READINGS IN THE PHILIPPINE GENERAL MARIANO NUNEZ LLANERA

HISTORY REVIEWER CHAPTER 10-12

- Cabiao, Nueva Ecija
- Declared loyalty and support to
Aguinaldo.
CHAPTER 10 PHILIPPINE REVOLUTION
UNDER AGUINALDO’S LEADERSHIP
JULY 1897 – Aguinaldo established Republika
sa Biak Na Bato and issued a proclamation
GOVERNOR GENERAL CAMILO
stating the ff;
POLAVIEJA – the governor when the
battleground was transferred from Manila to - Expulsion of the friars and the
Cavite. return of the friars lands to the
Filipinos
- Was relieved as per his request by
- Representation of the Philippines in
GENERAL PRIMO DE RIVERA
the Spanish Cortes
ON APRIL 15, 1897.
- Freedom of the press and of religion
- Abolition of the government’s
power to banish Filipinos
THE LAST STRAND OF AGUINALDO’S - Equality for all before the law
REVOLUTIONARY GOVERNMENT IN
CAVITE

FEB. 15, 1897 – Spaniards reinforced their line TO FORMALIZE THE BIAK NA BATO
to crush Gen. Aguinaldo’s forces. GOVERNMENT, THEY CONDUCTED
ANOTHER ELECTION, THE
FOLLOWING WERE ELECTED;
LAGUNA DE TAYABAS – mountain where
Aguinaldo retreat and others in Bulacan.
PRESIDENT = EMILIO
AGUINALDO
JUNE 6, 1897 – Mamerto Alejandrino VICE PRESIDENT = MARIANO TRIAS
Natividad, Jr. was named Lieutenant General for
Central Luzon. SECRETARY = ANTONIO
MONTENEGRO
TREASURER = BALDOMERO
JULY 1897 – They evacuated and proceed to AGUINALDO
Biak Na Bato in San Miguel Bulacan.
ASST. TREASURER = EMILIO RIEGO DE
DIOS
THE ESTABLISHMENT OF BIAK NA
BATO GOVERNMENT
A constitution was drafted; it was patterned after
the Cuban Constitution, and was ratified by
BIAK-NA-BATO – where Aguinaldo them on November 1, 1897. The following
established his headquarters. features were considered in the Constitution:
1. Establishment of a Supreme Council – will 1. That I, and any of my associates who desired
serve as the highest body of the Republic. to go with me, would be free to live in any
foreign country. Having fixed upon Hong Kong
2. Human rights
as my place of residence.
3. Freedom of religion
2. It was agreed the payment of the indemnity of
4. Freedom of the Press $800,000 (Mexican) should be made in 3
installments.
5. Right of Education
3. $200,000 when the arms surrendered
amounted to the 800 stands; the final payment to
PRIMO DE RIVERA = governor general be made when 1,000 of arms shall have been
handed over to the authorities.
4. Te Deum sung in the Cathedral in Manila as
PEDRO PATERNO = negotiator thanksgiving for the restoration surrender of
arms should be completed. (The Te Deum is an
“Political Balimbing”
early hymn of praise).
5. The whole of the money was to be paid to me
The Governor General offered a peace talk personally, leaving the disposal of the money to
instead of an attack to Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo my discretion and knowledge of the
and the company. understanding with my associates and other
insurgents.

Pedro Paterno = tried to convince Gen. Emilio

Aguinaldo to enter and agreement with the Gov.
General Primo de Rivera in the name of PEACE

CHAPTER 11: AMERICAN

Aguinaldo declined the offer but after series of INFILTRATION IN THE PHILIPPINES
meeting he later on agreed to enter a peace
agreement or PACT
Americans focus their campaign in PH instead
on Cuba.
THE PACT OF BIAK NA BATO

= Cuba was colonized by Spain by that time

DECEMBER 14, 1897 = finally drafted the
agreement between Spanish Government thru
Gov. Gen. Fernando Primo de Rivera and the = America also interests the Cuba
Biak Na Bato Republic by Gen. Emilio
Aguinaldo
= The explosion of US warship in Havana,
Cuba, Harbor caused deaths to the officers on
TEODORO AGONCILLO = said the pact was board.
made into 3 documents and in relation to the
writings of Emilio Aguinaldo in 1899;
= America suspects Spain since they had =Hindi lahat ng kasapi ng Biak na Bato ay na
conflict due to Cuba thingy exile ha dahil hindi lahat ay sumama sa hong
kong dahil yung iba ay hindi sang ayon sa
nangyaring PACT
= Explosion happened on April 21, 1898 and
America declared war against Spain.
= There has been a misunderstanding and
miscommunication due to long distance (PH –
= It was the America’s first overseas war using HK) and some of the members resigned.
their steel ships that bought superiority and There’s also some changes in the membership
naval forces in the world at that time.

