Comfort Theory in A Post Pandemic Church Space

LA CONSOLACION COLLEGE BACOLOD – ARFIEN DEPT PAGE i

ADDRESSING RELIEF, EASE, AND TRANSCENDENCE BY

APPLYING THE THEORY OF COMFORT TO BACOLOD CITY
ALLIANCE CHURCH AS A POST-PANDEMIC HEALING SPA CE
A Thesis submitted to the

Faculty of the School of Architecture, Fine Arts & Interior Design
La Consolacion College Bacolod
In Partial Fulfillment the Requirements for the

Degree of Bachelor of Science of Interior Design
LA CONSOLACION COLLEGE BACOLOD – ARFIEN DEPT PAGE ii
LOIS B. BERNARDINO
January 2022
DEDICATION
I dedicate this thesis to my family. There are no words to express my gratitude to my loving
parents, Adi and Lourdes Bernardino, for their unwavering love, encouragement, and
prayers. Lindy and Lilian, thank you for being so understanding and helpful during this
process. It's a pleasure to be in your company. Above all, I dedicate my work to my Creator
God, who has provided me with wisdom, favor, and strength throughout my life.
LB
LA CONSOLACION COLLEGE BACOLOD – ARFIEN DEPT PAGE iii
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
This study would not have been possible without the help of a significant number
of people:
Many thanks to Dr. Randdie Cuelo, my Thesis Consultant, who accommodated my
consultations by answering every query with such precision.
To my past mentors who patiently addressed my queries, particularly Ar.-IDr.
Dominic Diocson, IDr. Jonathan Fortu, and IDr. Carlo Academia.
My gratitude goes to La Consolacion College Bacolod for allowing me to complete
my thesis despite numerous hurdles.
IDr. Pamela S. Galera, please accept my heartfelt gratitude for your patience with
me during this trying time. You motivate me to improve as a designer.
Ptr. Charles and Audrey Rejas, and the rest of the team, thank you for enabling me
to conduct my study at Bacolod City Alliance Church.
To my BTCC church and spiritual family, thank you for your love and prayers.
David and Emily Villanueva for their love, encouragements and support for my
college education.
Finally, I'd like to thank all of my friends and family for their support throughout
this difficult time. Your compassionate words and deeds always made me feel better.
All glory, honor, and praise go to God!

LA CONSOLACION COLLEGE BACOLOD – ARFIEN DEPT PAGE iv
Addressing Relief, Ease, and Transcendence by Applying the Theory of Comfort to

Bacolod City Alliance Church as a Post-Pandemic Healing Space
Abstract
The Philippines is Asia's most populous country with a Christian majority. As a corollary,
religious gatherings and services play a vital role in Filipino culture. However, because to
the present worldwide health crisis caused by Covid-19, nearly all of these essential church
events have been discontinued, leaving churchgoers wary of performing their religious
commitments for fear of becoming infected. The church's physical infrastructure has been
challenged as to whether it is capable of ensuring safety and comfort in the face of
persistent health hazards. The goal of this study, which used action research design, was to
investigate solutions to improve the architectural and interior spaces of a Christian church.
Interviews with key informants, site observation records, pictures, and other data were used
as the foundation for the study project's design solution. The results of this study, guided
by Kolcoba's Comfort Theory (1992), contextualized for interior design, indicate that
worshippers no longer wish to be restricted in enclosed air-conditioned church spaces, as
this may cause discomfort and pose a health risk. The "post-pandemic church design" has
evolved into something that could provide a beneficial service to the community by
creating spaces that are "fit" for the post and present pandemic setup through appropriate
materials, ventilation, and design layout, to name a few design elements. Thus, through the
aesthetics and overall design of the spaces, the 21st century Christian Church can be a
healing venue that provides inspiration, functionality, accessibility, and certainty even in
the midst of a pandemic. Most especially to what comes after (post-pandemic). Being
prepared for future socio-economic and health crises similar to that of the COVID-19
pandemic.
Keywords: interior design, Comfort Theory, Christian church design, interior spaces,
pandemic church design, action research
LA CONSOLACION COLLEGE BACOLOD – ARFIEN DEPT PAGE v
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Title Page i
Dedication ii
Acknowledgements iii
Abstract iv
Table of Contents v
List of Figures vi
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1
Background of the Study
Purpose Statement and Objectives
Theoretical Framework
Significance of the Study
Scope and Limitation
Definition of Terms
CHAPTER 2 METHODOLOGY 24
Research Design
Participants
Data Collection Techniques
Data Analysis
CHAPTER 3 RESULTS & DISCUSSIONS 29

Analyses of Records and Documents
Interviews
Site Visits & Observation/Photo Documentation of Site
Working Drawings
CHAPTER 4 FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS & 99

RECOMMENDATIONS
BIBLIOGRAPHY 104
APPENCICES 108
ABOUT THE AUTHOR 126
LA CONSOLACION COLLEGE BACOLOD – ARFIEN DEPT PAGE vi
LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURES Page
Figure 1 Kolcoba’s Taxonomic Structure of a patient’s comfort needs in 16

a medical setting
Figure 2 Kolcoba’s Taxonomic Structure of Comfort Translated to 17
Interior Design Needs
Figure 3 Conceptual Framework 18
Figure 4 Kelowna, BC poster during the 1918 Spanish Flu. 31
Figure 5 Poster from 1918 for Alberta Church on social distancing, 31
wearing masks, etc.
Figure 6 Victory’s Bonifacio Global City building starts to 41
accommodate St. Luke’s Medical Center BGC and Rizal
Medical Center in Pasig healthcare workers.
Figure 7 Church serving as hospital, Spanish Flu 42
Figure 8 Observation: Generoso Hall. 44
Figure 9 Observation: Generoso Hall 44
Figure 12 Observation: Kid’s Church 46
Figure 13 Observation: Kid’s Church 46
Figure 14 Observation: Cafeteria 47
Figure 18 Observation: Sanctuary 49
Figure 19 Observation: Sanctuary 49
LA CONSOLACION COLLEGE BACOLOD – ARFIEN DEPT PAGE vii
LIST OF TABLES
TABLES Page
Table 1 Percentage of Americans most-likely to say pandemic 33

