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LEARNER’S

Aklan State University

MODULE
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, & SOCIETY
Name: Program: Major:
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PREFACE

The Science, Technology, and Society learner’s module for undergraduate programs
of Aklan State University was prepared and compiled in response to the Commission
on Higher Education’s implementation of the new curriculum. This module covers
essential fields of study in science, including acquisition of knowledge through scientific
investigation and fundamental concepts in chemistry, biology, physics, earth science,
history, philosophy, technology and society.
This learning module lends greater value to the learning experience through concise
presentation of facts juxtaposed against everyday realities and significant sociological
issues. Value-added enrichments and interactive supplements are similarly placed to
make learning science concepts and principles an enjoyable and fruitful endeavor.
Following an inquiry-based approach, the learner’s module presupposes greater
understanding of concepts among readers as it engages them to ask questions, read
through text, and construct new knowledge.
The Science, Technology, and Society learner’s module for Undergraduate programs
of Aklan State University-College of Teacher Education is composed of different
elements which provide students more fun and engaging significant learning
experiences despite this new adopted medium of instruction.

DISCLAIMER
“This module is produced/distributed for the students of Aklan State University
intended for academic purposes only. Reproduction of the material without the
consent of the author/university is strictly prohibited”- Pursuant to Memorandum
Order No. 08-570, s.020
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STUDY GUIDE
Step-by-step
5E’s Model for
easy to follow
modular learning

QR Coded links for additional

readings and informative
videos

To get directed to the

corresponding link,
use your internet
browser to scan the
QR Code

Engaging and student-centered

activities
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
i. CSTS
• About the Subject
• Module at A Glance
• Pre-Test

Lesson 1: Introduction to Science Technology, and

Society

• Overview
• Objectives
• Engage
• Explore
• Explain
• Expand
• Evaluate

Lesson 2: In the World: Prehistoric, Ancient, Medieval/Middle Ages

• Overview
• Objectives
• Engage
• Explore
• Explain
• Expand
• Evaluate

Lesson 3: Scientific Revolution

• Overview
• Objectives
• Engage
• Explore
• Explain
• Expand
• Evaluate
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Lesson 4: Modern Times

• Overview
• Objectives
• Engage
• Explore
• Explain
• Expand
• Evaluate

Lesson 5: In the Philippines

• Overview
• Objectives
• Engage
• Explore
• Explain
• Expand
• Evaluate

• Post Test
• Content Resources
• Image Resources
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CSTS Science, Technology & Society

ABOUT THE SUBJECT

The course deals with interactions between science and technology

and social, cultural, political, and economic contexts that shape and
are shaped by them. (CMO No. 20, series of 2013)
This interdisciplinary course engages students to confront the
realities brought about by science and technology in society. Such
realities pervade the personal, the public, and the global aspects of
our living and are integral to human development. Scientific
knowledge and technological development happen in the context of
society with all its socio-political, cultural, economic, and
philosophical underpinnings at play.
This course seeks to instill reflective knowledge in the students that they are able to live the good life and
display ethical decision making in the face of scientific and technological advancement.
This course includes mandatory topics on climate change and environmental awareness.

THE MODULE AT A GLANCE

This course has four (4) modules. Every module is composed of different lessons about Science,
Technology, and Society. The modules include the title of the lesson, overview, objectives, motivational
activities, contents
Additionally, if you see the following images, know their corresponding purposes:

Furthermore, every module ends with an evaluation that will measure how much have you learned in
each lesson. Thus, you have to make sure that you have understood the topics well.
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PRE-TEST

As a preview of the module, let us have a practice. Read each question carefully and answer each
item. Encircle the best answer.

