Assignment on:

Application of Computer Graphics in

Environmental Science and
Disaster Management.

Course code: GEO 312

Course title: Computer Graphics
ID no. 1806060
Reg. no. 08187
Session: 2018-19
BSc. In Environmental Science and Disaster Management

PATUAKHALI SCIENCE AND

TECHNOLOGY UNIVERSITY
DUMKI, PATUAKHALI
CONTENTS
Serial Topics page
1 Introduction: 2
What is computer graphics?

2 Application: 3-14
Weather forecasting
Geographic information system
Satellite Image Processing
Computer-aided design for resilient
infrastructure
Tracking and forecasting cyclone
Detection of ozone layer depletion
Flood Mapping
Flood forecasting
Disaster Monitoring and Prediction
Disaster Response

3 Conclusion 14
4 References 15

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INTRODUCTION
What is computer Graphics?
User interface design, sprite graphics, rendering, ray tracing, geometry processing, computer
animation, vector graphics, 3D modeling, shaders, GPU design, implicit surfaces, visualization,
scientific computing, image processing, computational photography, scientific visualization,
computational geometry, and computer vision are a few topics in computer graphics. The
fundamental disciplines of geometry, optics, physics, and perception are substantially
incorporated into the whole process.
The task of effectively and meaningfully exhibiting art and visual data to the customer falls to
computer graphics. It is also used to process visual data that is gathered from the real world, such
as images and videos. The advancement of computer graphics has profoundly changed a variety
of media, including animation, cinema, advertising, and video games.
Typically, the phrase "computer graphics" refers to a variety of
- computer-based image representation and manipulation
- the numerous image-making and image-manipulation technologies
-techniques for digitally creating and modifying visual content
The creation of visuals with the aid of computers is known as computer graphics. Computer
graphics are a key component of digital photography, movies, video games, mobile phone and
computer displays, as well as many specialized applications, nowadays. Numerous specialized
pieces of hardware and software have been created, and computer graphics gear now powers the
majority of devices' screens. It is a recent development in computer science that is very broad.
Verne Hudson and William Fetter, computer graphics researchers at Boeing, came up with the
expression in 1960. It is frequently referred to as CG or, more commonly in the context of
movies, as computer-generated imagery (CGI). Research in computer science focuses on the
technical aspects of computer graphics.

Computer graphics are commonplace today. This type of imagery can be seen in and on
television, newspapers, weather reports, as well as in a number of medical tests and surgical
operations.Complex statistics can be presented in an easier to comprehend and interpret manner
using a well-designed graph. Such graphs are employed to show papers, reports, theses, and
other presenting materials in the media. To visualize data, a variety of technologies have been
created. Two-dimensional (2D), three-dimensional (3D), and animated graphics are the several
categories into which computer-generated imagery can be divided. Though 3D computer
graphics are more prevalent now because to advancements in technology, 2D graphics are still
commonly employed. The study of techniques for digitally synthesising and modifying visual
images has given rise to the subfield of computer science known as computer graphics.
Other specialized fields have emerged over the past ten years, such as information visualization
and scientific visualization, which are more focused on "the visualization of three-dimensional
phenomena (architectural, meteorological, medical, biological, etc.), where the emphasis is on
realistic renderings of volumes, surfaces, illumination sources, and so on, possibly with a
dynamic (time) component."

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Application of Computer Graphics and Animation in
Environmental Science and Disaster Management:
Since information and communication technology have developed so quickly, the society we live
in today is interconnected and changing quickly (ICTs). ICTs are our "collective nervous
system," according to the World Economic Forum, which describes them as having an impact on
and connecting every aspect of our life through intelligent, adaptive, and inventive solutions.
ICTs are, in fact, tools that can aid in resolving some of our economic, social, and environmental
problems as well as encourage more equitable and sustainable growth.
ICT development has the ability to greatly enhance the lives of the poor and disenfranchised, as
well as advance gender equality, by facilitating greater access to knowledge and information.
Due to their increased efficiency, transparency, and dependability, ICTs can act as a bridge to
connect individuals from various industries and nations within the area and beyond.ICTs can
serve as a bridge connecting people from different countries and sectors in the region and beyond
by providing more efficient, transparent and reliable means and platforms for communication
and cooperation.
It is essential to the connectivity that facilitates more efficient exchange of goods and services.
Success stories from Asia and the Pacific region abound: e-government initiatives are improving
access to and quality of public services, mobile phones are generating incomes and professional
opportunities for women and the voices of the vulnerable are louder than ever through the power
of social media. Yet, the digital divide in Asia and the Pacific is still seen to be one of the widest
in the world. This is evidenced by the fact that the countries of the region are placed across the
whole spectrum of the global ICT Development Index ranking. Despite the impressive
technological breakthroughs and commitments of many key players in the region, access to basic
communication is still not assured for all.

