History of Basketball

In the early years the number of players

on a team varied according to the number
in the class and the size of the playing
area. In 1894 teams began to play with
five on a side when the playing area was
less than 1,800 square feet (167.2 square
metres); the number rose to seven when
the gymnasium measured from 1,800 to
3,600 square feet (334.5 square metres) and up to nine when the playing area exceeded
that. In 1895 the number was occasionally set at five by mutual consent; the
rules stipulated five players two years later, and this number has remained ever since

Since Naismith and five of his original players were Canadians, it is not surprising
that Canada was the first country outside the United States to play the game. Basketball
was introduced in France in 1893, in England in 1894, in Australia, China, and India
soon thereafter, and in Japan in 1900.

While basketball helped swell the membership of YMCAs because of the availability of
their gyms, within five years the game was outlawed by various associations because
gyms that had been occupied by classes of 50 or 60 members were now monopolized by
only 10 to 18 players. The banishment of the game induced many members to terminate
their YMCA membership and to hire halls to play the game, thus paving the way to the
professionalization of the sport.

Originally, players wore one of three styles of uniforms: knee-length football trousers;

jersey tights, as commonly worn by wrestlers; or short padded pants, forerunners of
today’s uniforms, plus knee guards. The courts often were of irregular shape with
occasional obstructions such as pillars, stairways, or offices that interfered with play. In
1903 it was ruled that all boundary lines must be straight. In 1893 the Narragansett
Machinery Co. of Providence, Rhode Island, marketed a hoop of iron with a hammock
style of basket. Originally a ladder, then a pole, and finally a chain fastened to the
bottom of the net was used to retrieve a ball after a goal had been scored. Nets open at
the bottom were adopted in 1912–13. In 1895–96 the points for making a basket (goal,
or field goal) were reduced from three to two, and the points for making a free throw
(shot uncontested from a line in front of the basket after a foul had been committed)
were reduced from three to one.

Basketball is one of the world’s most basic games, with the goal of putting
the ball into the net hoop more times than the opposing team. The method
by which a person or a group does this, however, is far more difficult than it
appears at first look. Shooting, dribbling, defending, rebounding, and
passing are among the most significant abilities in the game of basketball.
Aside from these basketball-specific talents, agility, acrobatic ability, speed,
and endurance are all valuable assets in the game. For instance, without the
capacity to jump, one cannot be excellent at rebounding or defending, just
as a player who is not the fastest will probably not be as strong at defense
as somebody who is. Each basketball attribute can be improved, and the
strategies used to do so outweigh the game’s primary skills by a factor of a
hundred. At all stages of the sport, practices and strategies are utilized to
instruct the game properly and develop better players.

Five Basic Skills Of Basketball Every Player

Must Know

Knowing These Skills Can Improve Your Game

Every basketball team needs players to do everything at the most significant level.
Magic Johnson, LeBron James, and Michael Jordan were all capable of handling
the ball, passing it, shooting it, rebounding it, and they play good defense alongside
the greatest of the best. 

Most basketball courts will have a spot for you if you excel in one or two of the five basic skills
of the game basketball. Aside from these basketball-specific talents, agility, leaping ability,
quickness, and stamina. 
For instance, one cannot be effective at defense and rebounding without the ability
to leap, just as a competitor who is not the fastest would most likely not be as
excellent at defense as another who is faster.
#1. Dribbling

Dribbling
All basketball players need to know how to dribble. You’ll be able to go up and
down the court, get past defenders, and total plays with this talent. Ball-handling
abilities and understanding of how to stretch your fingers for ball control are
required for proper dribbling. 
It is also advantageous if you can dribble with both hands effectively. The good
news is that you can work on your dribbling skills on your own. Even if you only
train for a short period, you will see considerable gains in your ball-handling
skills. 

