Science, Technology, and Society

Study Guide 1 – General Concepts in Society, Technology, and Society

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LEARNING Are you now ready? Prepare yourself to be

driven to explore the technological
OBJECTIVES developments that have an impact globally.

At the end of this module, you should be able to:

a. define Science & Technology;

ACTIVATING
PRIOR KNOWLEDGE
b. write the effect of science & technology in the
society and to the environment Do a search for a technology being made with gradual
improvements and say something about the difference
c. identify the technological development in between these products to our modern time. Paste the
different eras; image of that technology.

d. state the impact of these technological ___________________________________________________

development in this era; and ___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
e. discuss some important inventions in the ___________________________________________________
Philippine setting.
Before we proceed to the discussion, in your own
words, define briefly Science & Technology in 2-3
TOPIC sentences.
OUTLINE
___________________________________________________
1. Lesson 1. The Concepts Science & Technology ___________________________________________________
and its global impact to the society ___________________________________________________
2. Lesson 2. Ancient Era ___________________________________________________
3. Lesson 3. Medieval Era ___________________________________________________
4. Lesson 4. Modern Era ___________________________________________________
5. Lesson 5. Philippine Inventions

LESSON 1
OVERVIEW The Concepts Science & Technology and its Global
In Lesson 1, entitled “The Concepts Science & Impact to the Society
Technology and its global impact on society,” it
discusses the meaning of science & technology and Science may be defined as the system of knowledge
how it affects human society and the environment. of the natural world gained through the scientific
method. It was originally called “Philosophy of the
In lessons 2-4, you will explore the further Natural World” since it stemmed from the Greeks’
development of technology in a different period. You desire to know about nature. These philosophers of
can imagine how these technological developments nature tend to:
shape human society and the world we live in.
a) understand the natural world; and
In lesson 5, we can also name some Filipino scientists
that contribute inventions in the Philippines. b) can name and classify the objects found in nature
was seen as the first step towards knowledge.

Module 1 – Science, Technology, and Society | Page 1 of 12

The scientific search for truth & Chemistry and its Cosmetics _________________
early on recognized the advantages & disadvantages.
usefulness of language and For you, fill in the remaining
its ability to describe, blank, write the appropriate
Condiments
classify, and explain the answer corresponds to each
different objects of study. technology.
No more identity differences
Science is a systematized
Processed foods Fabrics
body of knowledge based on
facts gathered through Costly
observation and
experimentation formulated LEARNING Mass production of animals
by theories and laws. ACTIVITY 1 and plants _________________

Technology comes from the The table below gives the Fraternal
Greek words “tekhne” technology with three areas identification
It can be led to addiction
meaning “art or craft” and “- Biology:
logia,” meaning a “subject of It can cause allergy
_________________
interest.” Taken together, the Cloning
term has come to mean
“practical applications of _________________
Cure different illnesses
what we know about nature”
using the scientific principles DNA testing Boost one’s self confident
for the betterment of the
_________________
human situation.
GMO products Chemistry _________________
The table below gives the
technology with three areas Medicine _________________
of Science; Physics, Biology
_________________

of Science; Physics, Biology & Chemistry and its

advantages & disadvantages. Examples are done for
you, fill in the remaining blank, write the LESSON 2
appropriate answer corresponds to each PREHISTORIC ERA
technology.
1. Prehistoric Attitudes Toward Nature. At this period,
early technologies and tools for survival and for
Technology Advantages Disadvantages Physics: obtaining necessities for life, evidence of practical
knowledge of the science of prehistoric men
manifested in certain practices in agriculture, fishing,
Vehicles _________________ sick. There are five They are particular in the
prehistoric ages: the ice content of oral tradition,
ages, the Paleolithic Age, the fluidity, and continuing
Mobile phone Appliances Contribute to air pollution
Neolithic Age, the bronze evolution as features of oral
age, and the iron age, which tradition which made
Mode for easy _________________ is the discovery and the use transmission of ideas and
transportation of metals. beliefs a difficult problem; the
invention of writing greatly
_______________ __ 2. Oral Tradition is the only helped in the development of
_________________ hunting, and healing of the means of communication. science such as:
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a. Pictographs – a written sign which stood for the That is the reason why people need to form of
object itself technology that would enable them to increase food
supplies and other survival needs without them
b. Lopograms – a word sign created for important traveling more or working harder.
words
As they discovered new places, the development of
c. Syllabic writing – a sign for every word or syllable, weapons and armors for their security and protection.
(1500 BC)
The primary challenge they faced was the
d. Alphabetic writing – a sign for each sound, (800 BC) conservation of life. Different illnesses and diseases,
both natural and human-made, hampered the full
potential of a human being. Given this predicament,
science and technology played a significant role in the
discovery of cures, if not, the prevention of illnesses.