= DECEMBER 2, 1898 Aguinaldo deposited

= PH was silent after the Pact of Biak na Bato 400,000 mexican peso in the HONG KONG and
led by Aguinaldo who were exiled in Hong SHANGHAI BANKING CORPORATION
Kong under his name and company

= According to Aguinaldo the fight remains at = 2 days after, he withdrew the half and deposit
large despite the silence to Chartered Bank in India, Australia and China

= They reestablished their group and called Chika time

themselves HONG KONG JUNTA, reinforced
Habang nasa transaction nalaman ni Aguinaldo
themselves and waiting for the right time to
na sa second and third payment nya which is
come back to PH and fight for PH independence
200,000 pwede ma negotiate very profitably in
the Crown Colony na may interest na 8 ½
percent kaya naman he convince Baldemero
THE AGUINALDO’S HONGKONG JUNTA Aguinaldo, ang pinsan nya na naiwan sa Biak
na Baton a mag remit ng drafts without delay.
Their money in the bank increased by
= Hong kong junta played a role even though P18,582.SO.
they were exiled.

A strict budget was established for the exiles and

= Their campaign was no longer arm struggle a frugal existence was enforced by Aguinaldo.
but rather shifted into a diplomatic means and Lahat ng bayarin o gastusin dapat na rereport sa
propaganda with the same objective = kanya.
INDEPENDENCE

THE MOST TRIVIAL ITEMS = A pair of

= JUNTA was the Pact of Biak na Bato in shoes, a new coat approved by the leader/
Bulacan aftermath
Gen. Aguinaldo had misinterpreted the intent subsequent Spanish payment to the rebels at
and character of the men he had left behind. Biak na BAto
Their trust in him and the revolutionary cause
was not as lasting as he had thought. The
dissatisfaction manifested itself, 2 days after For Aguinaldo, what happened was
Aguinaldo’s departure. deteriorating.

REBELS @ BIAK NA BATO = led by =The discontent in HK could also turn to

ISABELO ARTACHO, passed a resolution defiance.
which defied the departed leaders.

=With the infos Aguinaldo acquired from the

Attitude ng naiwan na walang pera. Philippines, he resisted the potential threat to his
leadership and to the unity of the Junta.

While the “less meritorious” were enjoying the

use of the indemnity in HK. =February 14, 1898 Aguinaldo held a meeting
for the exiles in HK

The resolution proposed that the second and

third installments total of 400,000 be distributed =They met at the Green mount house, sort of a
to the neediest insurgent. headquarter that was used for gatherings. He
relayed to the assemblage Paterno’s ,message
describing happened resolution.
PACIANO RIZAL = Respected insurgent
leader
=Aguinaldo read a letter from Lt. Colonel
Miguel Primo de Rivera, nephew of the
= selected to approach the Spaniard with this governor general, stating that the Spanish has no
new proposal intention of making the third payment “AS
LONG AS THERE WAS ANY REVOLT IN
THE PHILIPPINES AND THE SOCIETY
= Surrendering rebels and arms was controlled OF THE KATIPUNAN WAS NOT
by these men, de Rivera agreed to their DISSOLVED”
petition.

Dahil dun sa sulat nawalan sila ng pag asa na

= Installment was quickly divided by the Biak makabalik sa pinas. Later on binalita na rin ni
na Bato Aguinaldo na si Artacho ay mag reresign na as
secretary at nagdedemand ng reimbursement of
P508.75 for miscellaneous expenses.
PADRE PATERNO = informed Aguinaldo of
the resolution of DECEMBER 29 and of the
The assemblage agreed to reject the Biak na HOW AMERICA ENTERED THE PH
Bato agreement of Dec. 19, 1897, and
authorized Aguinaldo to take charge of the
money, spending the interest for living expenses. = From HK Aguinaldo sailed to Singapore for
an important meeting with his old friend MR.
HOWARD W. BRAY, English man.
Tinanggap nila resignation ni Artacho pero hindi
ang demand nito.
= Howard also resided to PH for 15 years before
moving to Singapore
So sa huli, ang officials ng provisional
government na nabuo ng Biak na Bato ay
napalitan ng mga taong miyembro ng exiled = Aguinaldo was accompanied by Gregorio
group. del Pilar and a certain someone named Mr. J.
Leyba.

The exiled Filipino leadership, despite their

initial display of loyalty and conciliation to =the purpose of the meet was to confirm the
spain, had every intention of continuing the status of the PH and them as exiled in HK.
revolt.

