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RZAL 1013: Life and Works of Rizal

Week 7

Lesson VII:RIZAL IN EUROPE

Topic: RIZAL IN EUROPE

Learning Outcomes: At the end of this module, you are expected to:

1. Construct a timeline that summarizes the life of Rizal in Europe;

2. Discuss the experiences of Rizal in Europe; and
3. Explain how his travels in Europe influenced his being nationalistic.

LEARNING CONTENT

Introduction

ose P. Rizal was a traveller. In fact, he was considered as the “Most Travelled Filipino Hero”. He

J travelled almost 20 countries and about 40 island cities. He became a reformist not only because of his
isolation in the Philippines, but also because of his journeys abroad. In this lesson, we are going to
study Rizal’s experiences in Europe. It is here in Europe where he has political ideals that have given way
to nationalism. This will bring us to a deeper understanding of how nationalism kindled his spirit.

LEARNING CONTENT

RIZAL IN EUROPE
The First Voyage to Spain: Views and Impressions

R
izal had a secret trip. The parents of Rizal, Leonor, and the Spanish authorities did not know much
about his decision to move abroad. Just his older brother Paciano, Uncle Antonio Rivera (father of
Leonor Rivera), Sisters Neneng and Lucia, the Valenzuela family and their daughter Orang, Pedro A.
Paterno, his companion Mateo Evangelista, the Jesuit priest of Ateneo, and some intimate friends knew of
his silent departure. Before Rizal’s secret departure, he penned a letter of good-bye to his parents and his
sweetheart, Leonor Rivera, which had been handed over to them after he had sailed abroad.

Rizal left the Philippines to Spain on 3 May 1882. He was 20 years old at the time. The first leg of his
journey to Spain on the Salvadora ship proved to be a young man's learning experience. On his travel
documents, he used Jose Mercado as his name. His key reason for leaving the Philippines was to move to
the Universidad Central de Madrid, Spain, and to finish his degree in medicine. This reflects Rizal's
determination to attain achievements and flourishing his academic standing. From our previous module, we
can note that the passion of learning originated from his mother. So Rizal brought this value until he grew
up. 16 passengers, including Rizal, were on board the steamer. He was the only Filipino, the others were
Spanish, British and Indian Negroes.

Keenly, an observer, made drawings of the things he saw — the coast of Manila Bay, the coast of Palawan
and Borneo, and his fellow passengers. Most of his fellow travelers were foreign nationals and Spanish
workers on their way back to Spain. Almost all of them, he said, talked ill of the Philippines, where they had
gone for monetary purposes. He observed the people and places and compared them to those in the
Philippines.

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Singapore was Rizal's first stop on his trip to Europe, and he had to change ships. He remained there for
two days and, on May 9, 1882, stayed at the Hotel de Paz. While in Singapore, Jose had the chance to visit
the British Colony and was fascinated by its development and beautiful sites, including the botanical
garden, temples and art galleries. He even saw the founder of Singapore – Sir Thomas Stanford Raffles.
The people of Singapore seemed to have the trust of their British administrators, unlike the Filipinos who
feared their rulers.

In May 11, Rizal boarded the Djemnah, a vessel operated by

Messageries Maritimes, a French company. Comparing it to the
Salvadora one, Rizal said it was bigger and cleaner. Its interior
was carpeted and even the bathrooms were excellent. French
was mostly spoken on board because it was a French vessel.
Jose attempted to speak French to his fellow travelers, and he
found that French he learned from Ateneo could not be
understood. He was in contact with a smattering of Latin and
Spanish and with hand movements to be understood. He tried to
improve his communication by reading a French newspaper.
The vessel "Djemnah” on which Rizal sailed from
Singapore to Marseilles in 1882.
From Singapore, Djemnah made brief stops at Point de Galle
(Punta De Gallo) and Colombo in Ceylon (now Sri Lanka) where
he went onshore for sightseeing. He said that Galle was a sleepy port.
The Djemnah then continued its crossing of the Indian Ocean and landed
in present-day Yemen at the port of Aden. There Rizal saw merchants
selling lion and leopard skins. He found the city hotter than Manila. He
saw camels for the first time. He drank refreshments, cooled with ice split
by a nail, which was placed by the sellers using bare hands. He had a
view of the Arabian Peninsula to his right and the African continent to his
left as he approached the Suez Canal. He said that Africa was an
inhospitable but popular country. The sun was shining over the Arabian
Desert, and he could feel the heat rising from its sandy sands.

On June 2, 1882, the Djemnah went through the Suez Canal and Rizal
landed at Port Said (Mediterranean terminal of Suez Canal) in Egypt to
see the sights of this part of the region. Port Said, he commented, was a
multicultural city. People spoke numerous languages, such as Arabic,
Greek, Egyptian, Italian and Spanish. He toured a number of churches,
mosques and temples. He said the city was a blend of the vibrant
traditions of the East and the West. Suez Canal

On June 11, 1882, the Djemnah stopped by Naples in Italy,

which Rizal admired for the city's panoramic beauty of the
bay and the liveliness of the inhabitants. Rizal was
fascinated by Mount Vesuvius, the castle of St. Telno, and
the historic sights of the city. The next day, Rizal got off at
Marseilles, which was the end of the Djemnah. He bade
farewell to his fellow passengers and visited this French
town and saw for himself the Château d'If, the site of his
favorite book, The Count of Monte Cristo by Alexander
Dumas. After spending three days in Marseilles, Rizal
boarded a train to Spain on June 15. His documents were

RIZAL 1013- Life and works of Rizal | 2

Chateau d'If
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reviewed by immigration officers at the Spanish border in Portbou, in the Spanish province of Catalonia. He
noted the indifference of the Spanish immigration officers to their courteous French counterparts.