II. COMMUNICATION was also essential in their

LESSON 3 endeavors to discover and occupy new places. They
ANCIENT ERA
needed a way to communicate with natives of the
In ancient times, people were concerned with areas they visited so as to facilitate trade and prevent
transportation & navigation, communication, and possible conflicts. Record-keeping was also crucial
record-keeping, mass production, security, and since they needed to remember the places they had
protection as well as health, aesthetics, and been to and document the trade they made with each
architecture. Now, let us see the importance of these other. It was also vital to keep records of their history
concerns of people during this era. and culture so they could establish their identities as
they tried to relate with other cultures and civilizations.
I. TRANSPORTATION was significant during that time
because people were trying to go to places and III. ENGINEERING The development of this field
discover new horizons. However, navigation assisted allowed humans to build structures that would
them in their journeys to unfamiliar and strange areas address their specific needs and wants. Some of the
in the world, and it allowed them to return home after structures built during the ancient times still exist
they discovered new places or completed an essential today and continually awe people.
trade with another group of people. Here, they will use
IV. ARCHITECTURE might see as a mere style, but
an important tool to navigate places before they
during ancient times, elaborate architectural designs
returned home.
were signs of technological advancements of a
particular civilization.
There are reasons why they go to places using
transportation; for them to (1) Search for food and find
V. AESTHETIC People were not contented on
better locations for their settlements and (2) Trade beautifying only their infrastructures and
their surplus goods in exchange for things that they surroundings. They discovered that people looked
lacked necessities. more visually presentable and appealing by adding
some features and decorations in their bodies.
This condition implied that people must be able to
produce food at a given time and space since The following civilizations will tackle the different
resources were getting scarcer as more people significant technological advancements during the
struggled to share the basic necessities. ancient times. It will continue to describe the gradual
application of knowledge up to contemporary time.
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SUMERIAN CIVILIZATION dikes and canals, the Sumerians enjoyed year-
long farming and harvesting, which increased
Sumeria is located on the southernmost tip of ancient their food production.
Mesopotamia. Sumerians are known for their high
degree of cooperation with one another and their e. SAILBOATS. Another challenge for Sumerians
desire for great things. This desire pushed them to was the mode of transportation. Why? The
develop many things connected with science and wheel was not yet invented; the primary
technology. transportation mode was through waterways
such as rivers and seas.
a. CUNEIFORM. The Sumerian developed the first
writing system. It is a system that utilizes word
pictures & triangular symbols that are carved on These became essential for transportation
clay using wedge instruments & then left to dry. and trading as well in fostering their culture,
Keep records of things with great historical value information, and technology.
or their everyday life.
f. WHEEL. Sumerians were able to invent the
b. URUK CITY. It is considered a great wonder not wheel. The first wheel is not intended for
only because it is considered the first city in the transportation but farm and food processes.
world but also for the way it was erected. With the use of the wheel and axle, mass
Sumerians built this city with a big challenge production was made more accessible.
because of using only mud or clay from the river, Farmers were able to mill grains with less
which they mixed with reeds, producing sunbaked effort in less time.
bricks.
g. PLOW. This was another technology invention
c. GREAT ZIGGURAT OF UR. The Ziggurat of Ur is a by the Mesopotamians. This technology
Neo-Sumerian ziggurat in Ur near Nasiriyah, in enabled them to dig the ground where seeds
would be planted.
present-day Dhi Qar Province, Iraq. The structure
was built during the Early Bronze Age. However, it
had crumbled to ruins by the 6th century BCE of h. ROADS. Sumerian developed the first road to
the Neo-Babylonian period when King Nabonidus facilitate faster and more comfortable travel.
restored it. Ziggurat is called the mountain of god, They made the roads with the same
was built in the same manner that they technology they used to make the sunbaked
constructed the City of Uruk. Ziggurat served as bricks that they laid down on the ground. The
latter poured bitumen, a black sticky
the sacred place of their chief god.
substance similar to asphalt, to smoothens
the roads.
d. IRRIGATION & DIKES. As the population
increased, they made the demand for food. To “Ruins of Ur” by M. Lubinski is licensed
mass production of food but the elements in under CC BY-SA
the environment seemed uncooperative.
Difficult to get water from the rivers; thus, they
could not maintain farmlands. The scarcity of
water supply while others had problems with
flooding caused by the river.