=Also para makakalap ng info sa posibleng

Junta was formed in HK okay? While ang mga laban ng spain and America
kaganapan sa pinas was not going smoothly to
the Spaniards they were bothered by the
continued clashes with the Filipinos as these =They WOULD support America to fight spain.
outbreaks were scattered and unorganized, they
were initially attributed to TULISANES or
bandits
=Mr. Bray was the one who introduced Gen.
Aguinaldo to the American Consul Gen. in
Singapore, Mr. Spencer Pratt.
=Junta supported Aguinaldo’s leadership laban
sa mga leaders na naiwan sa pinas na
nagtatrabaho para makuha ang second payment
The consul was also worried about the status of
of indemnification from the colonial government
the PH, Bray was there as an interpreter since
Aguinaldo have difficulty in English as he only
knows tagalog and Spanish
Nag pasya si Aguinaldo kasama ang iba pang
rebolusyonaryo na itigil na ang pact dahil sa
violation na initaas ng Spanish government
Aguinaldo then chika what happened to the Ph
through the manifesto dated April 1898
under Spanish ruling. At sa chikahan nila
nalaman nya ang attack ng America sa pinas
kaya naman ginawa nya itong opportunity once
again for arm struggle against sa spain.
Aguinaldo’s will that after landing in PH was to 5:40 A.M May 1, 1898
establish a government for the PH with
Dewey turned to the captain of his flagship, The
liberal principle and he would be willing to
Olympia and said “YOU MAY FIRE WHEN
accept same terms as what they planned for
READY, GRIDLEY”
Cuba.

2 HOURS later the spansih fleet was destroyed

Pratt agreed to Aguinaldo’s proposal after
and Dewey ordered a pause.
hearing him.

Yung mga Spaniards na na trap sa little harbor at

The Consul put himself to a telegraph to send a
cavite ayaw sumuko kaya nagpatuloy ang laban.
communication to Commodore George Dewey,
Tanghali ng nag signal ang USS Petrel gunboat
of the American Asiatic Naval Squadron, who
na sumuko na ang kalaban.
stayed at that time near China ready to proceed
to Manila Bay to attack the Spanish Armada or
fleet.
The Spanish loses 370 troops and their war ship
known Armada
Commodore Dewey’s response = he requested American casualty was 10
Aguinaldo to leave Singapore and go back to
HK for Manila
The victory in Manila Bay cleared a way for the
US occupation in Manila in August and the
THE BATTLE OF MANILA BAY eventual transfer of the PH from Spanish to
American Control.
=April 30, Dewey’s American Asiatic
Squadron slipped by the defensive guns or
Corregidor Island and into Manila Bay.
ROXAS BOULEVARD = originally CAVITE
BOULEVARD was named after Dewey
Boulevard in honor of the American Admiral
= When located the Spanish fleet, a group of out
George Dewey, whose forces defeated the
of date warships anchored off the Cavite naval
Spanish navy in the Battle of Manila Bay in
station
1898.

=In comparison, US fleet was armed and well-

staffed due to the energetic assistant secretary
of the Navy, THEODORE ROOSEVELT, THE RETURN OF GENERAL EMILIO
who also selected Dewey for the command of AGUINALDO WITH HIS GROUP (HONG
the Asiatic squadron. KONG JUNTA)
= American President William McKinley
seized Manila from the Spanish colonizer.
= He ordered assembly Eight corps of the =END OF MAY, Inutusan ng UNITED
American Army consisting of almost 11,000 STATES DEPARTMENT si DEWEY (newly
soldiers under the command of Major Gen. promoted to Admiral), na lumayo o dumistansya
Wesley Meritt (2 star general) and waiting for kay Aguinaldo. In case lang na gumawa man ito
their deployment ng kung anong command sa PH forces.

=Commodore Dewey dispatched one of his ship =War with spain continued and the future of PH
USRC McCulloch to HK to fetch Aguinaldo is still uncertain at that time.
and his group. They arrived in PH May 19,
1898.
=Ang objective rin ng mga kano ay ang
makuha ang Manila since yung ang capital
=Aguinaldo discuss that he want to continue the pero mabuti daw na gawin yun without the
revolutionary activities align with the American assistance of revolutionaries.
forces

=JUNE 30, 1898, ang first contingent ng

=After meeting, May 24, 1898, Aguinaldo America, ang 2nd Division of eight corps. Of
issued a proclamation which he assumed American Army ay dumating sa pinas kasama
command of all PH forces and announced his ang kanilang Commander Brigadier General
intention to establish a dictatorial (1-star general) THOMAS MCARTHUR
government ANDERSON.

