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Satya Prakash Public School Physics Proj

The document describes a student's physics project that studied various factors that affect the internal resistance of a cell. Through a series of experiments, the student found that a cell's internal resistance is directly proportional to the distance between electrodes and inversely proportional to the electrode area, electrolyte concentration, and temperature. The results provide insight into how batteries can be made more powerful by reducing internal resistance.

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harshsharma1513
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145 views

Satya Prakash Public School Physics Proj

The document describes a student's physics project that studied various factors that affect the internal resistance of a cell. Through a series of experiments, the student found that a cell's internal resistance is directly proportional to the distance between electrodes and inversely proportional to the electrode area, electrolyte concentration, and temperature. The results provide insight into how batteries can be made more powerful by reducing internal resistance.

Uploaded by

harshsharma1513
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 17

BAPS SWAMINARAYN

VIDYAMANDIR

Physics Project
Topic : Study of various factors on which the
internal resistance/EMF of a cell
depends.
Submitted to :
Submitted by :
a student of class 12th(science) has successfully
completed his project work under the
guidance of subject teacher Mr.
Rajesh Kaurav during the year 2016/2017 from
Satya Prakash Public School in partial fulfillment
of physics practicle examination conducted by
CBSE.

Teacher In-charge External Examiner

Principal School Rubber Stamp


Acknowledgement
The success and final outcome of this project
required a lot of guidance and assistance from many
people and I am extremely fortunate to have got this
all along the completion of my project work.
Whatever I have done is only due to such guidance
and assistance and I would not forget to thank them.
I respect and thank , for
giving me an opportunity to do this project work
and providing us all support and guidance which
made me complete the project on time. I would
like to express my gratitude towards
for helping me in conducting practicals for project.
Last but not the least I would like to thank all my
friends who supported me all the way and my
parents who helped me financially and encouraged
me throughout in the completion of
INDEX
S no. Topics

1.

2.

3
4.
Introduction
Internal Resistance
Practical Analysis
Objective
Apparatus
Theory
Circuit Diagram
Procedure
Result & Inferences
Precautions
Sources of error
Flowchart Conclusion Bibliography
INTRODUCTION

There is a great need of batteries in our


daily use electronic appliances and the
use is increasing every day. Thus , the
batteries need to be made more powerful
so that their potential can be increased
greatly .

Thus , this project report is based on


practical analysis for the factors
affecting the internal resistance of a
cell.

When the internal resistance of the cell


is decreased we can increase the
potential difference across it , and
hence make it more reliable.
INTERNAL RESISTANCE

Internal resistance is defined as the resistance


offered by the electrolyte of the cell to the flow
of ions.

 Its S.I. unit is Ohm (Ω)

For a cell of e.m.f. (E) and internal resistance (r),


connected to an external resistance (R) such that (I)
is the current flowing through the circuit,

E = V + Ir
Internal Resistance r = E–V
I
PRACTICAL ANALYSIS
OBJECTIVE
To study the various factors on which the internal
resistance of a cell depends.

APPARATUS
A potentiometer, a battery (or battery eliminator), two
one way keys, a rheostat, a galvanometer, a resistance
box, an ammeter, a cell (Leclanche cell), a jockey, a
setsquare, connecting wires and sand paper.

THEORY
The internal resistance of a cell is the resistance offered
by its electrolyte to the flow of ions . The internal
resistance of a cell
 is directly proportional to the distance between the
electrodes.
 is inversely proportional to facing surface area of the
electrodes in electrolyte.
 decreases with increase in temperature of electrolyte.
 is inversely proportional to concentration of
electrolyte.
The internal resistance of a cell is given by:

R = (E-V)/I

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
PROCEDURE
1. Clean the ends of the connecting wires with
sand paper and make tight connections according
to the circuit diagram.
2. Tighten the plugs of the resistance box.
3. Check the e.m.f. of the battery and of the cell and
make sure that e.m.f. of the battery is more than that
of the cell, otherwise null or balance point will not
be obtained.
To study variation of internal resistance with distance of
separation
4. Keep both the electrodes at a distance of 16 cm.
5. Take maximum current from the battery, making
rheostat resistance small.
6. Without inserting a plug in key K2, adjust the
rheostat so that a null point is obtained on the last
wire of the potentiometer.
7. Determine the position of the null point accurately
using a set square and measure the balancing length
(l1) between the null point and the end P.
8. Next introduce plugs in both keys K1 and K2. At the
same time, take out a small resistance (1 – 5 W) from
the shunt resistance box connected in parallel with
the cell.
9. Slide the jockey along a potentiometer wire and
obtain the null point.
10. Measure the balancing length (l2) from end P.
Record these observations.
11. Now keep the electrodes 12 cm apart.
12. Then remove the plugs of keys K1 and K2.
Wait for some time and repeat steps 7 to 10.
13. Next, keep the electrodes 9 cm apart to obtain
another set of observations.
To study variation of internal resistance with area of
electrodes
14. Keeping all other factors constant, increase
the area of electrodes in the electrolyte by dipping
them into the electrolyte at different depths for each
observation.
15. Obtain three such observations by
repeating steps 7 to 10. Record your readings.
16. Keeping all other factors constant, decrease the
concentration of electrolyte by adding distilled water
for different observations.
17. Obtain three such observations by repeating step
7 to 10. Record your readings.

OBSERVATIONS

S.no. Ammeter Position of null point(cm) Shunt Internal


Reading Resistance Resistance
(A) With R Without R R(Ω) r(Ω)
(l1) (l2)
1. 0.3 660.5 35.5 1 0.94

2. 0.3 660.5 77.2 2 1.77

3. 0.3 660.5 108.3 3 2.51

Table for effect of separation between electrodes


S.no. Separation Balancing Balancing Internal r/d
between point point Resistance
electrodes l1(cm) l2(cm) r(Ω)
d (cm)
1. 1.2 326.6 276.9 0.456 0.38

2. 2.5 320.7 219.1 0.95 0.38

3. 3.7 660.5 350.9 1.406 0.38


Table for effect of temperature
S.no. Temperature l1(cm) l2(cm) Resistance Internal Tr
T (oC) R(Ω) Resistance (ΩK)
r(Ω)
1. 1.2 326.6 276.9 0.456 0.38 301.44
2. 2.5 320.7 219.1 0.95 0.38 291.96

3. 3.7 660.5 350.9 1.406 0.38 283.87

RESULT & INFERENCES


 The Electromotive Force of the cell is constant and
is equal to E = 0.98 Volt.
 The internal resistance of a cell is directly
proportional to the separation between the
electrodes.
 The internal resistance of a cell is inversely
proportional to the area of the electrodes dipped in
electrolyte.
 The internal resistance of a cell is inversely
proportional to the temperature of electrolytes.
 The internal resistance of a cell is inversely
proportional to the concentration of the electrolyte.
PRECAUTIONS
1. The connections should be neat , clean and tight.
2. The plugs should be introduced in the keys
only when the observations are to be taken.
3. The positive polls of the battery E and cells E1 and
E2 should , all be connected to the terminal at the
zero of the wires.
4. The jockey key should not be rubbed along the
wire. It should touch the wire gently.
5. The ammeter reading should remain constant for a
particular set of observation. If necessary , adjust
the rheostat for this purpose.

SOURCES OF ERROR
1. The auxiliary battery may not be fully charged.
2. The potentiometer wire may not be of uniform
cross- section and material density throughout its
length.
3. End resistances may not be zero.
FLOW CHART
CONCLUSION

Factors Affecting Internal Resistance of a Cell

Area of Conc. of
Electrodes Electrolyte
Inversely Inversely
Proportional Proportional

Distance Temperature
between of
Electrodes Electrolytes
Directly Inversely
Proportional Proportional
BIBLIOGRAPHY
 www.google.com
 www.documents.mx
 www.wikipedia.org
 www.docfoc.com
 www.slideshare.net

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