#2. Passing

Passing
Another technique that, if learned, may help you become a great basketball player
is passing. Basketball is a team sport in which players must locate a teammate who
is available for a shot. Passing the ball to this player might mean the difference
between scoring and not scoring. Great passers are a crucial element of a
basketball team and often set up scoring opportunities. 
To send the ball to a teammate on aim and on time when under pressure, you need
a specific attitude and a certain level of awareness and intellect. There are several
passes to consider, including chest, outlet, bounce, and others.
#3. Shooting

Shooting
You may practice passing and shooting alone, just like dribbling. However, if you
have basic shooting faults, such as poor form, it is essential to have someone who
can assist you improve your shot. Otherwise, you’ll have to spend hundreds of
hours training appropriate shooting techniques. 
Shooting the ball into the hoop is scoring points in the basket. It necessitates
handling the ball properly and tossing it into the atmosphere toward the hoop while
avoiding opponents. A proper shot involves precision targeting, leg lift, and arm
extension. Jump shots, free throws, and layups are just a few of the shots you’ll
need to master. 

#4. Rebounding

Rebounding
Although height and jumping ability are advantageous, rebounding is a question of will as much
as skill. Some players possess the skill to predict where an errant shot would land, and the
muscle to keep larger opponents at bay. 
One of the keys to excellent rebounding is cutting out your opponent, often known as
rebounding. Maintain your focus and attention to be successful. 
Most players find it difficult to achieve basic basketball abilities, especially when it comes to
fundamental skills like rebounding. 
One strategy to improve this fundamental ability is to try to collect a missed shot before someone
else does or to go near where many rebounds fall in the hopes of grabbing one and keeping
possession of the ball. 
If your squad isn’t particularly adept at getting offensive skills, continue to practice! It will be
beneficial since, in a real-life game setting, every point matters.

#5. Defense

Defense
Standing close to an opponent while stopping them from going towards their
intended place on the court is an essential defensive ability. Getting past
opponents, stealing balls or controlling rebounds, blocking shots, and so on are all
examples of good scoring. 
One of the most fundamental basketball abilities is defensive skills. Because it
defends teammates from opponents’ scoring, allowing one’s team to score. 
Basketball defense is fundamental and crucial. You may practice alone or with a
partner; try to prevent the other people from reaching an item, controlling a ball, or
doing anything else. 
Sports
Basketball Rules

Basketball Rules Player Positions Basketball Strategy Basketball Glossary

Back to Sports
Back to Basketball

The rules of basketball can vary slightly depending on the level of play (for
example professional rules differ from college rules) or where the game is
played (international rules are different from USA professional rules).
These rule differences, however, are usually just variations on the basic
game of basketball and the majority of the rules discussed below can be
applied to most any game of basketball played.

The winner of a basketball game is the team with the most points. You get
points by throwing the basketball through the opponent's hoop or basket. In
regular play a basket made from within the three point line is worth 2 points
and a basket shot from outside the three point line is worth three points.
When shooting a free throw, each free throw is worth 1 point.

Rules for the offense

The basketball team on offense is the team with the basketball. When a
player has the basketball there are certain rules they must follow:

1) The player must bounce, or dribble, the ball with one hand while moving
both feet. If, at any time, both hands touch the ball or the player stops
dribbling, the player must only move one foot. The foot that is stationary is
called the pivot foot.

2) The basketball player can only take one turn at dribbling. In other words,
once a player has stopped dribbling they cannot start another dribble. A
player who starts dribbling again is called for a double-dribbling violation
and looses the basketball to the other team. A player can only start another
dribble after another player from either team touches or gains control of the
basketball. This is usually after a shot or pass.

3) The ball must stay in bounds. If the offensive team looses the ball out of
bounds the other team gets control of the basketball.

4) The players hand must be on top of the ball while dribbling. If they touch
the bottom of the basketball while dribbling and continue to dribble this is
called carrying the ball and the player will lose the ball to the other team.

5) Once the offensive team crosses half court, they may not go back into
the backcourt. This is called a backcourt violation. If the defensive team
knocks the ball into the backcourt, then the offensive team can recover the
ball legally.

Defensive Rules

The team on defense is the team without the basketball.

