CHAPTER 7: Muscular System  Each fascicle is surrounded by a

connective tissue covering, termed the

PERIMYSIUM.
Types of Muscles
 Each skeletal muscle cell (fiber) is surrounded by a
 Skeletal
connective tissue covering, termed the
 attached to bones
ENDOMYSIUM.
 Striated
Muscle Fiber Structure
 voluntarily controlled
 Muscle Fiber
 Cardiac
- is a single cylindrical cell, with several nuclei
 Located in he heart
located at its periphery.
 Striated
- range in length 1cm to 30cm and are
 involuntarily controlled
generally 0.15 mm in diameter.
 Smooth
 Skeletal muscle fibers contain several nuclei that
 Located in the blood vessels, hollow
are located at the periphery of the fiber.
organs
 The sarcolemma (cell membrane) has many
 Non-striated
tubelike inward folds, called transverse tubules,
 involuntarily controlled
or T tubules
Functions of Muscular System
 T tubules,
1. Movement
- occur at regular intervals along the muscle
2. Maintain posture
fiber and extend into the center of the muscle
3. Respiration
fiber.
4. Production of body heat
- T tubules are associated with enlarged
5. Communication
portions of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum
6. Heart beat
called the SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM
7. Contraction of organs and vessels
 The enlarged portions are called TERMINAL
Properties of Muscles
CISTERNAE.
 Contractility - the ability of muscle to shorten
 The enlarged portions are called terminal
forcefully, or contract
cisternae.
 Excitability - the capacity of muscle to respond to
 The sarcoplasmic reticulum has a relatively high
a stimulus
concentration of Ca2 + , which plays a major role
 Extensibility - the ability to be stretched beyond it
in muscle contraction.
normal resting length and still be able to contract
 SARCOPLASM
 Elasticity - the ability of the muscle to recoil to its
- Cytoplasm of a muscle fiber
original resting length after it has been stretched
- contains many bundles of protein
Skeletal Muscle Structure
filaments.
 Skeletal Muscle or striated muscle
 MYOFIBRILS
 With its associated connective tissue
- bundles of protein filaments
 Constitutes approximately 40% of body weight.
- Consist of:
 Skeletal muscle is so named because many of the
o Myofilaments, Actin, Myosin
muscles are attached to the skeletal system.
The Sarcomere
 Skeletal muscle is also called striated muscle
 SARCOMERE
because transverse bands, or striations can be
- basic structural and functional unit of a
seen in the muscle under the microscope.
skeletal muscle because it is the smallest
 Individual skeletal muscles/Complete organs:
portion of a skeletal muscle capable of
Brachii and biceps. Result of being compromised
contracting.
of several tissues: muscle, nerve, and connective
 Z DISKS
tissue.
- form a network of protein fibers that both
Connective Tissue Coverings
serve as an anchor for actin myofilaments
 EPIMYSIUM- connective tissue sheath
and separate one sarcomere from the
surrounding each skeletal muscle.
next. A sarcomere extends from one Z
 A skeletal muscle is subdivided into groups of
disk to the next Z disk. A sarcomere
muscle cells, termed FASCICLES.
extends from one Z disk to the next Z disk.
The Sarcomere  POSTSYNAPTIC MEMBRANE
 The organization of actin and myosin - is the muscle fiber membrane
myofilaments gives skeletal muscle its striated (sarcolemma).
appearance and gives it the ability to contract  SYNAPTIC VESICLE
 The myofilaments slide past each other, causing - e is a vesicle in the presynaptic terminal
the sarcomeres to shorten. that stores and releases neurotransmitter
 Each sarcomere consists of two light-staining chemicals.
bands separated by a dark-staining band.  NEUROTRANSMITTERS
 Light Bands - are chemicals that stimulate or inhibit
- consist only of actin, and are called I postsynaptic cells.
bands that extends toward the center of  ACETYLCHOLINE
the sarcomere to the ends of the myosin - is the neurotransmitter that stimulates
myofilaments. skeletal muscles
 Dark Staining Bands/A bands Muscle Contraction
- that extend the length of the myosin 1. An action potential travels down motor neuron to
myofilaments. presynaptic terminal causing Ca2+ channels to
 Actin and myosin myofilaments overlap for some open.
distance on both ends of the A band; this overlap 2. 2. Ca2+ causes synaptic vesicles to release
causes the contraction acetylcholine into synaptic cleft.