On June 16, 1882, Rizal landed in Barcelona, the cosmopolitan capital of Spain’s Catalonia region and the
second largest city in Spain. Comparing it with the other European cities he saw so far, it was dim, filthy and
ugly. There were tiny inns, and the inhabitants were not very hospitable. He stayed in a dingy inn on the
most unattractive side of the area. The guests were indifferent to him, too. Since Rizal arrived during the
summer vacation for students, he traveled to other areas of the city and noticed that Barcelona, like other
parts of Spain, embraced freedom and liberalism, unlike the Philippines. At this point, he changed his
unfavorable opinion of the city and concluded that Barcelona was really a great city and that its people were
open-hearted, hospitable and brave. He enjoyed strolling along Las Ramblas Lane, the popular lane in
Bacelona.

Rizal remained in Barcelona over the summer holidays. He met former classmates from the Ateneo who
brought him a party at their favorite café in Plaza de Cataluña. They shared toast and told Rizal about the
attractions and customs of the citizens of Barcelona. In contrast, Rizal brought the Philippines news and
gossips. Rizal got two bad news while in Barcelona. The first bad news was about the cholera epidemic that
destroyed Manila and the provinces. The second bad news was Chenggoy's chatty letter recounting the
unhappiness of Leonor Rivera, who was becoming thinner due to the loss of a loved one.

He found time to compose a nationalist essay named Amor Patrio (Love of Country) with the pen name
Laon-Laan. The essay was published in Diariong Tagalog on August 20, 1882. Encouraged by the positive
reception of his post, Francisco Calvo, the editor of the Diario asked Rizal for more posts. He has dutifully
submitted two papers entitled Los Viajes and Revista de Madrid (Review of Madrid). The last story never
saw print since the publication went out of business.

The University Student in Madrid

At the close of the summer break, Rizal moved to Madrid and, on
3 November 1882, enrolled in two courses of Medicine and
Philosophy and Letters at the Universidad Central de Madrid. He
has studied painting and sculpture and French, German and
English at the Academy of San Carlos. He also took lessons from
a private coach who instructed him shooting and fencing in the
Sanz and Carbonell Halls. His appetite for information was
insatiable, considering the fact that Paciano had given him 700
pesos and allowed himself to spend 35 pesos a month on food,
clothes and books. Both his expenses were seen down to the last
peseta in his diary.
Universidad Central de Madrid

Rizal lived frugally, budgeting his income carefully. Since it was

cold in Spain, Rizal took baths less frequently than not. Baths were also a drain on the wallet, costing 35
centavos each. Rizal once boasted that his last bath was a month ago. Perhaps his only addiction was a
gamble in which he invested 3 pesetas (equivalent to 1.02 peso) on a draw. Another thing he enjoyed was
attending in plays at the Madrid Theaters.

He never lost time, either, and spent time visiting libraries, attending lectures, religious events and operas.
Rizal spent his leisure time by reading books, such as on military engineering to broaden his cultural
background. Also, his pastime was spent entertaining friends at the residence of Paterno or sipping coffee
at the Puerta del Sol. There was no time or money for women and wine.

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Like the University of Santo Tomas, the Universidad Central de Madrid housed a combination of citizens of
different beliefs. There was a combination of socialists, progressives, republicans, monarchists, and
radicals. Rizal was drawn to the liberals, especially to Dr. Miguel Morayta, who was a champion of the
freedom and self-determination of all peoples. While liberal students, including those from South America
and the Spanish colonies, hailed Dr. Morayta as their champion, he was seen as a maverick by his
colleagues. The university authorities considered him a supporter of the anarchists and expelled him.
Morayta 's followers fought with their critics on campus and in the streets of Madrid.

Romantic Episode with Consuelo Ortiga

It has become a tradition for Rizal to frequent the house of Don Pablo Ortiga y Rey,
a Spanish liberal who lived in the Philippines during the tenure of Governor
General Carlos Ma. De la Torre. He came to his house every Saturday where he
came to know about Don Ortiga's two lovely daughters, Consuelo and Pilar. Rizal
was drawn to Consuelo and gave flowers to her. Rizal wrote her love poem A la
Senorita C.O. Y R-The initials of Consuelo. However, Rizal did not allow the
romance to thrive because he was still engaged to Leonor Rivera. His friend
Eduardo de Lete was in love with Consuelo, too. He left Madrid for Paris in the
summer of 1883 to ignore Consuelo. Later she married de Lete, who later became
Rizal’s secret enemy.

Consuelo writes on Jan. 18, 1883: “Rizal talked with me for a long time, almost the
Consuelo Ortiga y Rey whole night. He told me that I was very talented, that I was very diplomatic, and
that he was going to see if he could extract some truth from me within two weeks;
that I was mysterious and that I had a veil over my ideas …”

Meeting with Future Reformists: The Circulo Hispano-Filipino

Rizal’s encounter with fellow Filipinos and liberal Spaniards

opened the way for him to join the Circulo Hispano-Filipino.
The collective was generally a social conglomeration and
organized casual programs that involved poetry reading and
debates. Discovering that Rizal was a poet, his members
asked him to write a poem. He wrote a poem for them that
expressed the sentiments of a poet who was forced to have
something that would satisfy his listeners. This poem was
entitled Me Piden Versos (You Ask Me for Verses).
Figure 1 The Circulo Hispano-Filipino
Inevitably, politics became part of the group 's discussion of
the need for reform in the Philippines, and Rizal became an active discussant. In later years, conservative
elements in the Circulo distanced themselves from the group that eventually faded away.