strengthened their religious faith.
Table 2 Report on Americans and their likelihood of increasing 34
engagement with virtual services after the pandemic
Table 3 Percentage of U.S. Adults who have attended live/watched 35
religious services virtually.
Table 4 Percentage of U.S. Adults who are returning to in-person 36
religious services
Table 5 Percentage of U.S. Adults who regularly attend religious 37
services growing confidence in attending live religious
services.
Table 6 Percentage of U.S. Adults who regularly attend religious 38
services at least monthly and their confidence in attending face-
to-face church services.
LA CONSOLACION COLLEGE BACOLOD – ARFIEN DEPT PAGE 1
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the Study
Religious leaders, faith-based organizations, and faith communities can play a
major role in saving lives and reducing illness related to COVID-19. They are a primary
source of support, guidance, direct health care, social service, and comfort for the
communities they serve (WHO Practical Considerations and Recommendations for
Religious Leaders and Faith-Based Communities in the Context of COVID-19 Interim
Guidance, 2020)
The novel Corona Virus Disease—2019 outbreak, or infamously known as the
COVID-19 Pandemic has halted, “normal life” as we know it all over the globe. Although
the origins of this virus are still vague up to now, according to the World Health
Organization, one thing can be sure: transmission is made through direct contact with an
infected individual’s respiratory droplets usually generated through coughing or sneezing.
Catching the infection can also be obtained if an individual touches his or her face: eyes,
nose, and mouth, after touching virus-contaminated surfaces (Sarda et al., 2020)
Jackson, et. al. (2020) state that this dilemma between viral contamination and
continuation of establishment operation has been prevalent ever since the start of the
COVID-19 Pandemic. One can only imagine the worse for the implications brought by the
way this virus is easily transmitted: normal human activities halted through the lockdown.
Businesses, academic institutions, recreational facilities, and even churches have come to
a point of either closure or have been limited with the way people or crowds are managed
(Allen, 2021)
In a journal article by International City/County Management Association (ICMA)
by (Reinnhard, 2021)in the United States alone, there is an estimate of a post-pandemic
church closure rate of 20 to 30 percent—that’s roughly 100,000 of the estimated 384,000
churches. In the Philippines, there is no basis for a rough estimate as to the number of
churches that have closed since the start of the COVID—19 pandemics. However, given
the situation that a significant number of establishments all over the world (including the
Philippines) have closed, one can assume that a number of churches are included in this
demographic. With this said, it is quite alarming to see that places of worship are no longer
open since, at this rate, the world is not only battling physical sickness, but another form
of “pandemic” as well: the mental health crisis.
“Many people shape their lives around what they believe. They are more likely to
turn to religious organizations for guidance and resources during times of crisis than their
local council person's office.” This is a direct quote taken from an article by Brie Loskota,
the executive director of the Center for Religion and Civic Culture at the USC Dornsife
College of Letters, Arts and Sciences. Indeed, churches play a vital role in helping the
mental health dilemma that people face during the pandemic. They are catalysts that can
help encourage and communicate information that may aid their community to lessen and
even prevent fear and stigma. (World Health Organization, 2020)

Despite the threat posed by the pandemic, churchgoers continue to pray, praise, and
worship as they are obligated to do (Sulkowski, L., & Ignatowski, G. (2020). Given the
current situation, however, it is hard to deny that many churchgoers are concerned about
their safety and comfort when attending church services (Maggie Siddiqi, G. G.-F. (2020).
The concern now is how responsive public facilities, such as churches, are to users' needs
for comfort and safety.
According to Gehl, (2010), in public spaces, comfort is recognized to be among
one of the most important criteria in urban design. Gehl continues to state that for public
spaces to be “comfortable”, it should, “reduce potential risk, insecurity, bodily injury,
unpleasant sensory influences, and negative aspects of the climate to a minimum”.
Taking into consideration the different impact of the external environment, the
criterion for comfort is complex for it has differing aspects, such as “thermal comfort,
visual comfort, acoustic comfort, tactile comfort, smell, air pollution and allergens, the ease
to move and the feeling of security” (Ovstedal & Ryeng, 2002).
Bazik, (2008) states that the aim of public space design is the establishment of
livable public spaces, which is only possible if the space is comfortable, attractive, and
inspiring. A public space’s comfort is characterized by the presence of “greenery, the effect
of water and sound, protection from rain and wind, sunlight during the winter, or shade
during hot summer days” (Vukmirovic, 2019). In line with this, Vukmirovic also developed
an evaluation framework on open public space quality covering the indicators divided into
four clusters namely, “vegetation and greenery, urban equipment, water features, and urban
morphology."
Another example of comfort needs being given importance in public spaces in the
context of an ongoing pandemic is how the City and County of Denver recognized the need
for comfort, ease, and transcendence in terms of innovating the operation of restaurants.
They achieved this by formulating a “Temporary Outdoor Expansion program”. This
allows bars and restaurants to extend their seats and service to public areas such as
sidewalks and even parking lots so that customers may dine in the open air. They want to
maximize the comfort and safety of the customers through comfort features, such as
heating, shade, and water misters keeping customers comfortable and at ease through these
aspects. By offsetting the location of tables and seats, customers can enjoy meals with
outdoor air ventilation since this is highly preferred to lessen virus transmission. Other
factors that the city’s program suggested to maximize user comfort and safety are providing
shade from the sun, differentiating the ground plane, and creating a sense of enclosure
(Denver Design Manual, 2021).
For the church setup, Dr. Naomi Paget of the National Center for Crisis
Management in a journal titled, “Ministry During Pandemic: From Awareness to
Implementation” states that one way churches can provide comfort in the physical church
building is that they must “plan policies and strategies to increase space” this way, contact
between attendees is limited.

The Philippines is considered the largest, if not, the only Christian nation in Asia.
Religious gatherings play a vital role in the Filipino culture and the “pandemic setup” has
become a great challenge to churches all over the country. Several policies and guidelines
have been set by both government and church-led authorities such as the Inter-Agency
Task Force (IATF) on Emerging Diseases and the Catholic Bishops' Conference of the
Philippines (CBCP) to prevent further transmission of the virus. Although some churches
have provision to conduct online worship, masses, and other religious practice, Malolos et.
al, (2021) report that a high percentage of individuals still want to observe religious
services and church continue practices despite the pandemic situation. In light of this, the
study further claims that being religious has been somehow imbedded in Filipino culture.
Paired with the consistent church attendance of most Filipinos, they recommend that
further studies related with COVID-19 transmission in the church should be developed and
guidelines may be more efficient in helping prevent the spread of the virus so that religious
practices for religious gatherings may still be observed.
Paget (2020) suggests that, churches and other institutions could provide a great
service to the greater community by allowing their facilities to be used during pandemic.
She further encourages that facilities may be used as immunization sites, temporary
emergency healthcare facilities, community emergency medication centers, temporary
shelters, temporary morgues, triage centers, or disaster relief service centers for operations.
The World Health Organization even stated in an interim guidance for practical
considerations and recommendations for faith-based communities (the church) in the
COVID-19 pandemic context. WHO states that churches may be catalysts and a hub for
sharing clear, evidence-based steps to prevent infection. They can also be spaces that
promote holistic healing by providing intervention and information that will reduce fear
and stigma by providing reassurance to their communities.
“People in crisis seek meaning in chaos and comfort through spirituality and
religion.” (Paget, 2020). Paget continues on saying that both spirituality and religion will
be important factors in dealing with pandemic influenza. Even if individuals are not
participants of an organized religion, “critical events generate spiritual issues.”
In the local context, Bacolod City Alliance Church is a church under the Christian
and Missionary Alliance Churches of the Philippines (CAMACOP). With the vision of
“Loving God. Reaching Families. Changing Lives” and the mission of being “A warm,
dynamic, and Christ-like community that serves as a spiritual hub; comforting the hurt,
reaching the lost, and providing venues for growth for God’s glory.”. Within its building,
BCAC is also involved with several programs such as Project Elisha (a Child Development
Ministry of BCAC in partnership with Compassion International) and Bacolod City
Alliance Christian School. It also holds regular fellowships for their auxiliaries; the
Alliance Men Philippines, Alliance women Philippines, and the Alliance youth
Philippines. Located at the center of downtown, Bacolod City, there is great potential for
BCAC to serve as an active responder not only to the church members but also to the needs
of the community during the time of pandemic.
Just like other churches, one dilemma BCAC faces today is that some of its facilities
and spaces have become stagnant. These said, it is critical to ask how the church can play
its function of being a catalyst and play its relevant role in the community during this time
of pandemic. Hence, this interior design study is conceived to generate knowledge and
information on how a significant public space like a church can address the needs for safety
and comfort in the continuous practice of faith in the midst of a global health crisis and
also what comes after.
Now focusing on the “post-pandemic” scene; British-American sociologist, Richard
Sennett, one of the world's most important theorists of urban studies or the architecture
and social life of cities talks about life after the COVID-19 pandemic in an interview by
DW News on “What will life look like after the coronavirus pandemic? Future of Cities |
COVID-19 Special” posted on YouTube in Apr 5, 2021, he states that,
“I think it (cities/social interaction) has to come back because…in the long term
we need…places where people can interact face-to-face…it's not an option for people to
live long-term socially distanced lives.”
Ever since the start of the outbreak, Sennett has written about his concerns for city
life amidst the progressing restrictions brought by the pandemic. In this interview, he also
goes on to continue discussing about the importance of the flexibility of buildings & open
spaces, and public transportation. He talks about how they ought to be re/designed for post-
pandemic, and it’s relation to how it affects the people emotionally and mentally in social
interaction.
“…but I’d say about both the issue is how to think about adaptable spaces not to
transform these spaces into places which are stricken by fear…in which the extremes of
social isolation…to which the panic has plunged us are going to lead to permanently
socially isolated spaces…”
1.2 Purpose Statement
The main objective of the study is to come up with appropriate design solutions for
Bacolod City Alliance Church addressing the comfort needs of relief, ease, and
transcendence of church-goers during and after the pandemic time. Through the study, the
data that were collected provided a basis for a proposed design solution for church facilities
in the post-pandemic setting.
This study sought to answer the overarching question: “How can the interior design
environment of the Bacolod City Alliance Church address the comfort needs of relief, ease,
and transcendence as a healing space for church-goers during and after the pandemic
time?”
Specifically, this study sought to answer the following questions:
1. What is the applicable design for a prayer and worship space environment
guided by Kolcaba’s Theory of Comfort integrating the elements and principles
of interior design such as lines, forms, patterns, light, colors, and texture?
2. How will the interior design of the church’s space address the comfort needs
of relief, ease, and transcendence of churchgoers in terms of their (a) physical,
(b) psycho-spiritual, (c) sociocultural, and (d) environmental experiences?