=Declared himself as the dictator =Nagpadala ito ng mensahe kay Aguinaldo

requesting their cooperation to the military
operations na ico conduct nila against the
=Nung kumalat ang balita na ito na nakabalik na Spain.
ang mga revolutionary leaders at kasama nila sa
partido ang americans, ang mga pinoy ay
sumanib kay Aguinaldo again uoang tuluyang =Nag respond naman si Aguinaldo sa mensahe
labanan ang Spain. pero ito ay upang pasalamatan lang ang General
Anderson para sa effort nito na magpadala ng
sulat at sa pagdating sa pinas pero walang
=Later, Imus, Bacoor, Paranaque, Las Pinas, sinabi tungkol sa miliray cooperation.
Morong, Macabebe and San Fernando as well
as some entire provinces like Laguna,
Batangas, Bulacan, Nueva ecija, Bataan, =JULY 17, panibagong American contingent
Tayahas (Now Quezon City) at Camarines ang pumunta sa pinas = 2nd Brigade of the
Provinces Eight division under the command of
BRIGADIER GENERAL FRANCIS
GREENE
=The above mentioned places were liberated by
the Filipinos and the port of Dalahican in Cavite
were rescued.
=on JULY 25, 1898, Major General Wesley =Sa point na ito natakot na ang Spaniards sa
Meritt, dumating kasama ang kaniyang staff mga pinoy dahil kahit na sumuko sila ay tiyak
na papatayin parin sila ng mga pinoy dahil sa
galit.
=Si Meritt ang Commander In Chief of The
Philippine Expedition.
=ITO NA ANG TEA…
=Dahil nga nagkaron na ng kasunduan ang
=Sa pananaw at mata ng mga pinoy ang
American and Spanish forces, ipapalabas nila
America at rebolusyonaryo ay nagsanib pwersa
na nag aaway ang America at Spain at
laban sa Spaniards
gumawa sila ng signal kung saan ipapakita na
sumusuko na ang Spain, sa paraang yun hindi
mapapahiya ang Governor General na susuko
=Bilang Allies, nag provide ang mga Filipino sa sya ng hindi nakikipag laban, in that way
American forces ng mga valuable intelligence honorable parin sya sa bansa nya and Para
tulad ng ang Spanish fleet ay luma na at gawa naman sa Americans, they are spared of the
lamang sa kahoy, walang torpedoes, na ang casualties.
gamit parin ng spain ay cannon ball.

=ito ay tinatawag sa history natin bilang MOCK

=Aguinaldo has 12,000 troops medyo malaki BATTLE IN MANILA… August 13, 1898.
kumpara sa Spanish forces na naglalaban sa
Intramuros Manila hanggang ang American
troop reinforcement galling San Francisco ay
=The attackers rushed in, by afternoon the
dumating ng LATE JUNE.
United States Flag was flying over
Intramuros, the ancient walled city that had
been the seat of Spanish Power for 333 years.
=Unti unti nang nawawala ang saya ni
Aguinaldo dahil wala naming kasulatan na
susuporta or sinusuportahan ng Americans
Sa umpisa, magkakampi ang Filipino and
ang Philippine Independence.
Americans laban sa Spain, in all but names.
Ngayun ang Spain and America naman ang nag
collab upang ma exclude ang PH
=Wala nang laban ang Spaniard but General revolutionaries. Aguinaldo was then told frankly
Fermin Jaudenes, Spain’s last governor in the by American Commander na ang kaniyang army
Island, nakagawa ng plano to save the honor of (Filipino revolutionary) ay hindi makakapag
his country. participate and mababaril if it crossed the city.
Nagalit ang mga Filipino at being denied of the
victory sa sariling lupang capital, but Aguinaldo
=Jaudenes tried to negotiate through a British bid his time.
and Belgian Diplomatic mediators; isang
secret agreement ang nabuo between Gen. The Filipino Revolution and the American
Jaudenes and American miliraty Army’s relationship continued to deteriorate,
commanders, early August 1898. doon ay nagging malinaw na sa mga Filipino na
ang America ay mananatili sa Isla ng Pilipinas.
CHAPTER 12 THE START OF AMERICAN
ERA  JUNE 12, 1898 he proclaimed the
independence of the PH in his house
in Cavite El Viejo (now kawit)
 THE DENIAL OF SPENCER
PRATT  Mr. Ambrosio Rianzares Bautista,
o Nagkaron nga ng meeting si wrote the PH declaration of
Aguinaldo kasama ang Consul Independence and read this document in
na sa Pratt sa Singapore, doon Spanish that day at Aguinaldo’s house
ay pinakilala at pinakiusap nya
si Dewey diba nga, si Aguinaldo  ACT OF PROCLAMATION OF
gusto gumawa ng kasulatan for INDEPENCE OF THE FILIPINO
formality pero sabi ni Pratt PEOPLE (Acta de la proclamacion de
okay lang kahit wag na dahil la independencia del pueblo Filipino)
ang usapan nila bilang consul
at general ay enough na,  DECLARATION OF
equivalent to the US INDEPENDENCE = document in
Givernment. Kaya naman which Filipino revolutionary forces
umasa at nagtiwala si under Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo
Aguinaldo, medyo uto uto sya proclaimed the sovereignty and
sa part na yan. independence of the PH islands from the
o Pero after ng battle sa Manila colonial rule of Spain after they are
Bay at nakapasok na nga ang defeated at the Battle at Manila bay
mga kano sa pinas tinanong si
Admiral Dewey at Pratt tungkol  In PH flag
sa kasunduan na meron sila ni
Aguinaldo dahil wala naman o White triangle = the distinctive
daw binigay na authority ang emblem of the famous society
American Governement sa of the Katipunan which by mean
dalawa para makipag negotiate of ots blood compact inspired
o para pangakuan ang pinas. the masses to rise in revolution
o Pratt denied any dealings of a o 3 stars = the three principal
political character with Islands of this archipelago;
Aguinaldo, si Dewey Luzon, Mindanao, Panay
dinisproved din si Aguinaldo o Sun = represents gigantic steps
sinasabi na hindi nya made by the sons of the country
pinangakuan ng kung ano si o 8 rays = the eight provinces;
Aguinaldo para sa independence Manila, Cavite, Bulacan,
ng Pinas Pampanga, Nueva Ecija,
Bataan, Laguna and
Batangas- which declared
PROCLAMATION OF PH themselves in a state of war as
INDEPENDENCE IN KAWIT CAVITE soon as the first revolt was
initiated
 Diniklara ni Aguinaldo, once again o BLUE, RED AND WHITE =
assumed command of all PH forces and commemorating the flag of US
put himself as a dictator.
of North America, as a was due to syphilis rather than
manifestation of our profound polio.
gratitude towards the Great o Mabini continued to work
Nation for its disinterested regardless of the rumor
protection which it lent us and o He molded judicial system and
continues lending us. the police as well as property
registration and miliraty
regulations
 The said names in the ppt and book,
those named with DON, those people
swore to recognize and defend the Flag  MARCELA MARINO-AGONCILLO
until the last drop of their blood sheesh. o MoTHER OF Philippine Flag
o Daughter of a rich family in
 WITNESS = Mr. L.M. Johnson, a Taal Batangas
colonel of artillery o Studied at Santa Catalina
College
 AMBROSIO RIANZARES o At 30, married a Filipino
BAUTISTA = War Counselor and Lawyer and Jurist Don Felipe
Special Delegate- Designate Agoncillo
o December 1897 - crossed path
with General Aguinaldo and his
party who arrived in the country
 APOLINARIO MABINI Y as exiles under the conditions of
MARANAN the Pact of Biyak-na-Bato.
o 2nd out of 8 children o Months after, Aguinaldo
o July 23, 1864, Talaga, decided to return to the
tanauwan Batangas Philippines to resume the fight
o Family = poor against Spain,
o Father = Inocencio Mabini – o Doña Marcela was tasked to
Peasant farmer do the work. Doña Marcela
o Mother = Dionisia Maranan – acceded to the request and sew
vendor at the local market the flag with the help of her
o 1881 (17 years old), he won daughter, Lorenza, and
partial scholarship to Manila Delfina Herbosa Natividad,
Colehio de San Juan de Rizal’s niece who was married
Letran to one of Aguinaldo’s generals.
o April 1898, penned a manifesto
on the Spanish-American war the flag beautifully embroidered in
o Reached Aguinaldo’s camp on gold, with the stripes of blue and red,
June 12, 1898 and become and a white triangle with the sun and
General’s primary adviser three stars was made.
o Mabini’s enemy is the new
government
o Enemy jealous of his power On May 17, 1898 the flag was delivered
personally by Agoncillo and was packed
spread a rumor that his paralysis
among the things Aguinaldo brought
back to Manila. This was the flag that - Commissioners from United States
was hoisted from the window of and Spain met in Paris on October
Aguinaldo’s house in Kawit, Cavite 1, 1898 to produce a treaty that
would bring an end to the war after
JULIAN FELIPE
six months of hostilities.
- born in Cavite City
- The American Commissioners
- teacher and composer negotiated in a hostile atmosphere
because all Europe, except England
- When the 1896 broke out, he joined was sympathetic to the Spanish
his fellow Cavitenis in the fight side
against Spaniards