Entry into the Freemasonry

Many of the liberal and republican citizens whom Rizal met and made friends in Madrid were masons.
Freemasonry is banned by the Church because its views are contradictory to its teachings. Members of the
Masonic societies are considered sinners and are obliged to leave until they can receive any of the
sacraments. When they die, they are refused Christian burial and buried in non-Catholic cemeteries.

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Rizal was impressed by the mason's vision on life and took the opinion that understanding should be
obtained by the light of rationality and the universal brotherhood of man. The masons criticized the Church
for what they thought was the propagation of moral superstition and obscurantism, or the covering of the
truth behind the veil of religion.

Government policies that promoted despotism have also been targeted. Rizal joined the Freemasonry in
1883 through the Acacia Lodge, which was based in Madrid. His Masonic name was Dimasalang
(unstoppable / untouchable). He entered the masonry because he opposed the activities of the many friars
in the Philippines. He believed in the ideals that fraternity was fighting for, and also because he wanted the
support of fellow masons who were influential in Spanish society. Since joining the Freemasonry, he
avoided going to church regularly and started to doubt matters of faith, God and religion choosing to accept
them only by the light of reason. Nevertheless, his faith in the presence of God remained deeply rooted in
his deepest convictions as seen in his writings and letters.

Rizal moved up the ranks of the Freemasonry and became master mason at the Lodge Solidaridad on
November 15, 1890. Two years later, while living in Paris, Rizal became master mason of Le Grand Orient
of France on 15 February 1892.

The Avid Book Collector

While in Spain, Rizal was introduced to further readings that broadened his academic scope. He wasted no
money in purchasing books from second-hand bookstores. He was able to acquire quite a library in time.
Among his books was The Holy Bible; The Lives of the Presidents of the United States from (George)
Washington to (Andrew) Johnson; The Complete Works of Voltaire consisting of nine volumes; The
Complete Works of C. Bernard (16 volumes); Complete Works of Horace (3 volumes); Ancient Poetry;
Works of Thuycidides; The Byzantine Empire; The Renaissance; Hebrew Grammar, The Characters of La
Bruyere; History of the French Revolution; Eugene Sue's The Wandering Jew; Harriet Beecher Stowe's
Uncle Tom's Cabin; The Works of Alexander Dumas; Louis XIV and His Court; and numerous books on
medicine, politics, politics,

The books that most affected him were Beecher Stowe 's Uncle Tom's Cabin and Sue's The Wandering
Jew, close to El Filibusterismo, and the novels by the Spanish writer Benito Perez Caldos, one of which was
Desnerada, which inspired his two later novels, Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo. The novel Noli Me
Tangere was also influenced by Benito Pérez Caldós' novel Doña Perfecta, written in 1876, eleven years
before the publication of Noli Me Tangere. Doña Perfecta reveals the immense influence the church has
wielded. It also shows the disparities between the conventional, rural outlook and the new, urban outlook of
Madrid, the capital of Spain.

During Rizal’s time in Spain, his family went through a financial crisis in Calamba. In 1883, the world price
of sugar had fallen and the sugar had not been sold. The rent of land had risen that year. The concern was
that the manager of the Dominican estate made it more difficult for the Rizal family. According to Rizal's
account, the manager normally fell by asking his father for a free fat turkey. The pest destroyed most of the
turkeys that year, and those remaining are kept for breeding. That year, there was no turkey to give away.
The manager was dismayed at his boss, and for this reason he declined to give any thought, demanding
that the family of Rizal should pay the increased fee. As a result of the economic problems, Rizal’s
allowance was cut and Paciano had to sell his pony to pay for his brother's allowance.

The Speech that Attracted the Attention of Reactionary Spaniards in the Philippines

On June 25, 1884, Rizal joined a Greek university competition. With empty stomach, he participated in the
contest. In spite of the challenges, he won gold medal. On the evening of the same day, he gave an

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eloquent speech at a banquet in honor of the Filipino painters Juan Luna and Felix Resurreccion Hidalgo,
who received top prizes at the National Exhibition of Fine Arts. Juan Luna won the first prize for his
Spoliarium, which portrayed the bodies of deceased Roman gladiators being carried out of the bowels of
the Coliseum, while Hidalgo won the second prize for his Virgenes Cristianas Exposiciones al Populacho
(Christian Virgins Unveiled to the Populace).

Rizal’s speech was his first address to a general audience. Rizal extemporarily said that Luna and Hidalgo
were the pride of the Filipino people, and he proved that genius is not the monopoly of any race. The two
painters, the titans of their craft, are the creations of the Philippines and Spain, and their works unite
both cultures. Near the end of his speech, Rizal scored with refined sarcasm the ill-wishers of the Filipinos
who were emerging as an intellectual force. In the end, Rizal shared the hope that someday Spain will
give the changes required by the Filipinos. At the end of his address, he gave a toast to Luna and Hidalgo,
for which there was a thunderous applause.

Spoliarium
Virgenes Cristianas Exposiciones al Populacho

Rizal’s speech was mentioned in the newspaper El Liberal, and news of the case reached the Philippines.
Some of the elements in the Philippines were not satisfied, and Rizal was said to have made enemies with
his speech. It was said that Rizal can never return to the Philippines. Dona Teodora was fraught with fear,
and she had been unable to eat for days. She fell ill, and Paciano wrote to Rizal about the impact of his
homage to the two Filipino painters. He warned him to be more vigilant of his actions. He warned him to
stop writing papers that could offend the friars and other reactionary Spaniards, and that he should not fail
in his Christian duties, and eventually ordered her son to stop undertaking studies that could lead to his
destruction.