1. Where does the science word comes from?

A. The Latin word for “exploring”
B. The Greek for “education”
C. The Latin for “knowledge”
D. The Latin for “to study”

2. Which of the following activities is most likely to promote students' understanding of the
concept of cause and effect in science?
A. using leaves and a taxonomic key to identify the types of trees present near the school
B. recording the time, it takes for bean seeds to germinate when given different amounts
of water
C. creating cross-sectional models of the Earth with clay to illustrate the thicknesses of
different layers
D. tracking the daily high and low temperatures of two nearby cities during a three-month
period

3. A second-grade teacher is planning to read a book to the class as a way of introducing

students to the variety of geographic features on Earth's surface. Which of the following
types of books is likely to be most effective in stimulating students' interest in the subject
matter?
A. a book that explains the role of plate tectonics in the formation of mountains
B. a biography of one of the first people to reach the summit of Mount Everest
C. a book about a migrating bird that describes how the land below changes during its
journey
D. a field guide that describes the characteristics of mountains, canyons, deserts, and
waterways

4. Fourth-grade students have planted a garden at their school and find signs that an animal
has eaten some of their vegetables. The students offer several ideas about what happened
to their growing crops. Which of the following student statements represents a reasoned
argument rather than a speculation?
A. "Deer tracks are in the garden; deer likely ate our crops."
B. "I saw a raccoon on the street earlier this week; a raccoon likely ate our crops."
C. "A dog from a nearby house is allowed to run off leash; the dog likely ate our crops."
D. "I read that rabbits like to eat vegetables; a rabbit likely ate our crops."

5. Which of these is not a requirement for a theory?

A. It must be able to make predictions about related occurrences.
B. It must be able to be tested.
C. It must explain a set of observations.
D. It must never change.
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6. Which theory did Ptolemy believe?

A. Heliocentric
B. Geocentric
C. Egocentric
D. Eccentric

7. Which scientist/mathematician said, "doubt everything...?" and "I think, therefore I

am."
A. Isaac Newton
B. Galileo Galilei
C. Johann Kepler
D. Rene' Descartes
8. Which of these examples best explains the Scientific Method?
A. having faith that it will work out
B. having an observation, hypothesis, test, record
C. having tests without research
D. having theories about the earth
9. Johann Kepler said that the planets do not revolve around the Sun in perfect circles,
they are moving in?
A. ellipses
B. octagons
C. semi-circles
D. protractors
10. Nicolaus Copernicus observed the movements of the planets and made the?

A. Eccentric Theory
B. Geocentric Theory
C. Egocentric therory
D. Heliocentric Theory

11. Which method did Francis Bacon create?

A. Articulate Method
B. Pythagorean method
C. Scientific Method
D. Theory Methods
12. This scientist said that the planets are in "free-fall" through his Theory of Gravity and
Motion?
A. Isaac Newton
B. Galileo Galilei
C. Johann Kepler
D. Rene' Descartes
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13. How did the Protestant Reformation lead to the Scientific Revolution?
A. People started to be more religious
B. People started to question tradition
C. People started to reject reason over science
D. People started to believe in feudalism
14. For Socrates, the soul is harmed by lack of _____.
A. knowledge
B. wealth
C. community
D. courage
15. A question-and-answer dialogue in which propositions are methodically scrutinized to
uncover the truth is known as _____.
A. an argument
B. the Socratic method
C. the Socratic jest
D. a debate
16. The systematic use of critical reasoning to try to find answers to fundamental questions
about reality, morality, and knowledge is called _____.
A. the argumentative method
B. the philosophical method
C. propositional logic
D. syllogistic reasoning
17. The famous statement “An unexamined life is not worth living” is attributed to _____.
A. Aristotle
B. John Locke
C. Socrates
D. Plato
18. The term Neolithic Revolution refers to the
A. advances in art and science.
B. shift from food gathering to food producing.
C. revolt of Neolithic people against earlier civilizations influence of the discovery of
fire.
D. moving.
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19. Complex societies with advanced knowledge of farming, trade, government, and art are
called?
A. cultures.
B. civilizations.
C. cooperatives.
D. agricultural villages.
20. The development of agriculture occurred during?
A. simultaneously in all parts of the world.
B. only between 5000 and 3000 BC.
C. at various times in different parts of the world.
D. only in the Indus Valley.
21. The exchange of ideas and goods between different groups of people is called
A. the specialization of labor.
B. cultural diffusion.
C. economic civilization.
D. cultural anthropology.
22. The ability of farmers to produce grain surpluses spurred the growth of
A. large urban civilizations.
B. small nomadic bands.
C. irrigation technology.
D. small agricultural villages
23. The Paleolithic period is also called the
A. Old Stone Age.
B. New Stone Age.
C. millennium.
D. Neolithic Age.
24. The values, traditions, habits, and skills that people who live and work together share is
called them?
A. society.
B. religion.
C. culture.
D. technology.
25. Which of the following was a characteristic of the Old Stone Age?
A. farming
B. toolmaking
C. written language
D. organized government
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26. Which of the following is not the invention of the Filipino?