Sumerians created dikes & irrigation canal to

bring water to farmlands and, at the same
time, control the flooding of the rivers. This
method was considered as one of the world’s
most beneficial engineering works. Through

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BABYLONIAN CIVILIZATION

Babylonian civilization emerged near the Tigris and

Euphrates Rivers.

They were great builders, engineers, and architects.

The Hanging Gardens of Babylon, one of the seven
wonders of the ancient world. King Nebuchadnezzar II
built for his wife, Queen Amytis. But there was no b. HIEROGLYPHICS .
evidence to prove its existence, and even the exact
location is unknown. It also lacked documentation or
archeological evidence. It is a system of writing using symbols by the
Egyptian Civilization.
If it is true, this may be considered one of the most
significant engineering and architectural
achievements of the world that cannot be replicated.

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE SOCIETY. The use of the

unit of length, weight and capacity, multiplication
tables, geometry and land surveying, systematic
“
measurement of time, astronomical observations,
astrology.
Temple of Kom Ombo: hieroglyphs” by Encyclopædia
Britannica is licensed under CC0
EGYPTIAN CIVILIZATION
c. WATER CLOCK/CLEPSYDRA. - Developed from
Another civilization famous for its legacy and located
the reign of King Amenhotep III (1390- 1352
in North Africa. Engineering feats regarding the
BC). It is made of alabaster and was probably
infrastructures established by the pharaohs.
used for indicating the passage of hours of
the night.
Other technologies include:

a. PAPYRUS. One of the contributions of Egyptian In use, the vessel was filled with water, which
by developing a system of writing. Before, clay leaked out slowly from a small hole near the
tablets were used; however, safe keeping and bottom. The time is indicated by the water
transporting them were major problems. level in the vessel, which is shaped so that it
falls at a uniform rate. It was customary to
Reasons: Clay tablets were very fragile, heavy, divide the period of daylight and darkness
and delicate to handle (major challenge to into twelve `hours, ` which thus varied with
bring one place to another). the seasons. The inside of the vessel has
twelve scales, each marked with the name of
The invention of papyrus or paper was a the month.
welcome development. Its advantages were
the following: it was easy to carry and to d. COSMETICS. - This was for both health &
store; less breakable; and better for record aesthetics reasons.
keeping and communication.

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Kohl wore around the eyes to prevent and e. WIGS. Wigs were worn for health and wellness
even cure eye diseases. It is made of mixing rather than aesthetic purposes. This is
soot with mineral galena. Wearing up as protecting the shaved of the wealthy Egyptian
protection from evil and that beauty was a from the harmful rays of the sun. It is also
sign of holiness.
better than putting on a scarf since a wig distinguished by handwritten, sequential
allowed heat to escape. pages bound together and enclosed between
a case (that is, cover) to form a single,
portable unit of reading material. These early
GREEK CIVILIZATION books replaced scrolls but pre-date the
invention of the mechanical printing press.
In-depth works of the Greek Civilization are philosophy (wikipedia.org)
and mathematics, coliseums and the Olympics.

a. ALARM CLOCK. This was invented to tell an Besides Romans writing down information
individual when to stop or when to start. They about history and politics, literature also
used water (small stones or sand) that changed from clay tablets to parchment
dropped into drums, which sounded like an papers.
alarm.
According to sources, Julius Caesar started
Plato used this alarm clock to signal the start the tradition of stacking up papyrus to form a
of his lesson. He used four water vessels to book's pages. Later on, they were able to
line up vertically. The upper vessel supplied provide covers to protect the papyrus.
the water, which dropped to the vessel below
it, set to be filled in a given time. After it was These covers were made up of wax until later
full, water was siphoned off at a faster rate on, replaced by animal skin.
into the third vessel, which would cause the
expulsion of contained air, creating a whistling The ancient Roman empire was able to
noise. produce the first books or CODEX.