Rizal had heeded these warnings, but he pursued his life as if he had been attracted to destiny.

Completion of Studies in Spain

Rizal completed his medical studies and was awarded the title of Licenciado in Medicina, which would
allow him to practice medicine. His academic records at the Universidad Central de Madrid are as follows:
Fifth year (1882-1883)
Continuation of Medical Course in the University of Santo Tomas
Medical Clinic 1 Bueno (Good)
Surgical Clinic 1 Bueno (Good)
Obstetrical Clinic Aprobado (Fair)
Legal Medicine Sobresaliente (Excellent)
Sixth year (1883-1884)
Medical Clinic Bueno (Good)
Surgical Clinic Notable (Very Good)

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The degree of Licentiate in Medicine was conferred on June 21, 1884 with the rating of "Aprobado" or
"Fair." Rizal was actually granted lower grades in Spain than at the University of Santo Tomas.

Rizal continued to research subjects that would have led to a doctorate of medicine. He passed all the
subjects leading to the Degree of Medicine. His grades were:
Seventh year (1884-1885)
History of the Medical Science Aprobado (Fair)
Surgical Analysis applied to the Medical Science Bueno (Good)
Advanced Normal and Pathological Histology Sobresaliente (Excellent)

He, however, was not conferred the degree of Doctor of Medicine for failure to present a thesis required for
graduation and pay for the corresponding fee.

Nevertheless, by obtaining a degree of Licentiate in Medicine, he became a full-fledged physician and

qualified to practice medicine. He was not interested in taking the post-degree of Doctor of Medicine
because such a degree is good only for teaching purposes, and he knew that no friar-owned university in
the Philippines would accept him for teaching position because of his brown color. In reality, the name "Dr.
Rizal" is a misnomer as he has never been given the title of Doctor. The inability to pay the related fees also
represented Rizal's financial troubles at the time. It was with the aid of his friend Maximo Viola who
borrowed him money that Rizal was able to acquire his medical degree and practice.

Rizal was also able to complete his education in Philosophy and Letters, where he received a higher
degree. On his 24th birthday, June 19, 1885, Rizal graduated from the Universidad Central de Madrid with a
Bachelor's degree in Philosophy and Letters (Licenciado en Filosofia y Letras). His grades were as
follows:
1882-1883
Universal History Saliente
General Literature Sobresaliente
1883-1884
Universal History 2 Sobresaliente
Greek and Latin Literature Sobresaliente (with prizes)
Greek 1 Sobresaliente (with prizes)
1884-1885
Spanish Language Sobresaliente (with scholarship)
Arabic Language Sobresaliente (with scholarship)

Rizal Outside School

Rizal had a stopover in Barcelona on his way to Paris in October 1885. He saw his friend Maximo Viola, a
wealthy family member from San Miguel, Bulacan. He lived with Maximo Viola for a week at the Vergara
No.1 lodge on the Room 2 of 3rd [Link] also befriended Eusebio Corominas, publisher of the newspaper
La Publisidad.

His other degree qualified him to work as a professor of humanities at any university in Spain.
Nevertheless, he chose to develop his medical qualifications by specializing in ophthalmology by working
as assistant to Dr. Louis de Wecker, a leading French ophthalmologist in Paris from October 1885 to March
1886, and later in Germany as assistant to numerous professional ophthalmologists such as the Polish Dr.
Javier Galezowsky and the German Otto Becker in Heidelberg in 1886 and another German eye doctor
named Dr. R. Schulzer and a Dr. Schiwiegger in 1887. Outside his working hours, he relaxed by visiting his

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friends. He also went to Luna’s studio. He helped by posing as a model in several paintings. Rizal posed as
Egyptian priest in Luna’s canvass “The death of Cleopatra” and Sikatuna in Luna’s great painting “The
Blood Compact”

In the course of his additional research, he broadened his experience by studying several new things. After
finishing his work with Dr. Weckert in Paris, he moved to Heidelberg , Germany, on 8 February 1886. He
worked there as an assistant at De Galezowsky 's clinic. He stayed in a boarding house with some German
law students to save rent. He soon became acquainted with them, made friends with them, and played
chess. He quickly got acquainted with them, befriended them and was playing chess. He took time to attend
lectures at the University of Heidelberg, which commemorated its fifth centenary during his visit.

Rizal was enamored by his peaceful surroundings

and made drawings of what he saw and also
published the poem A las Flores de Heidelberg,
inspired by the flowering flowers of the university
town along the Neckar River. He also took note of
how the Germans lived and what was the secret of
their success since being united as a nation in
1871.

Later, he went to the house of Karl Ulmer, a

Protestant minister with whom he became close
friends. Since he was a mason at the time, Rizal
said that Catholicism was better than Protestantism.

He took advantage of the fact that his stay in

Germany was the hub of scientific science. He went Neckar River in Heidelberg
to Leipzig, Dresden, and Berlin, which are
renowned for their universities dating back to the Middle Ages. On August 14, 1886, he was able to visit
Fredrich Ratzel, a German historian in Leipzig. There he translated Scheller’s William Tell to Tagalog.

On October 29, 1886, he arrived in Dresden, Germany, and met with Dr. Adolf B. Meyer, director of the
Museum of Anthropology and Ethnology. He heard the mass here in the morning. He remained in the city
for two days.

On November 1, 1886, Rizal left Dresden by train and reached Berlin in the evening. Rizal met for the first
time Dr. Feodor Jagor, famous German scientist-traveller and author of Travels in the Philippines.