A. eJepney
B. Larvicidal
C. Incubator
D. Radio
27. Who among the following scientist invented the cinema/moving picture?
A. Thomas Alva Edison
B. Charles Goodyear
C. Alexander Graham Bell
D. Allesandro Volta
28. Which of the following is a Filipino invention?
A. Salt Lamp
B. Radio
C. Phonograph
D. Battery
29. Which of the following scientist/inventor devised the process of preserving food?
A. Guglielmo Marconi
B. Louis Pasteur
C. Francis Bacon
D. Johannes Gutenberg
30. Who among the scientist listed below is the proponent/inventor of the earliest
thermometer?
A. Isaac Newton
B. Galileo Galilei
C. Roger Bacon
D. Archimedes
31. Who was the first Asian woman to be admitted in Harvard Medical School, and also
invented the Medical Incubator?
A. Del Mundo
B. Quisumbing
C. Alcala
D. Mejino
32. What was the primary ingredient/material need in the light system invention of Mejina?
A. Kerosene
B. Electricity
C. Salt
D. Lemon
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Introduction to Science, Technology and

LESSON 1 Society
OVERVIEW

How often do you use the television, mobile phone,

and even the shoes you wear? How many times
you ride a bus or a tricycle in a day? How often do
you take your medicine or drink a soda? Do you
know where those things came from and started to
be used by public? Who patented these things
around you which makes your life convenient?
There are many questions that are in need of
answers. There are scientific advancements and
technologies that the society are using but knowing
so little about it. It may be a product of serendipity
or scientific inquisitiveness. Inventions don't
generally happen by accident or in a random order:
science and technology progress in a very logical
way, with each new discovery leading on from the
last.

OBJECTIVES

At the end of this lesson, you must have:

a. Defined Science, Technology and Society
b. Illustrated the roles and interactions between Science, Technology and Society
c. Appreciate how scientific and technological developments affect society and the environment.

ENGAGE

“ If I have seen further than others, it

is by standing on the shoulders of
giants.

--Sir Isaac Newton

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• Based on your own understanding from the quote said by Sir Isaac Newton above, take
time to answer the following questions below.

1. What do you think Newton 2. What do you think Newton 3. What do you think this
has seen? refers to as “giants”? quote tells you about
Newton’s character?

EXPLORE

Think of different technologies that you use more often and write it in the bubble. After that,
state why is that technology became useful for you.
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EXPLAIN

What is SCIENCE?
• Concerted human effort to understand,
or to understand better, the history of the
natural world, and how the natural world
works, with the observable physical
evidence as the basis of that
understanding. It comes from the Latin
word Scientia which means “knowledge”.

• Done through observation of the natural

phenomena, and/or through
experimentation that tries to stimulate
natural processes under controlled
conditions.

What is SCIENCE and TECHNOLOGY?

• SCIENCE: Knowledge about or study of the natural world based on facts learned through
experiments and observations.

• TECHNOLOGY: Science or knowledge put into practical use to solve or invent useful tools.

How is Science used in Technology?

• Science is the pursuit of knowledge about the natural world
through systematic observation and experiments. Through
Science, we develop new Technologies.

• Technology is the application of scientifically gained knowledge

for practical purposes.