The importance of the invention of papers are (1) it

b. WATER MILL. It is commonly used in
became easier for civilizations to write down
agricultural processes like milling of grains, a
everything and (2) record-keeping was much easier.
necessary form of food processing.
c. ROMAN ARCHITECTURE. One of the most
visual contributions of the ancient Roman
ROMAN CIVILIZATION
Empire to the world.
It was perceived to be the strongest political and
social entity in the West. d. ROMAN NUMERALS. Number systems had
already been established before the Roman
Discoveries and inventions are still relevant today. In Numeral. These old systems could not keep
the early Roman civilization, they produced: up with the high calculation requirements.
a. NEWSPAPERS. the first newspapers known as
gazettes. It contains announcements of the They have devised their number system
Roman empire. specifically to address the need for a standard
counting method.
b. BOUND BOOKS or CODEX. A codex is

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CHINESE CIVILIZATION a. SILK. They developed the technology to harvest
the silk and process it to produced paper and
It is considered to be the oldest civilization in Asia. clothing. Silk production resulted in the
Also known as the middle kingdom. It was famous creation of a product for trade.
because of the silk trade, tea production, the Great
Wall of China, gunpowder. b. TEA PRODUCTION. This is a beverage produced
by pouring hot or boiling water over crushed or with the collapse of Roman civilization and the
shredded dried tea leaves. The first tea was conquest of Europe by Germanic tribes. There is a
drunk by the Chinese Emperor. shortage of currency; the industry, agriculture,
commerce, and trade ceased to be active and
c. GREAT WALL OF CHINA. - This human-made productive; wars caused many deaths among the
structure is the largest and most extensive nobles and military leaders.
infrastructure that the nation created. It is
made of stone, brick, wood, earth, and other Important events happen during this era, including: the
materials. Arabic conquest of Asiatic countries, Islamic science,
and the Dark Ages: translation of Greek words into
Arabic.
d. GUNPOWDER. One of the most interesting
inventions in China. It was developed by
Renaissance (14th-16th century)
Chinese alchemists who aimed to achieve
immortality. It is mixed with charcoal, sulfur, During this era, the technological developments and
and potassium nitrate. However, instead of inventions increases due to the different scientists
creating an elixir of life, they accidentally arise such as the revival of European culture,
invented a black powder that could generate particularly in Italy, retranslation of Greek words into
large amounts of heat and gas. Latin, rediscovery of Aristotle's works and other Greek
writing, paper making, geographical discoveries and
Instead of prolonging life, gunpowder is widely navigation, the establishment of modern universities,
used to propel bullets from guns and cannons, economic growth, increased wealth and opportunities
causing countless deaths. and population growth and the revival of culture and
interest in scientific pursuit.

LESSON 4 The Rise of Modern Science

MEDIEVAL OR MIDDLE AGES
The publication of Copernicus's work on the
Welcome to the medieval era. This is the start of the Revolution of the Heavenly Bodies in 1543 started the
middle ages marred by massive invasions and scientific revolution. Galileo and other scientists
migrations. promoted his ideas. This is the start of the rise of
Middle Ages modern science. Many discoveries and instruments
were developed and refined to enable scientists to
This refers to a thousand years between the fall of pursue their investigations.
ancient civilization and the rise of the Italian
Renaissance (476 – 1550 AD). It is sometimes Such inventions being produced:
referred to as the "Dark Ages" because the ancient
world's cultural and political traditions were eclipsed a. PRINTING PRESS. The first printing press was
developed by Johann Gutenberg.

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b. MICROSCOPE. Zacharias Janssen invented the instrument that helps observe remote objects,
first microscope. was an excellent help for navigators.

c. TELESCOPE. Middle ages were also known as Together with the telescope, the inventions of
the Age of Exploration, the need of nautical the compass, oars, and rudders made sea
inventions was high. traveling more manageable and safer.

This invention of the telescope, an optical d. War weapons.