With the aid of Blumentritt, Feodor Jagor and Hans Virchow were introduced to Rizal, both anthropologists
and students of the Philippine culture. Rizal had to learn the German language in dealing with these
reputable characters. His linguistic skills fascinated his new friends. He managed to write a scholarly paper
called Tagalische Verkunst or Tagalog Metrical Art.

Rizal has always been busy working as a doctor's assistant by day and taking classes at the University of
Berlin at night. He was taking classes in French. It was in Berlin that he finished his novel Noli Me Tangere
and found the proper printing house, the Berliner-Bruckrucrei-Action Gesselchaft, to get it published.
Meanwhile, Rizal was working on a very small budget. His allowance from the Philippines did not arrive due
to a locust attack in Calamba. His book was almost unpublished, but for Dr. Maximo Viola, who visited him
in Berlin. Viola paid for the expenses of printing the novel and even looked at Rizal 's health because he
was spitting up blood. Physical inspection revealed that Rizal's way of life was more than frugal. Later, Rizal
and Viola decided to a grand tour of Europe. They visited Blumentritt in his hometown of Leitmeritz from 13

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to 17 May 1887, followed by Brunn and Prague, in what is now the Czech Republic, then Vienna, Lintz and
Salzburg, Austria. They returned to Germany, where they visited Munich and Ulm before heading to
Switzerland, where they visited Basel, Bern, Lasusanne and Geneva. After visiting Geneva, Viola returned
to Spain while Rizal crossed the border to visit Milan, Venice and Rome. After a week in Rome, Rizal left for
Marseille, France then boarded a steamer bound for the Philippines.

References

Textbooks
Ariola, Mariano M. (2018). The Life and Works of Rizal. Unlimited Books Library Services & Publishing Inc.

De Viana, Augusto (2014). Jose Rizal in Our Times: A Guide for the Better Understanding of the
Philippines’ Foremost National Hero. Books ATBP Publishing Corp.

Internet
Rizal Back in Madrid. Retrieved September 29, 2020 from: [Link]

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RZAL 1013: Life and Works of Rizal

Week 8

Lesson VIII: THE PROPAGANDA MOVEMENT AND LA SOLIDARIDAD

Topic: The Propaganda Movement Propaganda Movement And La Solidaridad

Learning Outcomes: At the end of this module, you are expected to:

1. Discuss the importance of Propaganda movement and La Solidaridad;

2. Give importance the concept of reforms in creating change; and
3. Explain the role of Rizal in Reform movement.

LEARNING CONTENT

Introduction

S
ince Filipinos were already being persecuted, the Philippine reformists asked the Spanish to reform.
They were not shouting at that time for independence from Spain but for change. Many Philippines
took shelter in Europe and started a change cruise in the Philippines in Spain. A united nationalist
movement started as more Filipino Illustrados emerged. The initiative was dubbed the "Propaganda
Revolution" in our history. The revolution began in 1880 to 1866, but the most important time of action is
between 1880 and 1895, one year before the death of Rizal. Propaganda means "truth campaign and an
appeal for sympathy."

LEARNING PROPER

Propaganda Movement

A
ccording to Dr. Domingo Abella, former head of the National Archives, the term "Propaganda
Movement" has been misnamed. It was to be called the Counter Propaganda Movement, and their
key goal was to combat the wave of disinformation that some Spanish organizations had
disseminated in Spain, and later in Rome.

The propaganda campaign was directed at peaceful assimilation, leading to the transformation of the
Philippines from becoming a colony to a province of Spain. Propagandists claimed that if the Philippines
were Spanish citizens, they would benefit with the same rights and privileges. Their advocates wanted
not independence from Spain but reforms.

Aims of Propaganda Movement were:

• Representation of the Philippines to the Cortes Generales, the Spanish Parliament.

• Secularisation of the church
• Legalization of equality between Spain and the Philippines
• Establishment of a public school system independent of the Catholic friars;
• Abolition of polo y servicio (labor force) and bandala (forced selling of local goods to the
government)
• Protection of fundamental freedoms
• Equal opportunities for the Filipinos and the Spanish to enter the civil service

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Many who supported this peaceful movement were

the Filipino exiles in 1872, the patriots who fled the
islands to avoid persecution, and others who had
been to Spain to study. Although not all the
propagandists were the sons of the rich Filipinos, they
were scions of decent families. The prominent
members of the Propaganda movement were: Jose
Rizal, Graciano Lopez Jaena; Mariano Ponce; and
Marcelo H. del Pilar.

The Propaganda Movement

The Filipinos in Europe have been much more

involved in pursuing reforms than those in Manila.
They could be split into three groups: the first included Jose Rizal, Marcelo H. del Pilar, & Mariano Ponce
Glorious Trinity of the Propaganda movement
Filipinos who had been exiled to the Marian Islands in
1872 after being involved in the Cavite Mutiny. After
two years in the Marian Islands, they went to Madrid and Barcelona because they could no longer return to
the Philippines. The second group consisted of Illustrados in the Philippines who had been sent to Europe
for schooling. The third group was made up of Filipinos who had left their country to escape prosecution for
a crime, or merely because they could no longer tolerate Spanish atrocities. But not all the Filipinos residing
in Spain were part of the propaganda movement.