1) The main rule for the defensive player is not to foul. A foul is described
as gaining an unfair advantage through physical contact. There is some
interpretation that has to be made by the referee, but, in general, the
defensive player may not touch the offensive player in a way that causes
the offensive player to lose the ball or miss a shot.
Rules for everyone

1) Although the foul rule is described above as a defensive rule, it applies

exactly the same to all players on the court including offensive players.

2) Basketball players cannot kick the ball or hit it with their fist.

3) No player can touch the basketball while it is traveling downward

towards the basket or if it is on the rim. This is called goaltending. (touching
the ball on the rim is legal in some games).

Every player on the court is subject to the same rules regardless of the
position they play. The positions in basketball are just for team basketball
strategy and there are no positions in the rules.

History of Volleyball
Volleyball was invented in 1895 by William G. Morgan, physical director of the Young
Men’s Christian Association (YMCA) in Holyoke, Massachusetts. It was designed as an
indoor sport for businessmen who found the new game of basketball too vigorous.
Morgan called the sport “mintonette,” until a professor from Springfield College
in Massachusetts noted the volleying nature of play and proposed the name of
“volleyball.” The original rules were written by Morgan and printed in the first edition of
the Official Handbook of the Athletic League of the Young Men’s Christian Associations
of North America (1897). The game soon proved to have wide appeal for both sexes in
schools, playgrounds, the armed forces, and other organizations in the United States,
and it was subsequently introduced to other countries.

Basic Fundamental Skills of Volleyball

Knowledge of the basic fundamental skills of volleyball, common errors, and suggested
corrections will enable a coach to provide efficient and effective teaching and coaching
strategies for every athlete. The following are described: serving, passing (forearm underhand
passing), setting (overhead passing), attack options (hitting/spiking), blocking (from attack and
defend positions), and defensive skills (rolling & sliding).
1. Serving

Serving is the first weapon that can generate an immediate point, begin a game, or ignite
an offense. A well-placed serve (whether to a weak passer, at the setter, at the quick
attacker, or to a weak formation) that is also difficult to pass puts the opponent at a
disadvantage. Focus on correct technique and strive for success. In addition, always serve to
score points, NOT just to get the ball into the opponent’s court.
2. Passing (Forearm Underhand)
Accurate and consistent passing can result in an aggressive multiple attack. Be sure that
players are in the ready position preparing to execute the proper technique before the
serve and during a rally. The athlete must face and focus on the oncoming ball. Ensure
that the athlete’s arms and hands are in the correct position with wrists together. The
legs are a little further than shoulder width apart with feet parallel. The ball is contacted
on the forearms. Upon contact, the athlete maintains a stationary straightarm position
so that the ball rebounds off the lower part of the forearms and is directed to the target.
The knees are extended to raise the arms forward upon contact. Straightening the legs
completes the pass; the arms are behind the ball, and weight is transferred in the
direction of the pass.

3. Passing (Overhand,
Overhead or Setting) Overhead passing or setting is the next important part of the pass-
set-spike sequence for a successful attack. In fact, an excellent set from a bad pass can
still result in a “kill”. The athlete forms a triangle with the fingers and thumbs of both
hands around the ball above the forehead (thumbs do not touch). Index fingers and
thumbs form the triangle around 3 panels (18-panel ball). The elbows point slightly
forward. Feet are approximately shoulder-width apart with right foot slightly forward.
Knees are slightly bent, and body is leaning slightly forward. Eyes are focused on the
ball. The athlete receives the ball with hands on the outside of the ball. The athlete
extends the knees and straightens the arms to follow-through in the desired direction .

4. Attack (Hitting) Options

There are several attack options that can be effectively performed in a game. An attacker
should be able to hit the following: shots off the block (using the hands), high sets, low sets, sets
off the net, offspeed shots, tipping, and a variation of play sets including back court hitting
options. Providing a great deal of practice and repetition of each will depend on the age and
ability of the athletes. Ensure the fundamental technique of hitting is effective and efficient so
that it can be performed at a high level during competition.