- arrested and jailed at the Fort San - Spanish commissioners argued that
Felipe in Cavite Manila had surrendered after the
armistice
- His composition titled “Marcha
National Filipinas” - U.S ultimately paid Spain 20
million dollars for possession of
- September 5, 1938 his composition the Philippines. The Island of
was adopted as the Philippine Puerto Rico and Guam were also
national anthem placed under American control, and
Spain relinquished its claim to
Cuba.
JOSE PALMA
- December 10, 1898 the treaty was
- Jose Palma y Velasquez ( 3 june signed
1876 - 12 February 1903)

- A filipino poet and soldier

GREOGORIO DEL PILAR
- staff of La independencia
- Gregorio Hilario del Pilar y
- It was published for the first time in Sempio
the issue of the first anniversary of
La Indenpencia on September 3, - November 14, 1875 Bulakan
1899.
- December 2, 1899 Ilocos Sur
- The poem fit the instrumental tune
Marcha Nacional Filipina by - Parents: Fernando H. del Pilar and
Julian Felipe and it has since been Filipa Sempio
the basis for every translation of
the Philippine National Anthem. - Education: Ateneo de Manila
University

TREATY OF PARIS 1898

- Filipino General of the Philippine - Del Pilar died at the end of the
Revolutionary Army during fight. His body lay unburied for
Philippine-American War days.

- Nephew of propagandist Marcelo - American officer, Lt. Dennis P.