One of the vocal leaders of the reform movement was the lawyer, man, and pamphleteer Marcelo H. del
Pilar who was also the brother of Fr. Toribio del Pilar who was led to Guam in 1872. Imbued with an urge to
promote the wellbeing of his countrymen, he went about promoting the importance of service and self-
dignity in public places such as cockpits and shops or village stores. In 1888, he led
the boldest reform protests of his followers shouting Viva la Reina, Viva El Ejercito,
Fuera Los Frailes! (Long live the Queen, long live the army, out with the friars) He
mocked the friars with his pamphlets, particularly Caiigat Cayo (Be Slippery as an
eel), which was the answer to Caiingat Cayo (Beware) by Fr. Jose Rodriguez, who
attacked Rizal 's novel Noli Me Tangere.

Del Pilar 's political practices were no longer accepted by the Spaniards. This is the
reason why he was forced to flee to Spain to join other reformers who were already
there. In Spain, he took over the editorship of La Solidaridad, which was first edited by
Graciano Lopez Jaen. The threat of reprisals by conservative Spaniards forced them
to flee the region.

Graciano Lopez Jaena, who satirized the friars and officials he found violent and
incompetent, was another significant leader of the reform movement that started his
campaign in the Philippines. Graciano Lopez Jaena was a brilliant speaker. In Illustration of Fray Botod
(Friar Big Belly)
addition, he was dubbed "Prince of the Filipino Orators." In his story, Fray Botod, he
pilloried the immorality and misuse of authority by the friars who forced him to be imprisoned. The story of
Fray Botod by Graciano Lopez Jaena portrayed an early Spanish priest from the colonial era of the
Philippines as greedy, corrupt, hypocrite, gluttonous, and lustful. Fray Botod means "Big - Bellied Friar".
Lopez Jaena left for Spain in 1880, where he practiced medicine at the University of Valencia. As an
undergraduate, he got active in political movements by speaking out against the friars in the Philippines and
advocating for change in the Philippines.

The Filipinos, who came to study in Spain, joined the reformers. Among them was Jose Rizal who arrived in
1882 others were Jose Alejandrino, Edilberto Evangelista, Galicano Apacible, Antonio and Juan Luna, Felix

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Resurreccion Hidalgo, Eduardo de Lete, Mariano Ponce, and others. Aside from this group which was
composed of young students, there were others who were in Europe even earlier than Marcelo H. del Pilar
and Graciano Lopez Jaena. These were Antonio Regidor and Joaquin Pardo de Tavera who were not
allowed to return to the Philippines after their deportation following the events of 1872. Realizing the need
for a publication to promote Filipino interests, Lopez Jaena with the financial help of Pablo Rianzares
established the newspaper La Solidaridad in 1889. The newspaper became the organ of the reformists in
Spain. Among its contributors were Rizal who wrote under the pseudonyms Dimas-alang and Laong Laan,
Marcelo H. del Pilar as Plaridel, Antonio Luna, Taga-ilog: Mariano Ponce, Kalipulako, Naning and
Tikbalang. Other reformists were Jose Ma. Panganiban, Isabelo de los Reyes, Pedro Serrano Laktaw, Jose
Alejandrino Laktaw, and others. Pen name or Pseudonym becomes a kind of cover that helps the author to
protect his or her identity. Thus, this was the strategy of reformists to hide their real identity.

Others such as Del Pilar and Lopez Jaena ordered the removal of the friars who had been accused of
promoting religious fanaticism and hindering Filipino development. In addition to a political platform, Jose
Rizal called for a nationalistic recovery in refusing to recognize international cultural practices in general
and to rediscover the glory of the Philippine race. During the time that he founded a party in Europe known
as Indios Bravos, he invited the Philippines not to shame on "Indian" but rather urged them to aspire for
intellectual prominence as a way of undermining the illusion of Caucasian racial dominance. He admired
the efforts of the women in Malolos who overcame friars' resistance to the creation of the Spanish school
and thanked Juan Luna and Felix Resurreccion Hidalgo for their prestigious awards in drawing.

In two new novels, Noli Me Tangere and Elfilibusterismo, which targeted all
facets of the Spanish rule in the Philippines, Rizal hoped to lift the nationalistic
conscience of the Filipinos. The first one was published in Berlin , Germany
and the second one was published in Ghent, Belgium. The friars investigated
when copies of Noli Me Tangere entered the Philippines, and the book was
promptly banned because it represented the Spanish authorities malignantly on
the islands. This led Rizal to write its sequel: El Filibusterismo. The friars
prohibited the import and reading of these two books immediately. In addition,
Rizal took time to annotate Dr. Antonio Morga 's book Sucesos de las Islas
Filipinas, the Spanish official of the 17th century who corrects the anti-Filipino
tendencies. This is one of the most important publications on the early history
of the Philippines' Spanish colonization. Sucesos de Las Islas Filipinas
was based on the individual memories of Antonio de Morga and other facts of
incidents like the participants of the voyage to the Philippines of Miguel López
de Legazpi. The title means The Events in the Philippine Islands and hence the
primary purpose of the books is to record events in the Spanish Philippines
colonial period, as the writers themselves have noted. The book covers the Sucesos de Las Islas Filipinas
customs, etiquette and beliefs of Philippines after the invasion of the Spanish
Republic.