Weather forecasting
Utilizing science and technology to forecast the atmospheric conditions at a certain area and time
is known as weather forecasting. Weather forecasting has been done sporadically for millennia
and formally since the 19th century. Meteorology is used to predict how the atmosphere will
change at a certain location while quantitative data about the state of the atmosphere, land, and
ocean are gathered to provide weather forecasts.
Weather forecasting currently relies on computer-based models that take many atmospheric
parameters into account, as opposed to the manual calculations of the past that were mostly
focused on changes in barometric pressure, the current weather, and the state of the sky or cloud
cover.
Human input is still required to pick the best possible forecast model to base the forecast upon, which
involves pattern recognition skills, teleconnections, knowledge of model performance, and
knowledge of model biases. The inaccuracy of forecasting is due to the chaotic nature of the
atmosphere, the massive computational power required to solve the equations that describe the
atmosphere, the land, and the ocean, the error involved in measuring the initial conditions, and an

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incomplete understanding of atmospheric and related processes. Hence, forecasts become less
accurate as the difference between current time and the time for which the forecast is being made
(the range of the forecast) increases. The use of ensembles and model consensus help narrow the
error and provide confidence level in the forecast.

Figure: weather forecasting

There is a vast variety of end uses to weather forecasts. Weather warnings are important
forecasts because they are used to protect life and property. Forecasts based on temperature and
precipitation are important to agriculture, and therefore to traders within commodity markets.
Temperature forecasts are used by utility companies to estimate demand over coming days. On
an everyday basis, many use weather forecasts to determine what to wear on a given day. Since
outdoor activities are severely curtailed by heavy rain, snow and wind chill, forecasts can be
used to plan activities around these events, and to plan ahead and survive them.

Weather forecasting is a part of the economy, for example, in 2009, the US spent approximately
$5.1 billion on weather forecasting, producing benefits estimated at six times as much.
A weather satellite is a type of satellite that is primarily used to monitor the weather and climate
of the Earth. Satellites can be polar orbiting (covering the entire Earth asynchronously), or
geostationary (hovering over the same spot on the equator).

While primarily used to detect the development and movement of storm systems and other cloud
patterns, meteorological satellites can also detect other phenomena such as city lights, fires, effects of
pollution, auroras, sand and dust storms, snow cover, ice mapping, boundaries of ocean currents, and
energy flows. Other types of environmental information are collected using weather satellites.

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Weather satellite images helped in monitoring the volcanic ash cloud from Mount St. Helens and
activity from other volcanoes such as Mount Etna.[2] Smoke from fires in the western United
States such as Colorado and Utah have also been monitored.

El Niño and its effects on weather are monitored daily from satellite images. The Antarctic ozone
hole is mapped from weather satellite data. Collectively, weather satellites flown by the U.S.,
Europe, India, China, Russia, and Japan provide nearly continuous observations for a global
weather watch.

Geographic Information System

A geographic information system (GIS) is a conceptualized framework that provides the ability
to capture and analyse spatial and geographic data. GIS applications (or GIS apps) are computer-
based tools that allow the user to create interactive queries (user-created searches), store and edit
spatial and non-spatial data, analyze spatial information output, and visually share the results of
these operations by presenting them as maps.
Geographic information systems are utilized in multiple technologies, processes, techniques and
methods. They are attached to various operations and numerous applications, that relate to:
engineering, planning, management, transport/logistics, insurance, telecommunications, --and
business.[For this reason, GIS and location intelligence applications are at the foundation of
location-enabled services, that rely on geographic analysis and visualization.