With regard to spiking, the athlete must first be able to demonstrate the spiking motion when
on the floor (with modified and full arm swing). Second phase is arm swing, which is started with
both arms at side of body. Arms are taken straight back and then thrust forward and
immediately up. Third phase includes athlete jumping and spiking. As the athlete begins to
jump, her spiking arm is raised with elbow shoulder high. At the top of jump, the elbow leads as
the arm is extended and wrist snaps so that the heel of the athlete’s hand contacts the ball and
follows through. The athlete must land softly and be in control of the landing. This is a high
jump, not a long jump. Fourth phase the athlete uses only the step-close (right-left for right
handers and left-right for left handers) or step 2 and 3 of the modified spiking approach. Fifth
phase includes athlete using a full approach, take-off then completing the spiking motion and
landing. Right hander (start right foot in front) should take leftright-left or one step and step-
close approach. Left hander (start left foot in front) should take rightleft-right or one step and
step-close.

5. Blocking – Attack; Defend

A well-timed and effective block diffuses an offensive attack. The athlete is near the net,
moves into position with hands up quickly. Athlete focuses on the ball and jumps
vertically so that maximum height is achieved when the ball is above net and contacted.
Arms are raised and extended above the head; hands are close together with fingers
open; wrists are in line with arms (wrist parallel), and hands are slightly forward. A firm
and straight-arm position is maintained so that the ball rebounds off hands and is not
struck. If possible, athlete reaches up and over the net with arms and hands pointed in a
downward position for a rebound. The athlete lands facing the net while keeping the
upper body in control and knees bent to absorb the shock. Depending upon whether
right side or left is blocking will determine which hand should be turned inside.

6. Defensive Skills – Rolling; Sliding

When the ball does not come directly at an athlete, it may be impossible to play the ball
from a regular underhand passing standing position. The athlete still focuses on the ball
and takes a step with the near foot in the direction of the oncoming ball. The body is
extremely low when playing the ball. To ensure that the athlete does not hurt
himself/herself, the athlete will continue the momentum and either slide or roll out of
the play. The goal is to get the ball up to the target and safely return to the ready
position as quickly as possible

Volleyball Rules and Regulations

 THE SERVE:
1. Server must serve from behind the end line (dark green/blue) until after contact.
2. Ball may be served underhand or overhand.
3. Ball must be clearly visible to opponents before serve.
4. Served ball may graze the net and drop to the other side for a point.
5. First game serve is determined by a volley, each subsequent game shall be served by the
previous game loser.
6. Serve must be returned by a bump only. No setting or attacking a serve.

SCORING:

7. Rally scoring will be used.

8. There will be a point scored on every score of the ball.
9. Offense will score on a defense miss or out of bounds hit.
10. Defense will score on an offensive miss, out of bounds hit, or serve into the net.
11. Game will be played to 25 points.
12. Must win by 2 points.

ROTATION:

13. Team will rotate each time they win the serve.
14. Players shall rotate in a clockwise manner.
15. There shall be 6 players on each side.

PLAYING THE GAME (VOLLEY)

16. Maximum of three (3) hits per side.

17. Player may not hit the ball twice in succession (a block is not considered a hit).
18. Ball may be played off the net during a volley and on serve.
19. A ball touching a boundary line is good.
20. A legal hit is contact with the ball by a players’ body above and including the waist which
does not allow the ball to visibly come to a rest.
21. If two or more players contact the ball simultaneously, it is considered one play and the
players involved may not participate in the next play.
22. A player must not block or attack a serve.
23. Switching positions will be allowed only between front line players. (after the serve only).

BASIC VIOLATIONS:

24. Stepping on or over the line on a serve.

25. Failure to serve the ball over the net successfully.
26. Hitting the ball illegally (carrying, palming, throwing, etc).
27. Touches of the net with any part of the body while the ball is in play. If the ball is driven into
the net with such force that it causes the net to contact an opposing player, no foul will be
called, and the ball shall continue to be in play.
28. Reaching over the net, except under these conditions:

*When executing a follow-through.