H. del Pilar and Toribio H. del Quinlan, gave the body a traditional
Pilar. U.S Military Burial.
- “An officer and a Gentleman”
- Known as “Goyong” or “Boy
General”

- age 20 he joined the insurgency of

Philippine Revolution against MACARIO SAKAY Y DE LEON
Spanish rule on August under - Bron: Around 1869/1878 Tabora St.
Andres Bonifacio’s leadership. Tondo, Manila

- December 28, 1896, he participated - Died: September 13, 1907 Manila

in the attack in Kakarong de
Silipandi, Bulacan. - worker in a Kalesa (Carriage)
Manufacturing shop. Was also a
- January 1, 1897, he was one among tailor and a stage actor performing
the defenders when a Spanish in a number of plays namely;
counterattack recaptured the town. Principe Baldovino, Doce Pares de
Francia and Amante de la Corona
- August 1897, he was promoted to a
captain; he met with Emilio - 1899, he continued to fight for
Aguinaldo in his Biak-Na-Bato Philippine Independence against
headquarters and proposed an attack United States
in a Spanish garrison in Paombong,
Bulacan. - He was one of the founders of the
Partido Nacionalista that aimed to
- He became the camp aide of achieve the Philippine Independence
General Emilio Aguinaldo while through legal means.
in Hong kong.
- The party appealed to the Philippine
- they returned in the Philippines after Commission which was under the
the battle in Manila Bay on June Americans, but the Commission
24, 1898, he accepted the surrender passed the Sedition Law =
of Spanish Soldiers in his hometown PROPAGANDA ADVOCATING
(Bulacan). PH INDEPENDENCE IS
PROHIBITED
- December 2, 1899, the Texas
Regiment of the U.S army was after - After Aguinaldo surrendered to the
the arrest of General Emilio American Forces, Sakay held the
Aguinaldo. leadership of the revolution and
declared himself Supreme
President of the Tagalog Republic
for which he declared the inclusion Captain — 16 - 25 firearms
of all the Islands of the Philippines
Major — 26 - 36 firearms
from Luzon to Mindanao.
Colonel — 40 - 50 firearms
- May 12, 1902, The Supreme
President Sakay and his men - Military Order No. 5, dated May
declared open resistance to the 25, 1903, his government assigned
Americans in the Philippines. the following color codes for the
divisions of its army.
- Sakay’s Military Circular No. 1
was dated May 5, 1903 and his
Presidential Order No. 1 was Artillery -Red
dated March 18, 1903.
Infantry -Light Blue
- Military Circular No. 7, dated Cavalry -Dark Blue
June 19, 1903, the government of
the Tagalog Republic (Republic of Engineering -Dark Brown
the Philippines) affirmed the Chief-Of-Staff -Dark Green
formation of an organized army.
Sanitary -Yellow

Kabohans — 8 Soldiers equivalent to a squad. Marines -Gray

Amilleros — 9 Soldiers.
- In 1905 – Dominador Gomez was
Companias— 117 Soldiers equivalent to a given authority by the American
company. Governor- General Henry Clay
Batalions— 801 Soldiers equivalent to Ide to negotiate for the surrender of
Batallion. Sakay and his men.

- Upon agreement - they were

- April 5, 1904 - Mariano Sakay’s permitted to carry firearms and that
second manifesto. he and his officers were permitted to
leave the country.
- His Presidential Order No. 2,
dated May 8, 1903, his government - Gomez assured Sakay that these
was in search of sources of weapons conditions would be acceptable and
to carry out its struggle against the would be granted by the Americans,
Americans. General Leon Villafuerte (Sakay
emissary), achieved the agreement
- Bargaining Rank, he stated into his from the American Governor-
direct order that, if who could turn General.
over firearms to the presidential
office or any headquarters. Ranks - He surrendered on July 20, 1906,
would be deliberated on the down from the mountains on the
following programs promise of an amnesty for him and
his officials, and the formation of a
Philippine Assembly composed of
Lieutenant — 10 - 15 firearms
Filipinos that would serve as the
“Gate of Freedom”. - September 18, 2007= Rodolfo
Valencia, Representative of Oriental
- General Villafuerte travelled Mindoro filed House Bill 2594.
Manila, got invited and had a feast.
- "General Malvar took over the
- . One invitation came from the revolutionary government after
Constabulary Chief, Colonel General Emilio Aguinaldo, first
Harry H, Bandholtz. It was a trap, President of the Republic, was
and Sakay and some of his company captured on March 23, 1901, and
were disarmed and arrested while (was) exiled in Hong Kong by the
the party was in progress. American colonial government-
since he was next in command."
- Sakay was accused of
“Bandolerismo under the - October 2011 = Vice President
Brigandage Act of Nov. 12, 1902, Jejomar Binay sought the help of
which was interpreted all acts of historians in proclaiming revolution.
armed resistance to American
rule is considered as Banditry.” - January 20,1899 = President
McKinley appointed Dr. Jacob
- Sakay was sentenced to death, and Gould Schurman to chair a mission
hanged on September 13, 1907. (known as Schurman Commission),
with Dean C. Worcester, Charles H.
Denby, Admiral Dewey, and
General Otis as members.