• 3,000 BC when pottery was flourished. • Metal

LESSON 5 tools and implements (copper, gold, bronze, and,

MODERN TIMES later, iron) during the second or third century B.C.

to the tenth century A.D. • Weaving cotton,

During the 19th century onwards demanded that more
goods be produced at a faster and easier. smelting iron, making pottery and glass
ornaments, and agriculture by the first century
Machines that required animals to operate thus be A.D.
upgraded.
CHINESE ERA
Food processing and medicine posed some of the
more significant challenges since health was of great • Built boats for coastal trade by the tenth century
concern.
A.D. (porcelain, beeswax, cotton, authentic
Faster and more comfortable means to communicate pearls, iron pots, iron needles, and tin, etc.)
and compute should be developed to establish • Regular trade relations with the Chinese had
connections between and among nations
been well established during the tenth to the
Significant inventions, include: 15th AD.
• Hindu-Buddhist, Malay-Sanskrit, and Arab Muslim
a. Pasteurization – Louis Pasteur
Cultural and technological influences spread
b. Petroleum Refinery – Samuel M. Kier c.
to the Philippines.
Telephone – Alexander Graham Bell d.
Calculator

SPANISH ERA
LESSON 6
HISTORY AND PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE IN THE Beginnings of modern science and technology
PHILIPPINES
• Mining, jewelry making, agriculture, winemaking,
EARLY AGES (STONE AGE AND IRON AGE)
cloth weaving.

• Early settlements can be traced around 50,000 • Learned to make and use modern artillery, the
system of writing and weights and measures.
years ago in Palawan and Batangas. • Early simple
• Established schools, hospitals and started
tools or weapons of stone flakes.
scientific research.
• Techniques for sawing, drilling, and polishing
• Religious orders in the conquest and
hard stones for about 40,000 years.
colonization of the archipelago.

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AMERICAN REGIME
• Economic trade (Galleon Trade) adopted by the
colonial government, reduction of agriculture,
boom in shipbuilding. • Science and technology in the Philippines
advanced rapidly
• Reduccion as the new government, convents,
collection of tax. • Extensive public education system; the granting
of scholarships in science and engineering.
• System of education including pharmacy and
medicine, natural sciences. • Higher professional education; industrial and
vocational education.
• University of Sto. Tomas was founded.
• Proliferation of private schools.
Filipinos have resorted to using candles and
• University of the Philippines was established. •
kerosene lamps, but they carry certain risks as
Bureau of Science and other science they are fire hazards. Solar power is also
organizations and agencies. welcome development but too expensive for
• Remaining primarily as an exporter of crops and ordinary Filipinos.
raw materials and an importer of American
AISA MIJENO, a young Filipina, was able to
manufactured goods.
invent a lighting system that utilizes a material
PHILIPPINE INVENTIONS abundant in the Philippines – saltwater.

Despite being considered a developing country, the She invented the Sustainable Alternative
Philippines also contributes to the global LighTING (SALt) LAMP. It is an environment
advancement of science and technology. friendly light source that runs on saltwater.
Safer as it poses no risk of fire and emits no
The Philippines is known to be one of the most toxic gases.
vulnerable countries in terms of natural disasters.
Many of the Filipinos' discoveries and inventions were
Aside from People live from coastal areas, it
built from indigenous materials or created to adapt to
may also benefit those from far-flung barrios
the harsh tropical environment.
because they can make their saltwater lamp
a. UPGRADING OF VEHICLES. Examples: by mixing two tablespoons of salt and a glass
conversion of American military jeeps used in of tap water.
World War II into jeepneys.
c. MEDICAL INCUBATOR. DR. FE DEL MUNDO, a
Innovation of a sidecar to a motorcycle, Filipino pediatrician and the first Asian woman
transforming it into a tricycle to accommodate admitted into Harvard Medical School, devised
more passengers. a medical incubator made from indigenous
and cheap materials that did not run on
electricity.
SALAMANDER AMPHIBIOUS TRICYCLE was
invented that can cross not only flooded
streets but also rivers and lakes. The incubator was made by placing a native
laundry basket inside a bigger one. Hot water
bottles were inserted between the baskets to
Dominic N. Chung & Lamberto Armada, with
provide warmth and a makeshift hood to allow
Chief designer Victor Llave, innovates this
oxygen circulation.
vehicle to solve a flooded street.

b. SALT LAMP. One of the significant needs in the Its purpose is to maintain conditions suitable
for a newborn, usually pre-term babies.
Philippines, as a developing nation, is
electrification.