Figure : cartography use

GIS provides the capability to relate previously unrelated information, through the use of location as
the "key index variable". Locations and extents that are found in the Earth's spacetime, are able to be
recorded through the date and time of occurrence, along with x, y, and z coordinates;

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representing, longitude (x), latitude (y), and elevation (z). All Earth-based, spatial–temporal,
location and extent references, should be relatable to one another, and ultimately, to a "real"
physical location or extent. This key characteristic of GIS, has begun to open new avenues of
scientific inquiry and studies.
Modern GIS technologies use digital information, for which various digitized data creation
methods are used. The most common method of data creation is digitization, where a hard copy
map or survey plan is transferred into a digital medium through the use of a CAD program, and
geo-referencing capabilities. With the wide availability of ortho-rectified imagery (from
satellites, aircraft, Helikites and UAVs), heads-up digitizing is becoming the main avenue
through which geographic data is extracted. Heads-up digitizing involves the tracing of
geographic data directly on top of the aerial imagery instead of by the traditional method of
tracing the geographic form on a separate digitizing tablet (heads-down digitizing).
Heads-down digitizing, or manual digitizing, uses a special magnetic pen, or stylus, that feeds
information into a computer to create an identical, digital map. Some tablets use a mouse-like
tool, called a puck, instead of a stylus. The puck has a small window with cross-hairs which
allows for greater precision and pinpointing map features. Though heads-up digitizing is more
commonly used, heads-down digitizing is still useful for digitizing maps of poor quality.
GIS data represents real objects (such as roads, land use, elevation, trees, waterways, etc.) with
digital data determining the mix. Real objects can be divided into two abstractions: discrete
objects (e.g., a house) and continuous fields (such as rainfall amount, or elevations).
Traditionally, there are two broad methods used to store data in a GIS for both kinds of
abstractions mapping references: raster images and vector. Points, lines, and polygons represent
vector data of mapped location attribute references.

Figure : Map making using GIS

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Data capture—entering information into the system—consumes much of the time of GIS
practitioners. There are a variety of methods used to enter data into a GIS where it is stored in a
digital format.
Existing data printed on paper or PET film maps can be digitized or scanned to produce digital
data. A digitizer produces vector data as an operator traces points, lines, and polygon boundaries
from a map. Scanning a map results in raster data that could be further processed to produce
vector data.

Survey data can be directly entered into a GIS from digital data collection systems on survey
instruments using a technique called coordinate geometry (COGO). Positions from a global
navigation satellite system (GNSS) like Global Positioning System can also be collected and then
imported into a GIS. A current trend in data collection gives users the ability to utilize field
computers with the ability to edit live data using wireless connections or disconnected editing
sessions.[24] This has been enhanced by the availability of low-cost mapping-grade GPS units with
decimeter accuracy in real time. This eliminates the need to post process, import, and update the data
in the office after fieldwork has been collected. This includes the ability to incorporate positions
collected using a laser rangefinder. New technologies also allow users to create maps as well as
analysis directly in the field, making projects more efficient and mapping more accurate.

Remotely sensed data also plays an important role in data collection and consist of sensors attached
to a platform. Sensors include cameras, digital scanners and lidar, while platforms usually consist of
aircraft and satellites. In England in the mid 1990s, hybrid kite/balloons called helikites first
pioneered the use of compact airborne digital cameras as airborne geo-information systems. Aircraft
measurement software, accurate to 0.4 mm was used to link the photographs and measure the ground.
Helikites are inexpensive and gather more accurate data than aircraft. Helikites can be used over
roads, railways and towns where unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) are banned.

Recently aerial data collection has become more accessible with miniature UAVs and drones.
For example, the Aeryon Scout was used to map a 50-acre area with a ground sample distance of
1 inch (2.54 cm) in only 12 minutes.

