4- it is inflammation
5- megaly enlargement
6- oma tamor , mass
7- osis condition , abnormal cordition
8- pathy disease condition
9- rrhea flow , discharge
10- rrhage rrhagia excessive discharge of blood
11- sclerosis hardening
12- uria condition of urine
13-al pertaining to
14- eal pertaining to
15- ar pertaining to
16- ary pertaining to
17- ic pertaining to
Procedural Suffixes
1- centesis surgical puncture to remove fluid
2- ectomy removal , resection , excision
3- gram record
4- graphy process of recording
5- lysis separation , breakdown , destruction
6- uremia urine in blood
7- plasty surqical repair , or swrqical correction
8- scopy process of visual examination.
9- stomy opening
10- therapy treatment
11- tomy incision , cutting into
Definition of diseases
1- Septicemia : is more serious bac teremia that moves rapidly
and may be life – threatening
2- bacteremia : is bacterial invasion of the blood without or
without symptoms .
3- Leukocytosis : slight increase in normal white blood cells (
WBCs) is the body's response to bacterial infection .
4- leukemia : is a maliqnant condition marked by dramatic
increase in cancerous WBCs.
5- Cardiomyopathy : is chronic ( ongoing ) disease of heart
muscle with inflammation and weakness.
6- myocardial infarction : is an area of heart muscle that has
died as a result of ischemia . Ako known as a heart attack.
7- menorrhea : is the normal discharge of blood and tissue
from the lining of the uterus .
8- menorrhagia : is abnormally heavy or long menstrual periods
. chronic menorrhagia can result in anemia . Menorrhagia is a
common complication of uterin myomos or fibroids
9- Hematuria : is blood in the urine ..
10- uremia : is high levels of urea in the blood .
11- Radiotherapy: is directed by a radiation oncologist , a
medical doctor specializing in treating cancer using radiation to
kill tumor cells .
12- radiology : is the specialty of a radiologist, also a medical
and ultrasound techniques .
Female reproductive system

- Cervical : pertaining to the cervix . endometrium: structure

inside the uterus.
- Colposcopy : process of visual examination - uterine :
pertaining to the uterus . of the vagina .
- vaginitis : inflammation of the vagina . – oocyte : egg cell.
- Hysterectomy : removal of the uterus . – oophorectomy :
removal of the ovary .
- mammogram : record of the breast . – ovarian caner :
maligent condition of the ovary .
- mastectomy : removal of the breast . – salpingectomy :
removal of the fallopian tube .
Pathology female reproductive
1- pelvic inflammatory disease : Salpingitis .
2- amenorrhea : Absence of menstrual flow .
3- ectopic pregnancy : Embryo develops outside the uterus .
4- dysmenorrhea : painful menstrual flow .
5- menorrhagia : Excessive discharge of blood from the uterus
between menstrual periods .
6- endometriosis : Uterine tissue found in sites ( ovary ,
fallopaintubes ) other than in the uterus .
7- fibroids : Leiomyomas ( benign muscle growths ) in the
uterus .
Male reproductive system

- balanitis : inflammation of the penis .

- Scrotal : pertaining to the scrotum .
- orchitis : inflammation of the testis .
- urethritis : inflammation of the urethra
- orchiectomy : removal excision of the testis .
- vasectomy : resection of the vas deferens .
- orchidectomy : removal excision of the testis .
Prostatectomy : resection of the prostategland .
Pathology Male reproductive
1- Benign prostatic hyperplasia : Noncancerous enlargement of
the prostate gland .
2- Cryptorchism : Condition of undescended testis . The testis
is not in the scrotal sac actat birth.
3- Hydrocele : Sac of clear fluid in the scrotum .
4- prostatic carcinoma : cancer of the prostate gland.
5- sexually transmitted infections : These affect both males
and females are spread by sexual or other genita contact .
6- Testicular carcinoma : Malignant tumor of the testis .
7- Varicocele : Enlarged , swollen veins near a taticle .
Labortory tests and diagnostic Procedures
1- Digital rectal examination ( RRE) : Examination of the
prostate gland with finger palpation through the rectum
2- Prostate – specific antigen ( PSA) : Measurement of the
amount of PSA in the blood .
Treatment Procedures
1- Transurethral resection of the prostate gland ( TURP):
The removal of portions of the prostate gland.