*When blocking a ball which is in the opponents court but is being returned (the blocker must not
contact the ball until after the opponent who is attempting to return the ball makes contact), except to
block the third play.
*Reaches under the net (if it interferes with the ball or opposing player).
*Failure to serve in correct order.
*Blocks or spikes from a position which is clearly not behind the 10 ft. line while in a back row
position.
 

PATINTERO
PATINTERO
PATINTERO
PATINTERO
PATINTERO
INDIGENOUS GAME
PATINTERO
Patintero is also called Harangang Taga or Tubigan (lit. try to cross my line without
letting me touch or catch you). It was derived from the Spanish word tinte which means
“tint” or “ink” in references to the drawn lines. It is one of the most popular Filipino street
games. This game started in 1997, wherein the Samahang Makasining (Artist Club),
Inc. created time-based scoring like basketball. You don’t need any equipment to play it,
but for an official game, chalk is used to mark lines on the ground and perhaps a whistle
and a stopwatch to set a time limit. Each team is composed of 6 people (4 players and 2
waiting as replacements). The attacking team will be given 20 minutes to cross the
perpendicular lines from the home base to the back-end and return. Each team can play
three games. There are four horizontal water lines (also "fire lines"), two vertical lines
(left and right outside lines), and one perpendicular line in the middle of vertical lines.
Each square box has a measurement of 6 meters by 6 meters.

Fourth line - 2 pts. First line - 5

pts.
(Home)
Rules of the Game
1. The game is started with the toss
of a coin. Whoever wins becomes
the passer.
2. A time limit of two minutes is
given to each team to score.
3. Once the limit elapses, the line
guards assume the positions of the
passer and
vice-versa.
4. Passers are supposed to cross
the lines from the starting point
and back.
5. Four line guards are positioned
on the vertical line and one on the
horizontal line
of the court. Their feet should
always remain on the line.
6. Line guards tag the passer with
powered hands.
7. If any of the passers are tagged,
the line guard immediately
assumes passer
position even if the 2-minute limit
has not elapsed
Fourth line - 2 pts. First line - 5
pts.
(Home)
Rules of the Game
1. The game is started with the toss
of a coin. Whoever wins becomes
the passer.
2. A time limit of two minutes is
given to each team to score.
3. Once the limit elapses, the line
guards assume the positions of the
passer and
vice-versa.
4. Passers are supposed to cross
the lines from the starting point
and back.
5. Four line guards are positioned
on the vertical line and one on the
horizontal line
of the court. Their feet should
always remain on the line.
6. Line guards tag the passer with
powered hands.
7. If any of the passers are tagged,
the line guard immediately
assumes passer
position even if the 2-minute limit
has not elapsed
Rules of the Game
1. The game is started with the toss of a coin. Whoever wins becomes the passer.
2. A time limit of two minutes is given to each team to score.
3. Once the limit elapses, the line guards assume the positions of the passer and vice-
versa.
4. Passers are supposed to cross the lines from the starting point and back.
5. Four line guards are positioned on the vertical line and one on the horizontal line of the
court. Their feet should always remain on the line.
6. Line guards tag the passer with powered hands.
7. If any of the passers are tagged, the line guard immediately assumes passer position
even if the 2-minute limit has not elapsed.
*The duration of the game is three innings, and each inning is divided into halves.

Value derived from the game:

1. Cooperation
Patintero is a group game where we learn the value of cooperation. Teams need to
cooperate in order to surpass the opponents. A single cooperative player can make a
huge impact on the team.
2. Emotional Intelligence
Players learn to express their concerns, hopes and disappointments in playing
patintero. Thus, emotional intelligence develops and can result in positive social
interactions.

HISTORY OF BOWLING

Bowling is one of the oldest games in the world, with balls, pins and other gear
discovered in a 5200-year-old childrens’ tomb in Egypt. This is how we know an early
form of bowling existed in Ancient Egypt.