3. In what ways can the spatial planning and layout design address the physical
and social functions of the church while integrating safety standards and
protocols?
1.3 Theoretical Framework
This study is primarily anchored on theoretical underpinnings of Kolcaba’s Theory
of Comfort developed in the 1990s. It is a middle-range theory for health practice,
education, and research. A nursing professor, Kolcaba has defined comfort as "the
immediate state of being strengthened through having the human needs for relief, ease, and
transcendence addressed in four contexts of experience namely, physical, psycho spiritual,
sociocultural, and environmental (2003).
Kolcaba's theory of comfort explains comfort as a fundamental need of all human
beings for relief, ease, or transcendence arising from health care situations that are stressful
(like the COVID pandemic). Providing comfort in physical, psycho spiritual, social, and
environmental aspects in order to reduce harmful tension is a conceptual assertion of this
theory. When “nursing” interventions are effective, the outcome of enhanced comfort is
attained.
Furthermore, Comfort Theory talks about four contexts from which comfort are
experienced by the users. These are, Physical, Psycho Spiritual, Environmental, and
Sociocultural Comfort. (Wilson & Kolcaba, 2004)
These four aspects of comfort experience are briefly defined by Kolcoba, 2001, context to
the healthcare setting:

 Physical Comfort: “Homeostasis, pain relief, symptom management, diagnostic
related problems, Chronic health issues.”
 Psycho spiritual Comfort: “Fear, loss of control, family concerns, prognosis, stress,
coping strategies, meaning in one’s life, afterlife.”
 Sociocultural Comfort: “Approach and attitudes of staff, family, friend’s Financial
situation, social support, traditions, language, information wanted, etc.”
 Environmental Comfort: “Levels of noise, light, calm, tone, color, safety features,
sign posts, name visibility.”
Now, if these four aspects of comfort are to be contextualized in the interior design
setting of a church, physical comfort, psycho spiritual comfort, and environmental comfort
may be redefined for the context of interior design with reference to Boduch & Fincher’s
architectural “Standards of Human Comfort”. Namely, these are: Thermal Comfort, Visual
Comfort, Olfactory Comfort (smell), and Hygienic Comfort. With these as a form of basis,
one can assume that:
Physical Comfort in the context of interior design may be defined as comfort which
refers to,” climate and microclimate conditions of the environment.” (Vukmirovic, et. al.,
2019) meaning, the effect of climate or temperature in the physical response of the human
body. (i.e. feeling of intense heat/coldness affected by room temperature).
Psycho Spiritual Comfort can fall under the comfort brought by autonomy.
According to DuBose et al. (2018) “Architecture can provide patients with opportunities
to be more independent, to have more control over the environment, to act more
autonomously, and to feel more secure.” The construct of self-efficacy is reflected in the
user’s sense of control over his or her situation and internal emotional state. By providing
the users opportunities of autonomy like, being able to adjust room temperature, light, and
even controlling how private they want their space to be, psycho spiritual comfort may be
attained.
Sociocultural Comfort may be defined under the “visual comfort” that taps into the
emotional and sentimental aspect of a person (i.e. providing visual images like, old photos
that invoke sentimental memories of significant events/people/places and incorporating it
in a design of a space be it through wall decals or picture frames). In the context of post-
pandemic design, visual aid of signage and guidelines may also be incorporated to make
the users of the space feel guided and supported.
Environmental Comfort falls last, but is most definitely not the least as this aspect
of comfort may be directly associated within the context of interior design. Still under
Boduch & Fincher’s Human Standards of Comfort, the remaining aspects of thermal
comfort, olfactory comfort (smell), and hygienic comfort may be applied for the aspect of
environmental comfort. How the temperature of each space is managed to best suit an area,
how facilities such as the kitchen, bathroom, and other spaces vulnerable to emitting foul
odors is designed to prevent VOC pollution, and finally, in relevance to the COVID-19
pandemic, how proper hygiene is iterated and incorporated as much as possible in almost
every aspect of the interior environment.

Relief, Ease, and Transcendence
With regards to the very topic that this dissertation tackles, Kolcoba (2001)
identifies these different types of comfort in her theory specifically as "relief, ease, and
transcendence" which according to her, occur physically and mentally. Below, her
definition of each concept is briefly discussed and for the purpose of this study, it is later
redefined for the interior design/post-pandemic context.
Relief. “Relief can be defined as the outcome of a patient that has their health need
met, or a discomfort relieved” (Peterson & Bredow, 2013; Wilson & Kolcaba, 2004). Here
are examples while contextualizing relief in the post pandemic interior design setting:
- A user of the space is anxious because the design of the proximity of the people
seated beside the user is too near (psycho spiritual).
- Another example: the meeting room is too hot or too cold (environmental) and
the user is either sweating because of the heat or shivering from intense coldness
(physical).
By designing the seats with proper proximity in mind and providing autonomy to
control room temperature, the user is able to find a sense of relief.
Ease. The second type of comfort, which is ease, relates to the patient feeling
comfortable or "at ease" in their environment (Peterson & Bredow, 2013; Wilson &
Kolcaba, 2004). Again, for the post-pandemic/interior design context, examples will be
provided:
- A user is uncomfortable because of the enclosed space and the lacking option
of open spaces so, fear of being contaminated by the virus affects one’s
experience with the space (psycho spiritual).
- Another example can be the way food preparation/distribution/waste
management in areas such as the kitchen, affects those who visit the space if
they see that the facilities of the area do not have proper materials/was not
designed to promote proper hygiene practices (environmental).
- Lastly, another example that can be taken into account is that due to the
pandemic situation, unfamiliar users of the space may find it difficult to
navigate an area if visual aid/signage are not provided (sociocultural).
To achieve the aspect of ease in design, the user is comforted if there is an option
for open air ventilation, the user feels more at ease seeing that the kitchen area is properly
designed and equipped with easy to maintain/clean materials, and finally, new users are
put at ease if visible guides and signage are available for it can help them navigate an area
implementing post/pandemic guidelines.
Transcendence. Finally, the last type of comfort identified in this theory is
transcendence which refers to, “the patient overcoming their feelings of discomfort through
a therapeutic relationship with their nurse” (Peterson & Bredow, 2013; Wilson & Kolcaba,
2004). Since this theory was originally formulated for the healthcare setup, fear and anxiety
is overcome through the interventions that the nurse offers the patient. Putting it once again
into context of this study, transcendence may be achieved through several interventions
brought about by the interior design of an area.