The majority of digital data currently comes from photo interpretation of aerial photographs.
Soft-copy workstations are used to digitize features directly from stereo pairs of digital
photographs. These systems allow data to be captured in two and three dimensions, with
elevations measured directly from a stereo pair using principles of photogrammetry. Analog
aerial photos must be scanned before being entered into a soft-copy system, for high-quality
digital cameras this step is skipped.

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Satellite remote sensing provides another important source of spatial data. Here satellites use
different sensor packages to passively measure the reflectance from parts of the electromagnetic
spectrum or radio waves that were sent out from an active sensor such as radar. Remote sensing
collects raster data that can be further processed using different bands to identify objects and
classes of interest, such as land cover.

Web mining is a novel method of collecting spatial data. Researchers build a web crawler
application to aggregate required spatial data from the web.[26] For example, the exact geo-
location or the neighborhood of apartments can be collected from online real estate listing
websites.

When data is captured, the user should consider if the data should be captured with either a
relative accuracy or absolute accuracy, since this could not only influence how information will
be interpreted but also the cost of data capture.

After entering data into a GIS, the data usually requires editing, to remove errors, or further
processing. For vector data it must be made "topologically correct" before it can be used for
some advanced analysis. For example, in a road network, lines must connect with nodes at an
intersection. Errors such as undershoots and overshoots must also be removed. For scanned
maps, blemishes on the source map may need to be removed from the resulting raster. For
example, a fleck of dirt might connect two lines that should not be connected.

Satellite Image Processing

Satellite Image Processing is an important field in research and development and consists of the
images of earth and satellites taken by the means of artificial satellites. Firstly, the photographs

Figure: Satellite Image Processing

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are taken in digital form and later are processed by the computers to extract the information.
Statistical methods are applied to the digital images and after processing the various discrete
surfaces are identified by analyzing the pixel values.
The satellite imagery is widely used to plan the infrastructures or to monitor the environmental
conditions or to detect the responses of upcoming disasters.
In broader terms we can say that the Satellite Image Processing is a kind of remote sensing
which works on pixel resolutions to collect coherent information about the earth surface.

Computer-aided design for resilient infrastructure

Computer-aided design (CAD) is the use of computers (or workstations) to aid in the creation,
modification, analysis, or optimization of a design. This software is used to increase the
productivity of the designer, improve the quality of design, improve communications through
documentation, and to create a database for manufacturing. Designs made through CAD software
are helpful in protecting products and inventions when used in patent applications. CAD output
is often in the form of electronic files for print, machining, or other manufacturing operations.
The term CADD (for computer aided design and drafting) is also used.
Its use in designing electronic systems is known as electronic design automation (EDA). In
mechanical design it is known as mechanical design automation (MDA) or computer-aided
drafting (CAD), which includes the process of creating a technical drawing with the use of
computer software.

Figure : Computer Aided Design

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CAD software for mechanical design uses either vector-based graphics to depict the objects of
traditional drafting, or may also produce raster graphics showing the overall appearance of
designed objects. However, it involves more than just shapes. As in the manual drafting of
technical and engineering drawings, the output of CAD must convey information, such as
materials, processes, dimensions, and tolerances, according to application-specific conventions.
CAD may be used to design curves and figures in two-dimensional (2D) space; or curves,
surfaces, and solids in three-dimensional (3D) space.
CAD is an important industrial art extensively used in many applications, including automotive,
shipbuilding, and aerospace industries, industrial and architectural design, prosthetics, and many
more. CAD is also widely used to produce computer animation for special effects in movies,
advertising and technical manuals, often called DCC digital content creation. The modern
ubiquity and power of computers means that even perfume bottles and shampoo dispensers are
designed using techniques unheard of by engineers of the 1960s. Because of its enormous
economic importance, CAD has been a major driving force for research in computational
geometry, computer graphics (both hardware and software), and discrete differential geometry.
The design of geometric models for object shapes, in particular, is occasionally called computer-
aided geometric design (CAGD).