A similar game was played at fairs and celebrations in 200 A.D. Germany. The game
involved throwing bones at nine wooden figures called “”kegels””, whereas players were
referred to as “”keglers””.
Bowling is thought to have existed in England and the Netherlands around 1100 A.D. In
the early 1600s, as the Dutch colonized the Americas and established the city of New
Amsterdam (currently New York), they introduced the sport to the United States, where
it was played using nine pins assembled into a diamond shape. The game spread under
the name “”Dutch Pins””. The emergence of large-scale gambling on bowling forced the
government to prohibit the game by law. Bowling eventually makes its comeback with
the addition of a tenth pin, transforming into the familiar modern game. 1985 sees the
establishment of the American Bowling Congress (A.B.C.) and the first ever official
bowling rules.

Today, bowling is played in specialized alleys consisting of lanes, at the ends of which
the pins are placed. The goal is to take as many pins down as possible with one throw.

The Six Basic Fundamentals Part 1

  Coaches in every sport will tell you that you must have the basic fundamentals of that
sport well-in-hand before you can learn the “fancy stuff”. Trying to perform the “fancy stuff”
without good fundamentals will cause your scores to go down; not up.
Anytime I give private lessons or coach at a clinic, I always ask the bowlers if there is
anything special that they would like to learn. Although the answers I get vary greatly, the top
two most requested lessons are higher rev rate and more hook. I always try to accommodate but
some bowlers are just not ready to learn advanced techniques because they have too many flaws
in what I call the “Six Basic Fundamentals”.
In this series I would like to share with you my list of the six basic fundamentals and visit
each one with some detail. This will allow you to examine your game in each category and
discover where your weak points lie. It is a good idea for even the best players to run through
the list of basics now and then, just to make sure their total game is in tune.

The six basic fundamentals for bowling:

1.      Ball fit and weight
2.      Armswing
3.      Footwork
4.      Timing
5.      Release
6.      Finishing position.
 
All of these six basic fundamentals work together to produce one complete bowling
machine; much like the engine, steering, brakes and wheels make a car into a transportation
machine. Take away any one of those vital car components and you basically end up with yard
art. The same applies to bowling; your scores will suffer for every weakness found in each of the
six fundamentals.
 
Special exception for youth bowlers
Youth coaches listen up! It has been my experience that the newer youth bowlers that
come up to me asking how to “throw a hook ball” will learn how to “hook it” whether I think
they are ready or not. I can talk until I am blue in the face about the virtues of learning the
fundamentals and how throwing a straight ball is best while they are learning to no avail. As
soon as I turn my back they will be out on the lane trying their best to hook the ball because that
is what the “big boys do”.  
Well a few years ago, I decided that if they are going to learn to throw a hook no matter
what, I may as well teach them the right way. So far it has worked out well. I teach them to
throw a simple hook without a lot of hand action and they are happy, at least for a while, and
seem to be willing to learn more and bowl better in the process. I am not suggesting teaching the
newest youth bowlers how to hook the ball during the first lesson  but as soon as they start
asking you may want to consider giving in a little.

Bowling Rules
• The goal is to knock down all ten pins
• Each frame consists of throwing the ball twice to knock down all the pins
• If you knock down all the pins with the first ball, it is called a "strike"
• If you knock down all the pins with the second ball, it is called a "spare"
• Each games consists of ten frames. If you bowl a strike in the tenth frame, you get two
more balls. If you throw a spare, you get one more ball.
• Open frames are frames without a strike or spare
• Scoring is based on the number of pins you knock down. However, if you bowl a
spare, you get to add the pins in your next ball to that frame. For strikes, you get the
next two balls.
• An average of three games is played. You determine a 3 game average by adding all 3
scores and then dividing that number by 3.
• Accurate preliminary scores are essential for fair divisioning.
• Foul line is in effect. If you step over the foul line, any pins knocked down will not
count towards your score.
• Ramp Bowling is allowed for those athletes that are not physically capable of rolling a
bowling ball. The ramp is for physical disabilities and not to be used to just increase a
score.
• Bumpers are not allowed.