Since the pandemic is in fact a spiritually, mentally, physically, and emotionally
taxing experience for everyone, Transcendence is vital for each individual. This is where
the “healing space” aspect of the research comes in.
DuBose, et. al, (2016) for The Center for Health Design wrote for Health
Environments Research & Design Journal stated that, “Healing is a holistic, transformative
process of repair and recovery in mind, body, and spirit resulting in positive change, finding
meaning, and movement towards self-realization of wholeness, regardless of the presence
or absence of disease”
According to Sakallaris, et. al (2015) “Healing is facilitated by an optimal healing
The environment cannot cause healing to occur but can facilitate engagement in behaviors
and emotions that support healing; the environment can induce physical and emotional
responses such as happiness, joy, and relaxation; and the built environment can enhance
individual control and functionality” they continue to state that all of which are antecedents
to a healing environment, one where the person is surrounded by elements that facilitate
the innate process of healing.
By using Kolcoba’s method as a basis for achieving transcendence by, “providing
holistic comfort interventions including empathy, compassion, close interaction, intuitive
knowing, and a sense of presence”. Again, in the healthcare context, this addresses the
needs of the patient throughout the areas of comfort described thus, patient satisfaction is
attained and a sense of well-being is established.

Although involving comfort intervention through the physical presence of an
individual is made relevant to the context of healthcare in the Comfort Theory, these
“holistic interventions” can also be translated in design. Firstly, this may be achieved
through designing areas that give importance to continuing the healthy practice of social
interaction, inspiration, and healing. Of course, all while designing a safe built-
environment that adheres to the restrictions brought by the pandemic. This may be achieved
through the following examples:
-Providing Access and views of nature and outside environments have shown to
improve an individual’s quality of life (Rowlands & Noble, 2008; Timmermann et
al., 2015)
-The healing aspect through visual aesthetic may also be placed under the facet of
transcendence since according to Linebaugh, (2013), the overall quality of the
research on optimal healing environments (OHEs) is not high, however after
reviewing over 6,000 results of research, the outcome was reasonably consistent
across studies, “the author ended up with 27 articles and identified 7 specific design
strategies that contribute to healing: single rooms; calm, naturalistic, and domestic
artwork or photographs; east-facing windows; plants; acoustic ceiling tiles; patient
rooms removed from noise-producing unit areas; and a window view of nature”
(Linebaugh, 2013).
Utilizing the Rashid and Zimring (2008) framework as a basis, it shows that
reduced stress, reduced anxiety, and improved mood, is equated healing. Thus,
transcendence is obtained through holistic comfort interventions translated into
incorporating the healing aspect of design that users of the space may be able to rise above
the need for relief and ease.
Figure 1. Kolcoba’s Taxonomic Structure of a patient’s comfort needs in a medical
setting.
Here is an example of Kolcoba’s Comfort Needs through a Taxonomic Structure
from her article on, “Comfort theory and its application to pediatric nursing”. Here, the
comfort needs are placed in a Taxonomic Structure as seen below in Figure 1. For the
purpose of this study, the researcher uses Bacolod City Alliance Church spaces and the
possible comfort needs that are to be met. These were formulated with Kolcoba’s
Taxonomic Structure of Comfort Needs with Figure 1 as a basis:
BCAC Church-goers need for Comfort in using the spaces of the church during the Pandemic Time:
Relief Ease Transcendence
Physical Need relief from: Put user at ease by User thinks, “how
Uncomfortable showing that room can I properly
Room temperature temperature can be worship/stay in this
adjusted (AC unit or space if the physical
access to open air) climate is
uncomfortable?”
Psychospiritual Need relief from: Need for ease: User is able to have
Anxiety because the User is uncomfortable autonomy to choose
Context in which Comfort Occurs
proximity of the people because of the enclosed seat that has access to
seated beside the user is space and the lacking open air ventilation.
too near option of open spaces so,
fear of being
contaminated by the virus
affects one’s experience
with the space.
Sociocultural Need relief from: Users may be put at ease More users are able to
Due to the seeing an area is rise above and
encouragement of equipped with visual navigate the church
limited social aid/signage/directions. freely with less
interaction, unfamiliar physical interaction.
users of the space have a
dilemma of navigating
the area and avoiding
physical interaction to
ask for direction
Environmental Need relief for: Need for ease: Not only should the
Olfactory comfort Lack of sinks/wash environment meet the
(smell), and hygienic areas/disinfectant areas. olfactory and comfort
comfort. Improper materials used needs, but the area is
for wet areas such as the visually appealing as
kitchen and toilet. well, users of the
space are inspired and
overcome their
feelings of discomfort
through a therapeutic
“healing” of the
visual aesthetic of the
environment.
Figure 2. Kolcoba’s Taxonomic Structure of Comfort Translated to Interior Design
Needs
Furthermore, the researcher formulated a conceptual framework that relates as to how the
comfort theory may be implemented in the Interior Design of Bacolod City Alliance
Church through implementation of 21st century church design standards, building codes,
standards of human comfort, and post-pandemic design. All these components may lead to
successfully designing an effective post-pandemic healing space.
Figure 3. Conceptual Framework

1.4 Significance
The results of this study may be beneficial to the following:
Bacolod City Alliance Church (BCAC). The main benefactor of this study will be
BCAC since this church establishment goes through the ongoing pandemic and will
eventually go into the post-pandemic era. The study may aid in suggesting solutions that
will be relevant for design and function of the church facilities. The Administration and
members may also benefit from this study as they may consider incorporating this design
in the actual church amenities.
Christian Churches. This study may also serve as a prototype for other Christian
churches to incorporate in the design of their facilities as healing spaces fit for the
current/post-pandemic set up.
Interior Designers. Interior designers may find the results of this study helpful as
to how they might design post-pandemic healing spaces.
Psychologists/Medical Practitioners. The “healing aspect” of this study may also
be beneficial to those professionals who are involved in the psychological aspect of treating
patients. The outcome of this study may serve as useful information that can contribute to
the overall health of an individual. Most especially in the aspect of mental/psychological
healing.
Researchers. Researchers may also benefit from this study with regards to the
information presented in this dissertation about the Theory of Comfort, Healing Spaces,
and Post-Pandemic Design.
1.5 Scope and Limitations
This study is conducted to determine if the incorporation of The Theory of Comfort
in Bacolod City Alliance Church (BCAC) through addressing relief, ease, and
transcendence, will be an effective way of invoking a post-pandemic healing space
specifically in the Worship Hall, the Generoso Hall (multi-purpose hall), the Cafeteria, and
the Sunday School Room.
The above-mentioned areas are reflected on the following requirements for the
researcher to be complied (per area).
1. Concept Board
2. Material Swatch Board with Image Board
3. Floor plan/ furniture layout
4. Reflected Ceiling
5. Floor pattern
6. Elevations
7. Lighting and Switching Layout
8. Power Plan
9. Auxiliary Layout
10. Construction Detailing