GENERAL MIGUEL MALVAR - February 4, 1899 = Fighting then

- Born: September 27, 1885 erupted between US and Filipino
forces
- Died: October 13, 1911

- Miguel and fellow revolutionary THE FORMATION OF

Apolinario Mabini became MALOLOS
classmates in Batangas.
- June 12, 1898 = proclamation of
- Malvar was an original Katipunero Independence day

- Malva and his family had a - Aug. 13, 1898 = Battle of Manila
friendship with Jose Rizal and his (End of Spanish and American war)
family. His successor as President.
- Sep. 15, 1898 = Revolutionary
- August 1896 - Began the congress convened in Barasoain
Revolution Church in Malolos, Bulacan

- February 17, 1897 - He once - Sep. 29. 1898 = Formal declaration

fought alongside General Edilberto of PH independence day.
Evangelista.
- Jan. 23, 1899 = The malolos - Colonel Luciano San
establish the first PH republic Miguel= battalion
commander
- MEMBERS OF MALOLOS
CONGRESS = 43 lawyers, 17 - Gen. Isidro Torres = the
doctors, 5 pharmacists, 3 educators, one who deliver the
7 businessmen, 4 painters, 3 military message of Pres. Aguinaldo
men, 4 farmers, and a priest. to Gen. Otis.

- Gen. Ellwel Otis= an

American army dismissed
the proposal and replied
“Fighting, having begun,
must go on to the grim
end.”
HOW THW PHILIPPINE AND
AMERICAN WAR STARTED IN - Feb. 5, 1899= Gen. Arthur
THE PHILIPPINE SOIL McArthur ordered his
troop to advance against
Filipino troops beginning a
PRIVATE WILLIAM W. GRAYSON full-scale armed clash.
: I YELLED, “HALT”… THE MAN
MOVED. I CHALLENGED WITH - Feb. 6, 1899= United states
ANOTHER “HALT!” THEN HE congress approved the
IMMEDIATELY SHOUTED Treaty of Paris
“HALTO!” TO ME. WELL I
THOUGHT THE BEST THING TO - Gen. Artemio Ricarte- led
DO WAS TO SHOOT HIM. HE Pinoy troops who were
DROPPED. around the Manila

- March 31, 1900= American

- FEBRUARY 4, 1899 = forces capture Malolos
Filipino American was at where Aguinaldo and the
San Juan Bridge, Sta. Mesa core of revolutionary moved
to San Isidro, Nueva Ecija
- William Grayson= the one
started the war in 1899 - March 23, 1901= the end
of war. The capture of
- Corporal Anastacio Felix= Aguinaldo in Palanan,
member of the 4th company Isabela
Morong Batallion under
captain Serapio Narvaez
was the first Filipino
fatality of the war. GENERAL ANTONIO LUNA
- Born= OCT. 29, 1866 in
Manila
- March 31, 1899 – March 17, 1899 =
- Basically an Ilocano The house was served as Aguinaldo’s
- capitol
- The fiercest general in his
prime time
- Crispulo Sedico = the owner who
- A sniper organize known as “Kapitang Pulo”
professional Guerilla
soldiers known as LUNA
SHARPSHOOTERS and Francisco Villajuan = Town mayor
BLACK GUARD who was convinced the worn out men to
- give up their resistance
- Many hate him because of
his temper
-
Cecilip Segismundo = Aguinaldo’s
- Also known as Heneral
messenger
Artikulo Uno
-
- He was awarded the
Philippine republic medal
1899 MACABEBE SCOUTS ARE THE KEY TO
- AGUINALDO’S CAPTURE
- Studied military, pharmacy,
literature and chemistry
-
Oath of Allegiance says
- Killed by fellow Filipinos
- I hereby renounce all allegiance to any
- First Pinoy Soldier whose and all so called revolutionary governments in
coffin was wrapped in PH the Philippine Islands and recognize and accept
flag at his burial the supreme authority of the United States of
America; I do solemnly swear that I will at all
times conduct myself as a faithful and law-
THE CAPTURE OF EMILIO
abiding citizen of the said islands, and will not,
AGUINALDO
either directly or indirectly hold correspondence
with or give intelligence to an enemy of the
United States, nor will I abet, harbor or protect
November 12, 1899 = Gen. Aguinaldo such enemy; that I impose upon myself these
conventional forces shattered. Ordered a voluntary obligations without any mental
shift to Guerilla warfare. reservation or purpose of evation, so help me
God.

February 1901 = Brigadier Frederick

Funston made as his headquarters the President Mckinley
house and office of Gen. Emilio
Aguinaldo - the First Philippine
Commission
Colonel Charles McReeve
- Commander of the 13th July 2
Minnesota Volunteer
The United States Secretary of War sent a
Infantry Regiment
telegraph

Colonel Manuel Arguelles

July 4 General Emilio Aguinaldo
- General Aguinaldo’s
President William Mckinley was assassinated
representative
and Theodore Roosevelt succeeded the
"a Governor-General appointed by the President; Presidency.
cabinet appointed by the Governor General; and
a general advisory council elected by the
people.” April 9, 2002
Administration of the former President Gloria
Macapagal Arroyo
General Emilio Aguinaldo
- Convened the revolutionary
congress and asked the
cease fire over the
Americans and accepted the
peace proposal of TAFT AS FIRST AMERICAN CIVILIAN
President William GOVERNOR OF THE PHILIPPINES
McKinley.
4 July 1901, Taft became governor of a civil
administration for the Philippines.
General Antonio Luna
- field commander of the This regime, called the Insular Government,
revolutionary army. administered the country until 1935.