Tracking and forecasting cyclone

Tropical cyclones both in the Northern and Southern Hemisphere have a tendency to migrate
slowly westward. The general circulation of the Earth's atmosphere is mostly responsible for
their movements. The trade winds, which are surface winds in the tropics that blow from east to
west, are what cause tropical cyclones to move in a general westward direction. Two more
elements also contribute to the poleward movement.. One is the presence of large-scale regions
of

Figure : Formation of Tropical cyclone

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Subtropical highs, or sinking air, are seen across the oceans to the pole of the trade winds.
Because of the anticyclonic (clockwise in the Northern Hemisphere and counterclockwise in the
Southern) circulation of these high atmospheric pressure areas, winds on their western edges go
in the direction of the poles. The Coriolis force, which grows steadily stronger at higher latitudes,
is the second factor.

A tropical cyclone's diameter is large enough for the Coriolis force to have a stronger influence
on its poleward side, which causes the tropical cyclone to be deflected in the direction of the
pole. A tropical cyclone starts to move eastward as it crosses the subtropical high and advances
poleward of it, aided by the middle-latitude westerlies (which blow toward the east).
When the motion of a tropical cyclone changes from westward to eastward, the tropical cyclone
is said to recurve.
Tropical cyclones in the Northern Hemisphere can travel to higher latitudes than in the Southern
Hemisphere because of the presence of warm clockwise oceanic currents such as the Kuroshio
and the Gulf Stream. In the North Atlantic the warm waters of the Gulf Stream supply energy to
hurricanes as they move along the east coast of the United States, allowing them to survive for a
longer time. It is not uncommon for very intense tropical systems to make landfall as far north as
Boston (42° Ν). On the other hand, hurricanes do not make landfall on the west coast of the
United States even though prevailing winds over the North Pacific Ocean move eastward toward
land. Instead, they tend to weaken rapidly as they recurve because they are moving over cooler
ocean waters.

Detection of Ozone layer depletion

Ozone depletion consists of two related events observed since the late 1970s: a steady lowering
of about four percent in the total amount of ozone in Earth's atmosphere (the ozone layer), and a
much larger springtime decrease in stratospheric ozone around Earth's polar regions.The latter
phenomenon is referred to as the ozone hole. There are also springtime polar tropospheric ozone
depletion events in addition to these stratospheric events.

Figure : Detection of ozone layer depletion.

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Scientists have attributed ozone depletion to the increase of man-made (anthropogenic) halogen
compounds from CFCs by combining observational data with computer models. These complex
chemistry transport models (e.g. SLIMCAT, CLaMS—Chemical Lagrangian Model of the
Stratosphere) work by combining measurements of chemicals and meteorological fields with
chemical reaction rate constants. They identify key chemical reactions and transport processes
that bring CFC photolysis products into contact with ozone.
The main causes of ozone depletion and the ozone hole are manufactured chemicals, especially
manufactured halocarbon refrigerants, solvents, propellants, and foam-blowing agents
(chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), HCFCs, halons), referred to as ozone-depleting substances (ODS).
These compounds are transported into the stratosphere by turbulent mixing after being emitted
from the surface, mixing much faster than the molecules can settle. Once in the stratosphere, they
release atoms from the halogen group through photo dissociation, which catalyze the breakdown
of ozone (O3) into oxygen (O2).Both types of ozone depletion were observed to increase as
emissions of halocarbons increased.
Ozone depletion and the ozone hole have generated worldwide concern over increased cancer risks
and other negative effects. The ozone layer prevents most harmful wavelengths of ultraviolet (UV)
light from passing through the Earth's atmosphere. These wavelengths cause skin cancer, sunburn,
permanent blindness, and cataracts, which were projected to increase dramatically as a result of
thinning ozone, as well as harming plants and animals. These concerns led to the adoption of the
Montreal Protocol in 1987, which bans the production of CFCs, halons, and other ozone-depleting
chemicals. Now a days satellite imageries are used for detection of layer depletion.

Flood Mapping
Flood maps show a community’s risk of flooding. Specifically, flood maps show a community’s
flood zone, floodplain boundaries, and base flood elevation.
Flood mapping data will still be necessary and essential for communities because of the important
role that the Special Flood Hazard Areas (SFHA) serves for NFIP participating communities.