• Scientist use technology in all their experiments.

• Science and technology help each other advance.

Scientific knowledge is used to create new
technologies. New technologies often allow scientists
to explore nature in different ways and make new discoveries.
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Roles of Science and Technology?

Key driver to development, because

Alter the way people live, connect and technological and scientific revolutions
communicate, and transact, with underpin economic advances,
profound effects on economic improvement in health system, education,
development and infrastructures.

Products are transforming business

st
The technological revolutions in the 21 practices across the economy, as well as
century are emerging from entirely new the lives of all who have the access to their
sector, based on micro-processors, effects. The most remarkable breakthrough
telecommunications, biotechnology, will come from the interaction of insights
and applications arising when these
and nanotechnology.
technologies converge

Differentiators between countries that

Have the power to make the lives are able to tackle poverty effectively by
better of poor families in developing growing and developing their
countries economies, and those that are not
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Interventions for cognitive

Engine of Growth enhancement, proton-cancer
therapy and genetic engineering

What is a SOCIETY?

• The sum total as of our interactions as humans, including

the interactions that we engage in to figure things out and
to make things.

• A group of individuals involved in persistent social

interaction, or a large social group sharing the same
geographical or social territory, typically subject to the
same political authority and dominant cultural expectation

What does Science, Technology, and Society Mean?

• STS is the study of how the society, politics and culture affect scientific research and
technological innovation, and how these, in turn, affect society, politics and culture.

• STS is relatively recent discipline in the 60s and 70s, following Kuhn’s The Scientific Revolutions
(1962)

• STS was the result of a “Sociological turn” in science studied.

• STS makes the assumption that’s science and technology are essentially intertwined and that
they are each profoundly social and profoundly political.
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How Science and Technology affect Society?
• Science and Technology have had major impact on society, and their impact is growing.
• By making life easier, science has given man, the chance to pursue societal concerns such
as ethics, aesthetics, education, and justice: to create cultures: to improve human
conditions.
• Science influences society through its knowledge and world view. Scientific knowledge and
the procedures used by scientists influenced the way many individuals in the society think
about themselves, others and the environment. The effect of science on society is neither
entirely beneficial nor entirely detrimental.
How Science can have an effect on society?
• Science influences society through its knowledge and the world view. Scientific knowledge
and the procedures used by scientist influence the way many individuals in society think
about themselves, others and the environment.
• The Effect of science on society is neither entirely beneficial nor entirely detrimental.

ELABORATE

WATCH, LISTEN, and READ!

• Stephen Colbert interviews Neil De Grasse Tyson. Scan the
QR Code for video. For students with poor connectivity to the
internet, You can read the video transcript in this link:
http://transcriptvids.com/v/YXh9RQCvxmg.html
• For Students who are unable to access online, you can read
the Video Transcript provided at the last pages of this module.

Let’s Exercise!
Answer the following questions base from your own understanding. Please provide at least
100 words per questions.

Is it better to know or not to know?

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Should scientist be allowed to do anything that they can?

“Our identity is based on how we see the world”. What is your opinion about this sentence?
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EVALUATE

• Based on what you have learned about this chapter, describe each term and
complete the diagram below and label each bubble by indicating the relationship
among science, technology, and society.

SHORT ANSWER ESSAY: What is the most impactful effect of science and Technology
to human life?
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In the World: Prehistoric, Ancient, and

LESSON 2 Medieval/Middle Ages
OVERVIEW

Science has been shaped and reshaped over the

years. An ancient civilization going back to more
than five thousand years which evolved with an
amazing continuity, could not have been
uninfluenced by science. Different civilizations
played their important role in the development of
various fields of science. Science, which was in
primitive form then, made their lives comfortable.

There are scientific advancements and technologies that the society are using but knowing so
little about it. It may be a product of serendipity or scientific inquisitiveness. Inventions don't
generally happen by accident or in a random order: science and technology progress in a very
logical way, with each new discovery leading on from the last.