Other Propagandists/Propaganda Literature

Literature Author
Ninay and Sampaguita Pedro Paterno
El Progreso de Filipinas Gregorio Sanciangco
Impresiones Antonio Luna
La Universidad de Pilipinas: Plano de Estudios Jose Maria Panganiban

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Celebres Filipinos Mariano Ponce

Historia de Ilocos and El Folklore Filipino Isabelo delos Reyes

La Solidaridad

The reform movement was supported by foreigners like Dr. Miguel

Morayta, the former Spanish minister and professor and the Austrian
ethnologist Ferdinand Blumentritt. On December 13, 1888, an organization
called "La Solidaridad" was born. It was headed by Galicano Apacible.
Jose Rizal who was in England at that time became its honorary president.
This organization gave birth to La Solidaridad, the newspaper. Its editor
was Graciano Lopez Jaena. Take note that La Solidaridad (organization)
adapted a newspaper La Solidaridad (newspaper). The Soli, as the
reformists fondly called their official organ, came out once every two
weeks. The first saw print was published on November 15, 1895. The
Solidaridad’s first editor was Graciano Lopez Jaena. Marcelo H. del Pilar
took over in October 1889. Del Pilar managed the Soli until it stopped
publication due to lack of funds.
La Solidaridad
Jose Rizal, Marcelo H. del Pilar, and Mariano Ponce comprised the main
staff of La Solidaridad. They were called the “Glorious Trinity of the
Propaganda Movement”.

Aims of La Solidaridad

1. To work for political and social reforms peacefully

2. To present the sad conditons in the Philippines so that Spain can remedy them
3. To oppose the evil influences of reaction and outmoded beliefs and practices
4. To advocate liberal ideas and progress
5. To champion the just aspirations of the Filipinos to life, democracy, and happiness

On February 15, 1889, the first issue of La Solidaridad came out and its editorial expressed its aim:

Our aspirations are modest, very modest. Our program, aside from being
simple, is clear: to combat reaction, to stop all retrogressive steps, to extol
and adopt liberal ideas, to defend progress; in a word, to be a propagandist,
above all, of democratic ideas in order to make these supreme in all nations
here and across the seas.

The aims, therefore, of La Solidaridad are described as to collect, to gather,

libertarian ideas which are manifested daily in the field of politics, science,
art, literature, commerce, agriculture and industry.

We shall also discuss all problems relating to the general interest of the
nation and seek solutions to those problems in high-level and democratic
manner.

The contributors of the La Solidaridad were mostly Filipinos, such as:

Propagandist Pseudonym/Pen name

Dr. Jose Rizal Laon Laan

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Marcelo H. del Pilar Plaridel

Mariano Ponce Naning, Kalipulo, Tigbalang
Antonio Luna Taga Ilog
Jose Ma. Panganiban Jomapa
Dominador Franco Ramiro Franco
Dr. Pedro Paterno
Antonio Ma. Regidor
Isabelo delos Reyes
Eduardo de Lete
Jose Alejandrino
Professor Blumentritt (Austrian ethnologist )
Dr. Miguel Morayta ( Spanish Historian, university
professor and statesman )

In the last issue of La Solidaridad (November 15, 1895), M.H. del Pilar wrote his farewell editorial saying:

We are persuaded that no sacrifices are too little to win the rights and the
liberty of a nation that is oppressed by slavery.

Asociacion Hispano-Filipino

Other reformists headed by Miguel Morayta formed the Asociacion Hispano-Filipino in Madrid on January
12, 1889. The Asociacion drew up petitions instituting reforms. It succeeded in having passed a law making
the teaching of Spanish compulsory in the Philippines and laws improving the judiciary. The organization,
however, died out because of lack of funds and the change of government in Spain. Other reforms obtained
were the abolition of the tobacco monopoly in 1882; the tax reform of 1884 abolishing the tribute and its
replacement by the cedula or poll tax; the provincial reform of 1886 creating the office of civil governors and
reducing the alcalde mayor to the category of judges of first instance; the Royal Decree of 1887 extending
the Spanish Code to the Philippines; the Becerra Law of 1889 establishing the city governments of Cebu,
Iloilo, Jaro, Batangas, Legazpi, Nueva Caceres, and Vigan; and the Maura Law of 1893 introducing
autonomy to the municipal governments. These reforms did not address the demands of the Filipino
reformists and their calls remained unheeded because of Spain's preoccupation in other matters.

The Role of Freemasonry

Many of the Filipino reformists joined the Freemasonry as a mean of finding support from the Spanish
liberals who had become the masons themselves. Among the leading masons was Marcelo del Pilar, who
was the oldest. Already as early as 1856 these were masons in the Philippines. In Spain, Lopez Jaena
established a lodge named Revolucion, which was recognised in April 1889 by the Spanish lodge Gran
Oriental Español. Del Pilar, for his part, coordinated Unity, which included Rizal, Serrano Laktaw, Galicano
Apacible and Baldomero Roxas as participants. Serrano Laktaw, on the orders of Del Pilar, went to the
Philippines in 1891 and established the lodge Nilad on 6 January 1892. The Filipino masons have promoted
a dignified and stable country with good governance. More Masonic lodges were founded in 1893; they
authorized the entry of women including Rosario Villaruel, Josefa Rizal, Marinao Dizon, Sixta Fajardo,
Purificacion Leyva and others.

MASONIC LODGES
Revolucion first masonic lodge in Barcelona founded by Lopez Jaena
Solidaridad founded by M. del Pilar in Madrid
Nilad first Masonic lodge in the Philippines founded by Pedro Serrano Laktaw

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Meanwhile, disunity among the reformists in Spain has started to manifest itself. Del Pilar and Lopez Jaena
claimed that their Spanish brothers were too sluggish and too traditional. Among the Filipinos, the reformers
broke into camps. Soon, Lopez Jaena left the campaign accompanied by Rizal. The remaining reformers
remained poor and fragmented. Funds were disbursed and the newspaper La Solidaridad had to step down
on 15 November 1895. Having no way of funding himself, Del Pilar managed to compose until he was
afflicted by tuberculosis. In despair, he sent a letter to Teodoro Plata, who was his cousin, instructing him to
establish an organization that would fight for freedom. Del Pilar died in Barcelona on 4 July 1896. While he
died as a disappointed man, the organisation he inspired became the Katipunan, founded by Teodoro
Plata, Andres Bonifacio, Valentin Diaz, and others in 1892. Spain, on the other hand, has its own domestic
issues. The revolt had broken out in Cuba, while the unjust conditions remained in the Philippines, as the
reforms achieved by the reformists were too weak and too late. The nation was entering a revolutionary
period, when there were movements established to overturn colonial rule.