Additionally, Flood Insurance Rate Maps (FIRMs) will continue to be used for mandatory
purchase requirements, building code requirements, and floodplain management requirements, as
they have always been the backbone of those programs, but will no longer be the most
significant factor. We use different mapping software to make the 3D model of flood maps.

Flood forecasting
Flood forecasting is the use of forecasted precipitation and streamflow data in rainfall-runoff and
streamflow routing models to forecast flow rates and water levels for periods ranging from a few
hours to days ahead, depending on the size of the watershed or river basin.Flood forecasting can
also make use of forecasts of precipitation in an attempt to extend the lead-time available.

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Figure: Flood Forecasting system
Flood forecasting is an important component of flood warning, where the distinction between the
two is that the outcome of flood forecasting is a set of forecast time-profiles of channel flows or
river levels at various locations, while "flood warning" is the task of making use of these
forecasts to tell decisions on warnings of floods.
Real-time flood forecasting at regional area can be done within seconds by using the technology
of artificial neural network. Effective real-time flood forecasting models could be useful for early
warning and disaster prevention.

Disaster Monitoring and Prediction

Remote sensing and GIS have become integrated, well-developed and successful tools in disaster
preparedness in the form of monitoring, forecasting, predicting, measuring and mapping of
various impending disaster events and helping disseminate early warning. Satellites offer
accurate, frequent and almost instantaneous data over large areas anywhere in the world. When a
disaster strikes, remote sensing is often the only way to view what is happening on the ground.

Disaster Response
For people who are caught up in emergency situations, the need for information is often acute.
Frequently, they are separated from their families, lack shelter and adequate food and are scared and
confused by the events occurring around them. Programming tailored to the needs of such people can
provide an essential information lifeline. – Department for International Development, United
Kingdom16 Following the 2004 tsunami, a large number of people expressed their dismay that they
did not have enough information about aid and aid processes. For some, this meant they felt they did
not have or understand options. During the immediate aftermath of a disaster, the information people
need is simple: What just happened and where are their family members and

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friends? However, over time other equally critical information needs emerge. For example,
people may need to know the location of food and water, how to access hospitals in the area,
how to prevent disease or ascertain the timeline for receiving compensation. In other words,
people begin to want to know what relief, services and compensation are available to them.
Therefore, expectation management through effective communication is vital during any
emergency situation whereas ineffective communication at this stage is likely to create false
expectations and misunderstandings about what assistance is forthcoming and about the role of
the actors, including government and other aid agencies, in question

CONCLUSION
Computer graphics are found in almost every industry; individuals in all demographic,
geographic, racial, political, and religious groups benefit from them. When picking up a
magazine or newspaper, watching television, going to the movies, or taking a drive down the
street, images produced by computer graphics are seen.
Computer graphics are used because they add color, excitement, and visual stimulation to media.
They are aesthetically appealing and informative. Newspapers, magazines, brochures and
reports, billboards, posters, art prints, greeting cards, and postcards incorporate digital graphics.
Several movies, including Who Framed Roger Rabbit?, Toy Story, and Stuart Little have
received recognition for their innovative use of digital effects and/or animation. Video games use
advanced digital graphics. Scientists use computer visualizations to simulate animal movements,
thunderstorms, and galaxy formation. Visual simulation is also used in training programs where
people learn how to drive or fly. Physicians are able to see digital graphical representations of
computerized axial tomography scan data that aid in diagnosis and treatment. Architects and
product designers use computer-aided design programs to draw graphical representations of their
designs. Graphic designers create digital illustrations on the computer. Across the World Wide
Web computer graphics are shared around the globe.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weather_forecasting
o tropical cyclone - Tracking and forecasting |
Britannicahttps://www.britannica.com/science/tropical-cyclone/Tracking-and-
forecasting
o Ozone depletion - Wikipediahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ozone_depletion
o ozone depletion | Facts, Effects, & Solutions |
Britannicahttps://www.britannica.com/science/ozone-depletion
o Computer-aided design - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer-
aided_designg
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o Disaster preparedness | IFRC https://www.ifrc.org/disaster-preparedness
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https://floodresilience.net/why-conduct-flood-mapping/
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