The Second Philippine Commission He was a federal circuit judge in Cincinnati

William Howard taft before his move here in the Philippines when
President McKinley asked him to lead the
- The second Philippine second commission.
Commission
July 1, 1902
Legacy Legislations under Taft
The Philippine Organic Act approve President Administration
Mckinley’s previous executive order. The Taft Commission promulgated a total of
157 laws between Septémber 1900 and July 4,
1901, when Taft became Civil Governor,
classified as follows:
Public Land Act of 1903
Tenancy Act of 1933 Act No. 4054 and 4113)

Torrens system - is a system of land

registration invented by Sir Robert Torrens in
the century, in which the government is the
keeper of all land and title records, and a land
title, will serve as a certificate of full, unvoided,
and valid ownership.

Purchasing the Friars Land in the Philippines

for Land Reform

When Land Reform Program Started in the the Philippine Organic Act of 1902, the
Philippines American government bought the big haciendas
owned by friars in various places in the
When the Spaniards came to the Philippines, the Philippines, so that they can sell it as small
concept of encomienda (Royal Land Grants) holdings to the present tenants.
was introduced

Governor William Howard Taft still needed to

however, degenerated into abuse of power by travel to Vatican in Rome, to meet Pope Leo
the encomienderos when the tribute soon XIII to propose to buy the lands.
became land rents to a few powerful
landlords.
Taft was not able to have the immediate
favorable answer of the Pope, but he promised
First Philippine Republic was established in that he would study the proposition and also
1899, Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo declared in the extended his support for the American
Malolos Constitution his intention to confiscate Reconciliation Program.
large estates, especially the so-called friar
lands.
November 18, 1902, Papal representative
Jean Baptiste Guidi arrived in Manila to
During the American occupation in the negotiate the sale of the lands; and a purchase
Philippines they issued the Philippine Bill of price of $7,239,784.66 was paid in December
1902, which set the ceiling on the hectares that 1903 by the Insular Government.
private individuals and corporations may
acquire: 16 hectares for private individuals and
1,024 hectares for corporations. The holdings amounted to some 166,000
hectares, of which one-half was in the vicinity of
Manila.
Land Registration Act of 1902 (Act No. 496)
Filipino militants and
members of the 9th US
The Civil Service Act
Infantry Regiment.
The first major legislation passed by the
Commission on September 19, 1900, was Act - September 28, 1901,
No. 5, known as the Civil Service Act,. Filipinos killed 48
members of the American
infantry and wounded four
The Education Act of 1901 others in a massacre.

On September 1, 1898, General Elwell Otis - On the part of the Filipinos,

made an initiative to establish a public school 25 were killed and almost
system, organizing seven schools in Manila. the same numbers of
soldiers were wounded.
When the Taft Commission arrived in Manila,
the Army had organized 39 schools in Manila
- General Smith out of anger
with a daily attendance of between 4,500 and
ordered that Samar be
5,000 stúdents.
turned into a "howling
wilderness."

January 21, 1901, the commission enacted Act - General Smith and his
No. 74, establishing the Department of Public primary subordinate, Major
Instruction NOW DEPED Littleton Waller of the
When Taft arrived in the Philippines, the Cited States Marine Corps
student-teacher ratio was one teacher for 4,179 were both court-martialled
students. for illegal vengeance
against the civilian
population of Saman.
Section 15 of Act 74 empowered the general
- Major Waller was
superintendent to import 1,000 teachers from
acquitted of the charges.
the US The first batch of 48 American
But Smith was found
teachers arrived in June 1901.
guilty, cautioned, and
The second batch of 509 teachers (386 men retired from service, but
and 141 women, accompanied by 4 nurses, 13 later on, charges were
spouses) arrived in August, and became known dropped. Later, he was
as the Thomasites, after the USS Thomas, one hailed as a war hero.
of the ships which transported them.
- “I want no prisoners. I wish
you to kill and burn. The
more you kill and burn the
better it will please me. I
THE BALANGIGA MASSACRE want all persons killed who
- Balangiga is a place in are capable of bearing arms
Eastern Samar, where a in actual hostilities against
memorable incident the United States,” –Smith
happened between the
- Term of Fidel V. Ramos=
efforts were initiated to
recover one or the three
bells from President Bill
Clinton's administration

- 2002 = the Philippine

Senate approved Senate
Resolution No. 393,
authored by Aquiline
Pimentel Jr.

- 2005 = The Bishop of

Samar with the parish priest
of Balangiga wrote an open
letter to President George
W. Bush, the United States
Congress, and the Helsinki
Commission.

- January 13, 2005 = United

States Congressman Bob
Filner introduced House
Resolution 313

- September 26, 2006=

United States Congressman
Bob Filner, Congressman
Dana Rohrabacher, and
Congressman Ed Case co-
sponsored House
Concurrent Resolution
No. 481

- January 3, 2009= The

resolution died.