OBJECTIVES

At the end of this lesson, you must have:

• Discussed how the ideas postulated by Socrates, Plato, Aristotle and other religious
perspectives on science, technology and society,
• Enumerated the scientists that contributed to the historical events of science.
• Analyzed how scientific revolution is done in various parts of the world like in Latin America,
East Asia, Middle East, and Africa during the prehistoric, ancient and medieval times.

ENGAGE

Let’s recall!
From the previous topic previously discussed, recall what you have learned and answer the
following questions below.

What is
Science?
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What is
Technology?

What is
Society?

How Science,
Technology,
and Society
influence
each other?

EXPLORE

Let’s exercise!
True or False: Identify whether the following statements is True or False. Write your answers on
the space provided before each number.

1. The Socratic method laid the groundwork for Western Systems of logic and
philosophy
2. Plato founded the academy in Athens.
3. Industrial revolution is a series of events that marked the emergence of
early modern period, when developments in Mathematics, physics,
astronomy, biology and chemistry transformed the views of society about
nature.
4. Nicolaus Copernicus formulated the geocentric model of the universe.
5. According to Charles Darwin, all species arise and develop through the
natural selection
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EXPLAIN

Old Stone Age

• Showed mankind just a food gatherer—nomadic life.
• Learned making and using tools, men learned the
mechanical properties of many natural products and
thus laid the basis of physical science
• Tools made hunting easier and shaping of materials
of wood and stone.
• Discovery of fire laid the basis of chemical sciences.
• Human started thinking about nature that gave rise
to biological sciences.

New Stone Age

• The first invention of agriculture and the foundation of cities.
• The difficulties that man faced in searching food led to the invention of techniques of agriculture
which gives rise to mathematical and mechanical concepts.
• Natural flow irrigation canals.
Discovery and use of metals like copper and bronze
• Transport by cart and ship.
• Started to use signs and symbols
(cuneiform and hieroglyphics)
• Counting using stones and later on with the
use of abacus.
• Conceptions of areas and volumes of figures.
• Sun, moon, and stars are studied---astronomy
• Egyptians—sky is a flat cover.
• Babylonians--- sky as a vast four-square tent.
• Chinese astronomy started with the idea of rotation of a wheel.
• Medicine is an upper caste profession

Iron Age
• Improved tools and machines but did not make
remarkable change in material technique.

• The Greeks assembled and developed out of

the technical experience of the older empires
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Intellectuals and their Revolutionary Ideas

• Greek philosopher and the main source of western thought.

• His “Socratic Method”, laid the groundwork for western systems of logic
and philosophy.
• Socrates always emphasized the importance of the mind over the relative
unimportance of the human body.
• He claimed to be ignorant because he had no ideas, but wise because he
recognized his own ignorance.
• The more I know, the more I do not know.
SOCRATES • An unexamined life is not worth living

• Was a student of Socrates and the teacher of Aristotle.

• Founded the university in Athens
• Idealist.
• His work on the use of reason to develop a more fair and just society that
is focused on the quality of individuals established the foundation for
modern democracy.
• Plato claimed that knowledge through senses is no more than opinion, and
that, in order to have that knowledge, we must gain it through
philosophical reasoning.
PLATO

• Focus on systematic concept of logic.

• Objective was to come up with a universal process of reasoning
that would allow man to learn every conceivable thing about the
reality
• Realist
• The Golden Mean: Living a moral life Is the Ultimate Goal.
ARISTOTLE

To read more, scan the QR code using your

internet browser.
1. The Caveman
2. Timeline of Science and Technology
3. Three Ancient Thinkers

• Christian Era
• For most medieval scholars, who believed that God created the
universe according to geometric and harmonic principles, science-
particularly geometry and astronomy- was linked directly to the
divine.
• To seek these principles, therefore, would be seek to God.

MEDIEVAL PHILOSOPHY
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• Origen of Alexandria firmly believed that the knowledge of

the Good (God) is itself enough to remove all taint of sin
and ignorance from souls.