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d. MOSQUITO OVICIDAL/LARVICIDAL TRAP changed the transportation industry in the
SYSTEM. In 2010, the Department of Science Philippines.
and technology-Industrial Technology
Development Institute (DOST-ITDI) introduced The diesel-powered jeepney produces large
the Mosquito Ovicidal/larvicidal trap system, quantities of black smoke. It is usually a
also known as the O.L. trap. This trap system significant contributor to noise pollution due
I.S. made of natural ingredients lethal to to its primitive exhaust system.
mosquito but safe for humans and the
environment. To counter these disadvantages, the e jeepney
was developed. This modern type of vehicle
e. E-JEEPNEY. A significant innovation that
utilizes electricity instead of the more 3. Present your project in class. Conclude your
expensive diesel. report by discussing how these information
impacted the people and society when they
It is environment-friendly since it does not were made.
emit any smoke and noise. Ancient Era

1. Nimrud lens 1. Cuneiform Script

2. Kite 2. Calendar

3. Seismoscope 3. Ancient Roman

concrete
LEARNING
4. Antikythera mechanism 4. Units of Measurement
ACTIVITY 2
5. Aeolipile 5. Alphabet
STANDING ON THE SHOULDER OF THE GIANTS
6. Umbrella 6. Ink
Let us explore different eras and their significant
technological developments that shape human society 7. Rocket 7. Cataract removal
and the environment. This activity, I will divide the
class into four groups. The three groups will be 8. Baghdad battery 8. Ancient / Water clocks
assigned to each of the three periods (ancient, middle,
modern) and the last group to Philippines inventions. 9. Movable type printing 9. Roman aqueducts
Each group member should search for one great
10. Compass 10. Parabolic mirror
achievement during their assigned time, aside from
those discussed in the chapter. A list of inventions and 11. Mulberry tree bark- 11. Abacus
discoveries of each era are given below. Afterward, as a paper
accomplish the following.
1. Draw or print a picture of your chosen
achievement. As a group, collect and paste
theses inventions on a ¼ illustration board. Medieval Era
Design the board with a theme appropriate to
the assigned time. 1. Eyeglasses 1. Horseshoe

2. Tide mill 2. Wind mill

2. State the antecedent of the technology. Explain
in your own words how each invention works.
Also, identify their use and purpose. Paste the
information at the back of the illustration
board.

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10. Heavy plough 11. Air pump

3. Liquor 3. Spinning wheel

4. Hourglass 4. Medieval armor

5. Compass 5. Mechanical clock Modern Era

6. Long bow 6. Gunpowder 1. Penicillin 1. Bicycle

7. Printing press 7. Microscope 2. Smartphones 2. Steam Engine

8. Pike 8. Flush Toilet 3. Camera 3. Pasteurization

9. Weighing scale 10. Parachute 4. Computer 4. Piano

5. Spacecrafts 5. Steam locomotive 9. induced mango 9. Coconet
flowering (chemical
6. iPad 6. Nanotechnology spraying)

7. Bluetooth 7. Doppler Radar 10. DeBCC Cream 10. Eco-G3000

8. Airplane 8. Fuel Refinery

9. ATM 9. Telephone
LEARNING
10. Robots 10. Electron microscope ACTIVITY 2
11. Calculator QUESTIONS FOR REFLECTION

1. Give three other major scientific and

technological developments in the world (or in
the Philippines) that created large impact on
Philippine Inventions your daily life.

1. Karaoke 1. Quink - ink ___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________
2. 16-bit microchips 2. Fermented Fish Sauce
___________________________________________________
3. coconut oil-fueled 3. Macapuno
___________________________________________________
power generator
___________________________________________________
4. medical incubator 4. E-Jeepney
___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
5. salt lamp 5. Mosquito ___________________________________________________
Ovicidal/Larvicidal (OL)
Trap ___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
6. erythromycin -Ilosone 6. Methods of
Controlling Leprosy ___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
7. yoyo 7. Banana Catsup
___________________________________________________
8. videophone 8. Game of the Generals ___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________

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2. What historical antecedents gave rise to the

___________________________________________________ inventions you mentioned in the first
___________________________________________________ questions?
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___________________________________________________ 3. How did the developments in science and
technology shape human history?
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