11. Cost Estimates
12. Design Analysis
13. Rendered Perspectives
This study intended to explore the potential of existing church spaces to be relevant
as well as functional healing spaces in an ongoing and post-pandemic set up by providing
a flexible, clean, inspiring, and functional design solution.
1.6 Definition of Terms
The following terms are operationally used in the study and are defined below for
clarity in understanding:
Church. “Church” in this study shall mainly pertain to Bacolod City Alliance
Church or A building for public, especially Christian worship.
Comfort Theory. Kolcaba’s Theory of Comfort was first developed in the 1990s. It
is a middle-range theory for health practice, education, and research. A nursing professor
Katharine Kolcaba has defined comfort as "the immediate state of being strengthened
through having the human needs for relief, ease, and transcendence addressed in four
contexts of experience (physical, psychospiritual, sociocultural, and environmental."
(2003).
Comfort. “The state of being strengthened when needs for relief, ease, and
transcendence are met in four contexts of experience: physical, psychospiritual,
sociocultural, and environmental” (Kolcaba, 2001)

COVID-19. A novel coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome
coronavirus 2), which was identified by the WHO, causes this respiratory disease identified
as COVID-19 (CO for corona, VI for virus, D for disease, 19 for 2019 the year it first
appeared in Wuhan, China).
Ease. relates to the patient feeling comfortable or "at ease" in their environment
(Peterson & Bredow, 2013; Wilson & Kolcaba, 2004).
Healing Space. are spaces that evoke a sense of cohesion of the mind, body, and
spirit. They support healing intention and foster healing relationships (Firth et. al, 2015).
Pandemic. The worldwide outbreak of a disease in humans in numbers clearly in
excess of normal. There were four influenza pandemics in the 20th Century and a
coronavirus pandemic declared in March 2020.
Physical Comfort. Refers to climate and microclimate conditions of the
environment (Vukmirovic, et. al., 2019).
Post-pandemic. Refers to events to “evolutionary phase concerns the period
emerging after the COVID-19 crisis, which leads the global socioeconomic system and the
various actors at all levels (macro-meso-micro), respectively, to irreversible
transformations, laying the ground for the appearance of an entirely new form of
globalization. This may also include preparation for what comes “after” the pandemic
which is inclusive of the idea of other pandemics or other similar socio-economic and
health crises that may arise in the future (IGI International, 2021).
Public space. Is a space available for all people and “the vital ingredient of
successful cities” (Hajep, 2001).
Transcendence. The user overcoming their feelings of discomfort through a
therapeutic relationship brought by healing design intervention and through providing
holistic comfort interventions including empathy, compassion, close interaction, intuitive
knowing, and a sense of presence.