La Liga Filipina (The Philippine League)

Rizal tried to move his campaign for reforms to the

Philippines where he believed that the struggle should
be. Actually he had already sealed his fate as his
enemies had him where they wanted. Because Rizal
knew that he would be risking his life by returning to
the Philippines, which before leaving Hong Kong in
1892, he left two letters with Jose Ma. Basa to be
opened after his death. In one of these letters, Rizal
wrote: "What matters death, if one does for what one
loves, for native land and being held dear!" Rizal
arrived in Manila on June 26, 1892. He had an
audience with Governor General Eulogio Despujol to
seek the latter's permission to establish a Filipino
colony in Borneo. His request to establish such a
colony was denied. Despujol reasoned that the colony
would deprive the country of valuable workers.

On July 3, 1892, at the house of Doroteo Onjunco at Ilaya Street, Tondo, Rizal founded the La Liga Filipina.
The Liga picked up where the La Propaganda left off. It was established simultaneously with the masonry
and contributed funds to support the reformists in Spain. By 1892, it went out of existence.

The constitution was written in Hong Kong with the help of Jose Ma. Basa. The Constitution stipulates:

1. unity of the archipelago into a compact, vigorous and homogenous body;

2. mutual protection against all cases of pressing necessity;
3. defense against violence and injustice;
4. encouragement of education, agriculture and commerce; and
5. study and application of reforms.

It had a motto in Latin Unus Instar Omnium (One Like All). The organization had governing bodies
consisting of a Supreme Council, a popular council, and a provincial council. The members, who should be
Filipinos, were to pay 10 centavos as monthly dues. Each member was free to choose a symbolic name. Its
officers were Ambrosio Salvador, president; Agustin de la Rosa, fiscal; Bonifacio Arevalo, treasurer; and
Deodato Arellano, secretary. Its members were Andres Bonifacio, Jose A. Dizon, Moises Salvador,
Ambrosio Rianzares Bautista, Mamerto Natividad, Timoteo Paez, Domingo Franco, Numeriano Adriano,

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Arcadio del Rosario, Timoteo Lanuza, and Doroteo Onjunco. The funds of the organization were to be used
for protecting the rights of the poor against the powerful. It aimed to lend capital to any member who may
need it for industry or agriculture, introduce machines and industry, and to establish stores and
establishments to run by Filipinos

The Spanish authorities considered the Liga as a seditious organization. Rizal was quietly arrested on July
6, 1892. Rizal was also accused of having subversive publications in his baggage from Hong Kong. On the
following day he was exiled to Dapitan on orders of Governor General Eulogio Despujol. The arrest of Rizal
effectively signified the end of the Propaganda movement. Though the Liga lingered for a while, it was not
able to make substantial progress. It had a new hierarchy consisting of Domingo Franco as its president;
Deodato Arellano, secretary-treasurer; Isidoro Francisco, fiscal; Juan Zulueta and Timoteo Paez as
members of the Supreme Council. Later Apolinario Mabini became its secretary. The Liga lasted for a few
months but soon some members who became tired of paying their dues ceased to become active. The poor
members led by Andres Bonifacio felt that the campaign for reforms was going nowhere. Later the Liga
reorganized itself as the Cuerpo de Compromisarios (Body of the Committed) which was composed of
middle class members. It too lived for a few months and eventually became inactive.

Why the Propaganda Movement Failed?

The propaganda movement did not succeed in its pursuit of reforms. The colonial government did not agree
to any of its demands. Spain itself was undergoing a lot of internal problems all that time, which could
explain why the mother country failed to heed the Filipino’s petitions. The friars, on the other hand, were at
the height of their power and displayed even more arrogance in flaunting their influence. They had neither
the time nor the desire to listen to the voice of the people.

There were also emerging problems of the propagandists. Most of them have different opinions and had
personal problems. Financial problem was also the major reason for its downfall. Health problems and
homesickness of the reformists were also one of the reasons why it downgraded.

Many of the reformists showed a deep love for their country, although they still failed to maintain a united
front. Because most of them belonged to the upper middle class, they had to exercise caution in order to
safeguard their wealth and other private interests. Personal differences and petty quarrels, apart from the
lack of funds, were also a hindrance to the movements success. Lastly, no other strong and charismatic
leader emerged from the group aside from Jose Rizal.
References

Textbooks
Ariola, Mariano M. (2018). The Life and Works of Rizal. Unlimited Books Library Services & Publishing Inc.

De Viana, Augusto (2014). Jose Rizal in Our Times: A Guide for the Better Understanding of the Philippines’ Foremost
National Hero. Books ATBP Publishing Corp.

The propaganda movement 1880-1895; The creators of a Filipino consciousness. The makers of the revolutions 40-58
Quezon City: Ateneo de Manila University Press DS675 S385 1997, Schumacher, John 1997

Internet
Philippine History. Retrieved September 27, 2020 from: [Link]

The Philippine Revolution La Solidaridad. Retrieved September 27, 2020 from:

[Link]

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