ORIGEN OF ALEXANDRIA

• St. Anselm defended the existence of God through

reason
• Such a being must really exist, for the very idea of such
a being implies its existence

ST. ANSELM

• St. Augustine – Such a being, he argued must really exist for

the very idea of such a being implies its existence
• “De Trinitate”

ST. AUGUSTINE

EXTEND

Let’s expand our knowledge!

Aside from the people discussed recently, name other philosophers and thinkers that
created influential ideas to science, technology and society during the ancient times.

Thinker/Philosopher 3 Word Billboard or #Summary

PYTHAGORAS
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Thinker/Philosopher Three-Word Billboard or #Summary

ARCHIMEDES

ERATOSTHENES

ROGER BACON

ST. THOMAS AQUINAS

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Main Ideas Supporting Facts

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EVALUATE

Let’s test your knowledge!

To wrap up the whole lesson, answer the following questions with the best of your
abilities.

Technology Timeline!
Think of a technology discovered/invented during the prehistoric time, draw and label
in the flow chart on how it was developed through time and made human life easier
compared to its precursor invention. The last box will be “what it will be in the future”
depending on your personal creative prediction.
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It’s time for reflection!

“The only true wisdom is knowing you know nothing.”- Socrates

Let’s ponder!
Socratic Method is a one way to develop critical thinking. Give 3 actual examples or
scenarios that uses the Socratic method and describe briefly

Let’s be Artistic!
Create a leaflets or pamphlets presenting 3 to 5 philosophers and thinkers with their
contribution to science, technology and society.

Note: Your output must be uploaded to our FB social group only. You can send by
soft copy (word docs or PDF).
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REFERENCES
• Abualrob, M., & Daniel, E. (2011). The Delphi technique in identifying learning objectives
for the development of science, technology and society modules for Palestinian ninth
grade science curriculum, International Journal of Science Education,
DOI:10.1080/09500693.2011.610381

• Abualrob, M. (2011a). Science, technology and society (STS) elements inventory for
Palestinian society. Paper presented at the International Conference on Sustainable
Development (OIDA) (December 5-7), Putrajaya, Malaysia.

• Abualrob, M. (2011b). Paper presented at the International Conference on Sustainable

Development (OIDA) (December 5-7), Putrajaya, Malaysia.

• Abualrob, M. (2011c). The effects of STS modules on science achievements and

attitudes toward science. Paper presented at the E-Learn 2011-- World Conference on E-
Learning in Corporate, Government, Healthcare, and Higher Education (October 17-21),
Hawaii, USA.

• Andersson, B. (2000). National evaluation for the improvement of science teaching. In R.

Millar, J. Leach, & J. Osborne (Eds.), Improving science education: The contribution of
research (pp. 62-78). Birmingham, UK: Open University Press.

• Dick, W., & Carey, L. (1996). The systematic design of instruction (4th ed.). New York,
NY: HarperCollins.

• Dick, W., Carey, L., & Carey, J. O. (2001). The systematic design of instruction (5th ed.).
New York, NY: Addison-Wesley.

• Bijker, W. E., Hughes, T. P., Pinch, T. and Douglas, D. G., The Social Construction of
Technological Systems: New Directions in the Sociology and History of Technology, MIT
Press, Cambridge, 2012.

• McNamara, DJ, Valverde, V.M., Beleno III, R., Science, Technology and Society, C&E
Publishing Inc., 2018

• Borbon, V, Del Cruz, M.E., Flores, R., Gerona, Z., Lee, A., College Science, Technology,
and Society., Rex Bookstore, July 2003

• Japanese Society for Science and Technology Studies Asia Pacific Science Technology
& Society Network

• Bohman, James (1998). “The Coming of Age of Deliberative Democracy”. The Journal of
Political Philosophy 6 (4): 400–425.

• Chilvers, Jason (March 2008). “Deliberating Competence, Theoretical and Practitioners

Perspectives on Effective Participatory Appraisal Practice”. Science, Technology, &
Human Values 33 (2). Retrieved April 21,2015.
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