CHAPTER 2
METHODOLOGY
This chapter presents the Research Design, Participants, Data Collection
Techniques, and type of Qualitative Data Analysis used by the researcher to achieve the
goals of the study. The researcher intended to design an interior space solution that is
“post-pandemic fit” to the selected areas of Bacolod City Alliance Church.
2.1 Research Design
This study employed the Qualitative Research Design Method specifically Action
Research. Action research is a type of qualitative research that seeks action to improve
practice and study the effects of the action that was taken (Streubert & Carpenter, 2002).
A famous psychologist named Kurt Lewin (1890-1947), was the one who coined this term.
He believed that there was “no action without research; no research without action”
(Marrow, 1969, p.163). According to a journal by Takahashi et al. (2017) “Action research
is any research into practice undertaken by those involved in that practice, with the primary
goal of encouraging continued reflection and making improvement and can be done in any
professional field, including medicine, nursing, social work, psychology, and education.”
This study utilized Action research over Traditional research method since the
nature of traditional research is more rigid in nature and gives light to review of prior
research and helps examine the theoretical significance of the issue, giving more attention
to the control of the research design method and concluding with generalizable and
preferably statistically significant results. On the other hand, action research according to
Takahashi et al (2017) continue to state that it, “emphasizes an insider’s perspective and
the practical significance of a current issue, may instead allow less representative sampling,
and looser procedures.”
In summary, action research likens a cycle process comprising of essential steps:
Identifying the problem, devising an action plan, implementing the plan, and finally,
observing and reflecting upon the process.
When it comes to the 21st Century Contemporary Christian Church setting,
practitioners may be interested in trying out different space design in church spaces, but
are unsure of their effectiveness. For this study, action research may provide opportunities
to explore the efficacy of a particular design approach (in this case, the application of
Kolcoba’s Comfort Theory to Interior Design of a Christian Church), the development of
space programming, or even the choice of materials, hence, making continual improvement
possible. In other words, the use of an interactive action-and-research process enables
church-goers/users of the space to get an in-depth idea of the maximum potential they can
do inside the church, and not only limited to what they think they can do most especially
during time of pandemic where physical meeting constraints are prevalent.
Hopefully, through this, activities done within the church spaces for the post-
pandemic setting can be better tailored to fit the needs of the church-goers.
2.2 Participants
This study is conducted for Bacolod City Alliance Church. Key informants were
purposely selected to participate through interviews. Such individuals involved a Senior
Pastor, a Ministry Leaders of BCAC, and participants from other Christian Churches.
Going back to the purpose statement of this study, the main objective of the study
is to come up with appropriate design solutions for Bacolod City Alliance Church
addressing the comfort needs of relief, ease, and transcendence of church-goers in the
pandemic time. This study sought to answer the overarching question: How can the interior
design environment of the Bacolod City Alliance Church address the comfort needs of
relief, ease, and transcendence as a healing space for church-goers in the pandemic time,
and with the following specific questions formulated:
 What is the applicable design for a prayer and worship space environment
guided by Kolcaba’s Theory of Comfort integrating the elements and principles
of interior design such as lines, forms, patterns, light, colors, and texture?
 How will the interior design of the church’s space address the comfort needs of
relief, ease, and transcendence of churchgoers in terms of their (a) physical, (b)
psycho spiritual, (c) sociocultural, and (d) environmental experiences.
 In what ways can the spatial planning and layout design address the physical
and social functions of the church while integrating safety standards and
protocols?
2.3 Data Collection Techniques
The following techniques have been observed and conducted in order to gather the
data needed for the analysis of this study:
Individual Interview (Key Informants). This was done in an individual setting. The
individuals were interviewed guided with a set of questions and answers were recorded
through an online questionnaire.
Record Keeping and Textual Analysis. This method made use of the already
existing reliable documents and similar sources of information as the data source. It was
similar to going to a library. The researcher has gone over books and other reference
material to collect relevant data that were used in the research.
Site Visits and Observation/Photo Documentation of the Site. The researcher
conducted an ocular site inspection to assess the areas that needed improvement and
physically assessed and analyzed how a post-pandemic design in the church spaces can be
executed. Photos and videos of the existing spaces were compiled and analyzed to assess
how redesign interventions could be introduced.
Conduct Literature Review. A literature review is a summary of the published work
in a certain field of study which can be used to defend research questions. In this study,
different website and articles related to the study were used. The researcher used literature
analysis of COVID-19, International Christian Churches, Christian Churches in the
Philippines, and the design styles and materials that were used for the interior design.
Online Research. The researcher also utilized online research for this study, taking
verified information online from different websites and articles related to the research to
further help this study.
2.4 Data Analysis
This research employed the deductive approach which involved analyzing
qualitative data based on a structure that is predetermined by the researcher.
For interview data, the researcher transcribed the responses of the key informants,
and guided by the research objectives of the study, responses that were addressing the
objectives of the study were cited and quoted to serve as findings of the study.
Textual analysis was employed for conceptual literatures that were collected
through library and online researches. These data from published materials that are related
and/or consistent with the aims and objectives of the present study. These information,
when deemed relevant were also cited to support the findings of the study.
Photos and records that were captured and documented during the on-site visits also
contributed to the findings of the study. These documentations basically provided
background contexts and conditions of the existing facility that were highly significant in
the formulation of a proposed design solution. These pictures are simply captioned to
describe the existing condition of the facilities and areas subject for improvement.
CHAPTER 3
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
This chapter deals with the presentation, analysis, and interpretation of the gathered
data vis-à-vis the research questions of the study. For clearer understanding, the research
findings are organized combining graphical, pictorial, and textual forms along with
narrative discussions.
The researcher conducted the interview through an online questionnaire to limit the
risk of physical contact due to COVID-19 pandemic. The researcher also utilized online
journals, studies, and other literature to back up the study. The following are mentioned
below.
3.1 Analyses of Records and Documents
“It is entirely plausible that Christian nursing (during the A.D. 165 smallpox
epidemic in the Roman Empire) would have reduced mortality by as much as two-thirds!”
- “The Triumph of Christianity”, Rodney Stark, 2011
Throughout the years, Christianity has seen its fair share of plagues. Rodney Stark,
a historian and sociologist retells of the early Christian church scene and its role during
times of pandemic. He tells of how people were not only able to survive, but thrive through
an outbreak in his book published in 2011 titled, "The Triumph of Christianity."
This work of literature falls under the genre of history, religion, nonfiction,
Christianity, and sociology. In this book, Stark states that during the 1st up to the 4th century,
one of the main reasons why Christianity grew and paganism in the Roman Empire
declined was because of the selfless display of mercy Christians showed toward people
who were suffering with disease. This is most especially prevalent during the two plagues
that spread rampantly throughout the Roman Empire.
In an online journal for Dallas Baptist University by Dr. Michael Whiting (2020)
on, “Pandemics and the Church: What does History Teach us”, he gives a brief summary
of the previous plagues, diseases, famines, and the like: “The outbreak of the Great Plague
in 1347, the London Plague in 1665, the Spanish Flu in 1918, the Ebola Crisis in West
Africa in 2014. Christians of past and more recent generations have endured these and
many other forms of disruption and loss, including the Great Depression of 1929, two
World Wars, and the Syrian Refugee Crisis in 2011 to name a few.”
As the researcher recounts the past trials of plagues and epidemics, the intention is
not meant to dampen the realities of the current tribulation brought by the COVID-19
pandemic rather, it is to bring light to the past and to show that these times are not entirely
unprecedented for the Church. Recounting these experiences are for the purpose of looking
on situations through a historical perspective.
In a journal by the Canadian Centre for Christian Charities, they state that,
pandemics and plagues are nothing new for the world and for more than thousands of years,
similar health protocols are being observed and up to this day, they are still almost the
same: “social distancing, quarantining, and even wearing masks have been ways humanity
has responded before. Even closing churches in Canada for in-person services is not new,
as the following two pictures show.”
Figure 4. Kelowna, BC poster during the 1918 Spanish Flu.
Figure 5. Poster from 1918 for Alberta Church on social distancing, wearing masks, etc.
During the 1575 plague, Quinto Tiberio Angelerio, a Protomedicus (a.k.a. a doctor)
from the higher class came back from his training abroad in Silicy where an epidemic also
freshly took place. He had just come back to his hometown in Alghero, fortunately bringing
his newly gained wisdom, when the epidemic also broke out there.
He later published a booklet titled, “Ectypa Pestilentis Status Algheriae Sardiniae”,
where in detail, he wrote down 57 rules he prescribed and imposed upon the city. Some of
these are quarantine, lockdowns, 6-foot Physical distancing, “washing your shopping”, etc.
(Gorvett, 2021).
This is backs up nature of an action research in the aspect that seeks action to
improve practice by studying the effects of the action that was taken. In short, the claims
of “observing health protocols” can be dated to up to hundreds of years ago, and evidently
social distancing and the like are reliable aspects that need to be considered in incorporating
in designing “post-pandemic” fit healing spaces.
Pew Research Center conducted several surveys and their reports are included in
the following tables below showing how people’s faith in several countries around the word
have increased during the pandemic. This is safe to say that these people who claim to have
strengthened their faith are more likely to go to church after the pandemic as seen in Table
1, say that they are most likely to stop attending virtual services altogether and come back
to face-to-face worship after the pandemic. While Table 2 shows that a large percentage of
church-goers have stopped attending virtually and Tables 3 & 4 show church-goers who
attend live services amidst the pandemic, while Tables 5 & 6 report the percentage of those
who are more confident to attend face-to-face worship even amidst the pandemic.
Table 1. Percentage of Americans most-likely to say pandemic strengthened their
religious faith.
In this table it shows that, in the United States, an increase of those likely to say
their faith was strengthened. 41% were that of white evangelicals, 27% of Catholics, 19%
of white non-evangelical Protestants, and 7% of the unaffiliated. (Pew Research Center,
2021)
Table 2. Report on Americans and their likelihood of increasing engagement with virtual
services after the pandemic.

Table 3. Percentage of U.S. Adults who have attended live/watched religious services
virtually.
Table 4. Percentage of U.S. Adults who are returning to in-person religious
services.
Table 5. Percentage of U.S. Adults who regularly attend religious services
growing confidence in attending live religious services.

Table 6. Percentage of U.S. Adults who regularly attend religious services at
least monthly and their confidence in attending face-to-face church services.

3.2 Interviews
Throughout the years, Christians have been evidently been one of the responsive
groups that were at the forefront of plagues. Although churches were forced to shut down,
they have been used to minister to those in dire need during an outbreak.
To name a few prominent Christian Leaders, during the 1527 plague, adjusting his
ministry activities, Martin Luther took the initiative to be socially responsible and dealt
with the plagues of during his time despite churches being closed. While John Calvin dealt
with five plagues in his lifetime.
During the Great Plague in 1854, Charles Spurgeon (1834-1892), also known as
“The Prince of Preachers” in the midst of a major cholera outbreak, “prioritized local
ministry, adjusted his meetings, but continued meeting, cared for the sick., was open to
new evangelistic opportunities, He entrusted his life to God.”. This is because he held great
admiration for the Puritan ministers who stayed to take care for the sick and dying during
the Great Plague of London during 1665, who served as one of his inspirations.
In the context of the 21st Century church setup, the results of the interview
discussion indicate that even amidst the pandemic, the church spaces may still be used to
minister to its community.
In this interview, the participants were asked, questions with regards to how the
physical church building can minister to its community.

Results show that despite the pandemic, many church-goers still attend services and
small group gatherings. Because of the imposing threats, the researcher seeks to bring the
solutions to the users of the space to hopefully help mitigate further transmission of the
virus. Participants have provided their input as to how they think the 21st century physical
church building should feel like. One participant indicates that:
“Physical church building should be a place of equipping,
worship, teaching and fellowship. We should always feel
welcomed and feel at home.”
The church spaces must not be stagnant, rather utilized. All the more during a
pandemic. According to another key informant, she states that:
“… because the ministry continues despite the challenges of the
pandemic. There's no other place for equipping, teaching,
fellowship, get together than to be in the church.”
One key informant suggests that:
“…We can still use it for temporary quarantine, and the usual
activities like worship and small meetings, provided proper
protocols are observed.”
Existing Christian churches in the Philippines have been practicing this today.
According to a news article by CNN Philippines, “several religious groups and churches
in the metro have offered to transform their facilities into temporary shelters for front liners
battling the COVID-19 pandemic.” Specifically, Christian church Victory has opened its
spaces for healthcare worker and providing temporary shelters.
“One of the ways we can serve and do our small part is to provide them with food
and shelter,” Victory said in a statement. “We are collaborating with these hospitals to
make room for those who need it the most.”
Apart from sleeping spaces, Victory’s facility also offers basic amenities such as
pillows, blankets, and slippers.
Figure 6. Victory’s Bonifacio Global City building starts to accommodate St. Luke’s
Medical Center BGC and Rizal Medical Center in Pasig healthcare workers.
This photo can be juxtaposed to the similar scene back in 1819 during the Spanish
Flu epidemic:
Figure 7. Church serving as hospital, Spanish Flu
On a question about churches providing healthy spaces during a pandemic, one
participant suggests that:
“Church is always the best place to gather especially when
having a small group meeting. Church can provide a healthy
space during this pandemic by: providing a well-ventilated area
conducive to learning and gathering, small groups can be held
virtually also so preparing a virtual set-up is a must, maximizing
everything to reach out to others and for providing venues for
growth.”
Another also states that one way that may help provide comfort and ease to the
users of the space is to,
“Consider proper ventilation and easy maintenance.
Cleanliness is a must. Inspiring atmosphere.” Another also
suggests that, Structured intervals for usage of the facilities of the
church. (in between sanitizing of the place for the next user)”
The researcher concludes with an excerpt from a sermon dating back to November
3, 1918, at the Fifteenth Street Presbyterian Church in Washington, D. C. delivered by Rev.
Francis J. Grimke after the Spanish Flu epidemic when churches reopened.
“This epidemic…has brought out in a way that is very gratifying,
the high estimation in which the Christian church is held in the
community—the large place which it really occupies in the thought
of the people. The fact that for several weeks we have been shut
out from the privileges of the sanctuary has brought home to us as
never before what the church has really meant to us. We hadn’t
thought, perhaps, very much of the privilege while it lasted, but the
moment it was taken away we saw at once how much it meant to
us.”
3.3 Site Visits and Observation/Photo Documentation of the Site
AREA 1: Generoso Hall
Figure 8: Generoso Hall holding Mid-week Prayer Meeting while observing COVID-19
Protocols One of the main problems of the Generoso Hall is the lack of natural
ventilation.
Figure 9: Observing proper protocols.

Figure 10: Generoso Hall when not in use.
Figure 11. Generoso Hall when not in use.

AREA 2: Kid’s Church
Figure 12: Kid’s church main worship area
Figure 13. Kid’s church not in use during the pandemic.

AREA 3: Cafeteria
Figure 14. Cafeteria outside Generoso Hall when not in use
Figure 15. Cafeteria kitchen/counter area.

Figure 16: Cafeteria also used for meetings, small groups, and other small gatherings.
Figure 17. Cafeteria furniture arranged for meeting set up.

AREA 4: Sanctuary
Figure 18: Sunday Worship service observing COVID-19 protocols
Figure 19. Sound booth located at the back area of church. Can be a hazard to small
children.
3.4 Working Drawings
MASTER PLAN:
VICINITY MAP:
AREA 1: GENEROSO HALL

Design Concept, Design Philosophy, Design Considerations, and Design Objectives
Swatch & Image Board

Rendered Perspectives
Manual Rendered Perspective

General Floorplan with furniture layout
Elevations
Reflected Ceiling Plan & Lighting Layout

Power & Auxiliary Layout
Built-In Detail
Cost Estimates
AREA 2: KID’S CHURCH


General Floor plan with furniture layout

Elevations
Reflected Ceiling Plan & Lighting Layout

Power & Auxiliary Layout
Built-In Detail
Cost Estimates
AREA 3: CAFETERIA



Elevations
Reflected Ceiling Plam

Lighting Plan
Power Layout
Auxiliary Layout
Built-In Detail
Cost Estimates
AREA 4: SANCTUARY



Elevations
Reflected Ceiling Plan
Lighting Layout
Power
Auxiliary Layout
Built-In Detail
Cost Estimates
Sanctuary
CHAPTER 4
SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATION
The aim of this thesis study was to come up with a design proposal for Bacolod
City Alliance Church for a “post-pandemic fit” healing space. Using the various data
collected in the study, including text literatures from print and online sources, interviews
with key informants, and actual site observations, a design solution is formulated.
Summary of Findings
The present study which aimed to primarily propose an interior design environment
for the Bacolod City Alliance Church which addressed the comfort needs of relief, ease,
and transcendence as a healing space for church-goers in the pandemic time revealed the
following salient findings:
1. Churches, throughout history, have been affected by global health pandemics
and in turn, have consequentially responded to the challenges of suspension of
their religious activities brought about these said pandemics. Bacolod City
Alliance Church identifies itself with the rest of these churches throughout the
history.
2. Observation of health protocols among churches in time of pandemic was a
common practice, which in turn necessitated these churches to make
modifications in their services, and subsequently affecting their physical
infrastructures.
3. Despite the pandemic many church-goers still attend services and small group
gatherings.
4. Churchgoers believe that the physical church building should be a
place of equipping, worship, teaching and fellowship, and that they
should always feel welcomed and feel at home.
5. The church spaces must functionally utilized despite of the pandemic
securing the health, safety, and welfare of the users, nonetheless.
6. The unutilized spaces of the church can function as quarantine facility
to help decongest health facilities like hospitals in times of pandemic;
therefore, the spaces must be recalibrated to suit that function.
7. Church can provide a healthy space during a pandemic by providing
well-ventilated areas for learning and gathering functions,
complementing the space with facilities for virtual set-up.
8. Easy maintenance and an inspiring atmosphere were sought in church
spaces.
9. The main function areas of the Church, i.e., the main hall, sanctuary,
cafeteria, and those intended for the young members of the church
require redesigning and enhancement that suit to a post-pandemic
church.
10. The church spaces adapt to design standards that can cater to post-
pandemic needs and other related health crises that require spaces that
promote healthy and comfortable social interaction.

Conclusions
Based on the foregoing findings of the study, the following conclusions are drawn:
1. Churches, like any other physical spaces, need to be responsive to the signs of
time. In the context of the present Covid-19 pandemic, they have to be
redesigned addressing the need for safety, comfort, and ease of those attending
the church ministries.
2. Health protocols are essentials aspects and considerations in the design of
pandemic and post-pandemic spaces and environments, churches included.
3. The essential functions of the church to provide a venue for worship,
education, and fellowship remain steadfast despite of the pandemic;
nonetheless they have to be ministered in complement of the content.
4. The functionality of the church goes hand in hand with how it must
provide wellness, safety, and security of its users.
5. Church spaces can serve multi-purpose functions in times of
pandemic.
6. Proper ventilation, easy maintenance, and an inspiring ambience
remain highly-prioritized aspects of a church.
7. A new and responsive design for the Church is necessary.
Recommendations
From the foregoing results and conclusions, the following recommendations are
formulated:
1. A “Futuristic Bacoleño” design style may be employed for the design of the
church since its characteristics adhere to the requirements of a post-pandemic
design: high gloss finishes that are non-porous, thus less bacteria will stay on
the surface. Another factor is ease of maintenance because of the smooth
finishes. Futuristic design style is also light and airy, which means it utilizes
natural light, thus natural ventilation may also be intertwined thru the use of
sliding glass doors/windows. The “Bacoleño” aspect shall be incorporated
through the design concept by using the elements of iconic Bacolodnon
symbols such as, “Iliganon” (etymology of “Hiligaynon” meaning, “where the
water flows down”, Tubo” (to grow/sugarcane), “Yuhum” (to smile. Inspired
by the Masskara Festival), and “Buklod” (etymology of “Bacolod” which
means, “hill mound/to rise). The design will follow more the concepts than the
use of materials.
2. For the color scheme, each space shall be unique. Although, the majority shall
utilize bright yet coherent colors that stimulate positive and appropriate
emotions.
3. For the floor treatment, homogenous/heterogeneous (seamless) flooring shall
be used such as, vinyl sheet and polished concrete since one consideration of
designing for post-pandemic is less crevices and porous materials.
4. For the accent wall treatment, acrylic panels with gloss finish shall be used for
easy maintenance and less bacteria can foster. Glass and ducco finish paint is
also used.
5. For the ceiling treatment, all areas shall be constructed with gypsum board with
metal framing and the paint finish is plain white, matte finish.
6. For the furniture materials, wood, gloss finish laminates, faux leather,
engineered bamboo shall be used.
7. Lastly, for the ventilation and lighting type, both artificial and natural sources
are highly recommended for in the design, but all the spaces shall have optimum
level of natural lighting and ventilation.

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APPENDICES
APPENDIX A
LETTER OF APPLICATION
APPENDIX B
QUESTIONNAIRE
APPENDIX C
MEDICAL WAIVER
APPENDIX D
CONFORME LETTER
APPENDIX E
COVER LETTER
APPENDIX G
ENDORSEMENT FORMS
APPENDIX H
CERTIFICATE OF ORIGINALITY
This is to certify, that the research paper submitted by me is an outcome of my independent and
original work. I have duly acknowledged all the sources from which the ideas and extracts have
been taken. The project is free from any plagiarism and has not been submitted elsewhere for
publication.
Name of Student: Lois B. Bernardino
Course: Bachelor of Science in Interior Design
Thesis Title: “Addressing Relief, Ease, and Transcendence by Applying the Theory of
Comfort to Bacolod City Alliance Church as a Post-Pandemic Healing Space”
Respectfully yours,
Signature of Student
Noted by:
IDR. PAMELA LEILA S. GALERA, piid
Thesis Adviser
Date: January 27, 2022

ABOUT THE AUTHOR
Lois B. Bernardino is a 4th year Bachelor of Science in Interior Design student in La
Consolacion College Bacolod. She loves reading, films, singing, and art. In relation to the
arts, she has special skills and experience specifically in painting and drawing. Her interests
in the interior environment include interior architecture, Filipino Interior Design, and
Philippine Architecture. She enjoys putting her creative mind to good use. Lois is also a
loving daughter, the eldest among three girls. This challenging role has molded her to
become a responsible person, enough that by God’s grace, she has successfully
accomplished this thesis paper.
Residence Address: Providence Negros Subdivision, Bacolod City, 6100
Contact Number: 09310531889

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LA CONSOLACION COLLEGE BACOLOD – ARFIEN DEPT PAGE i

ADDRESSING RELIEF, EASE, AND TRANSCENDENCE BY

A Thesis submitted to the

In Partial Fulfillment the Requirements for the

Many thanks to Dr. Randdie Cuelo, my Thesis Consultant, who accommodated my

consultations by answering every query with such precision.

To my past mentors who patiently addressed my queries, particularly Ar.-IDr.

Dominic Diocson, IDr. Jonathan Fortu, and IDr. Carlo Academia.

My gratitude goes to La Consolacion College Bacolod for allowing me to complete

my thesis despite numerous hurdles.

me during this trying time. You motivate me to improve as a designer.

to conduct my study at Bacolod City Alliance Church.

All glory, honor, and praise go to God!

Addressing Relief, Ease, and Transcendence by Applying the Theory of Comfort to

CHAPTER 3 RESULTS & DISCUSSIONS 29

CHAPTER 4 FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS & 99

Figure 1 Kolcoba’s Taxonomic Structure of a patient’s comfort needs in 16

Table 1 Percentage of Americans most-likely to say pandemic 33

1.1 Background of the Study

Religious leaders, faith-based organizations, and faith communities can play a

communities they serve (WHO Practical Considerations and Recommendations for

Religious Leaders and Faith-Based Communities in the Context of COVID-19 Interim

The novel Corona Virus Disease—2019 outbreak, or infamously known as the

infected individual’s respiratory droplets usually generated through coughing or sneezing.

In a journal article by International City/County Management Association (ICMA)

by (Reinnhard, 2021)in the United States alone, there is an estimate of a post-pandemic

church closure rate of 20 to 30 percent—that’s roughly 100,000 of the estimated 384,000

of “pandemic” as well: the mental health crisis.

even prevent fear and stigma. (World Health Organization, 2020)

for comfort and safety.

According to Gehl, (2010), in public spaces, comfort is recognized to be among

spaces to be “comfortable”, it should, “reduce potential risk, insecurity, bodily injury,

unpleasant sensory influences, and negative aspects of the climate to a minimum”.

to move and the feeling of security” (Ovstedal & Ryeng, 2002).

They achieved this by formulating a “Temporary Outdoor Expansion program”. This

(Denver Design Manual, 2021).

Management in a journal titled, “Ministry During Pandemic: From Awareness to

between attendees is limited.

practices for religious gatherings may still be observed.

emergency healthcare facilities, community emergency medication centers, temporary

considerations and recommendations for faith-based communities (the church) in the

and stigma by providing reassurance to their communities.

participants of an organized religion, “critical events generate spiritual issues.”

Ministry of BCAC in partnership with Compassion International) and Bacolod City

of the community during the time of pandemic.

also what comes after.

Now focusing on the “post-pandemic” scene; British-American sociologist, Richard

COVID-19 Special” posted on YouTube in Apr 5, 2021, he states that,

live long-term socially distanced lives.”

socially isolated spaces…”

1.2 Purpose Statement

in the post-pandemic setting.

Specifically, this study sought to answer the following questions:

guided by Kolcaba’s Theory of Comfort integrating the elements and principles

of relief, ease, and transcendence of churchgoers in terms of their (a) physical,

(b) psycho-spiritual, (c) sociocultural, and (d) environmental experiences?

1.3 Theoretical Framework

This study is primarily anchored on theoretical underpinnings of Kolcaba’s Theory

of Comfort developed in the 1990s. It is a middle-range theory for health practice,