 ACTIN MYOFILAMENTS 3. Acetylcholine binds to receptor sites on Na+
- are made up of three components: actin, channels, Na+ channels open, and Na+ rushes
troponin, and tropomyosin. into postsynaptic terminal (depolarization)
 TROPONIN 4. 4. Na+ causes sarcolemma and t-tubules to
o molecules have binding sites for increase the permeability of sarcoplasmic
Ca2 + and reticulum which releases stored calcium
o TROPOMYOSIN FILAMENTS, block 5. Ca2+ binds to troponin which is attached to actin.
the myosin myofilament binding 6. Ca2+ binding to troponin causes tropomyosin to
sites on the actin myofilaments. move exposing attachment sites for myosin.
 MYOSIN MYOFILAMENTS 7. Myosin heads bind to actin.
- thick myofilaments 8. ATP is released from myosin heads and heads
- resemble bundles of tiny golf clubs. bend toward center of sarcomere.
- resemble bundles of tiny golf clubs. 9. Bending forces actin to slide over myosin.
Nerve Supply 10. Acetylcholinesterase (enzyme breaks down
 MOTOR NEURON acetylcholine) is released, Na+ channels close,
- is a nerve cell stimulates muscle cells. and muscle contraction stops.
 NEUROMUSCULAR JUNSTION ATP and Muscle Contractions
- is a synapse where a the fiber of a nerve  Energy for muscle contractions is supplied by
connects with a muscle fiber. ATP
 SYNAPSE  Energy is released as ATP → ADP + P
- refers to the cell-to-cell junction between  ATP is stored in myosin heads
a nerve cell and either another nerve cell  ATP help form cross-bridge formation
or an effector cell, such as in a muscle or a between myosin and actin
gland.  New ATP must bind to myosin before
 MOTOR UNIT crossbridge is released
- is a group of muscle fibers that a motor  Rigor mortis will occur when a person dies
neuron stimulates. and no ATP is available to release cross-
 PRESYNAPTIC TERMINAL bridges
- is the end of a neuron cell axon fiber.
 SYNAPTIC CLEFT
- is the space between the presynaptic
terminal and postsynaptic membrane.
Types of Contraction SKELETAL MUSCLES
 Two types of muscle contractions: Anterior
 Isometric 1. Facial Muscles
 Isotonic 2. Sternocle
 ISOMETRIC 3. Trapezius
- contraction has an increase in muscle 4. Deltoid
tension, but no change in length. 5. Biceps brachii
 ISOTONIC 6. Linea alba
- contraction has a change in muscle length 7. Brachioradialis
with no change in tension 8. Retinaculum
 CONCENTRIC CONTRACTIONS 9. Pectoralis major
- are isotonic contractions in which muscle 10. Serratus anterior
tension increases as the muscle shortens. 11. Rectus Abdominis
 ECCENTRIC CONTRACTIONS 12. External abdominal oblique
- are isotonic contractions in which tension 13. Flexors of wrist and fingers
is maintained in a muscle, but the 14. Tensor fasciae latae
opposing resistance causes the muscle to 15. Adductor Longus
lengthen. 16. Gracilis
Muscle Tone 17. Sartorius
 Muscle tone is the constant tension produced by 18. Patellar Tendon
body muscles over long periods of time. 19. Patella
 Muscle tone is responsible for keeping the back 20. Gastrocnemius
and legs straight, the head in an upright position, 21. Soleus
and the abdomen from bulging. 22. Vastus Lateralis
Smooth Muscle 23. Rectus Femoris
 Smooth muscle cells are non-striated small, 24. Vastus intermedius
spindle-shaped muscle cells, usually with one (deep to the rectus femoris)
nucleus per cell. 25. Vastus Medialis
 The myofilaments are not organized into 26. Tibialis Anterior
sarcomeres. 27. Extensor Digitorum Longus
 The cells comprise organs controlled involuntarily, 28. Fibularis Longus
except the heart.
 Neurotransmitter substances, hormones, and Posterior
other substances can stimulate smooth muscle. 1. Sternocleidomastoid
Cardiac Muscle 2. Trapezius
 Cardiac muscle cells are long, striated, and 3. Deltoid
branching, with usually only one nucleus per cell. 4. Seventh cervical Vertebra
 Cardiac muscle is striated as a result of the 5. Infraspinatus
sarcomere arrangement. 6. Teres Minor
 Cardiac muscle contraction is autorhythmic 7. Teres Major
 INTERCALATED DISKS 8. Triceps Brachii
- Cardiac muscle cells are connected to one 9. Lastissmus Dorsi
another by specialized structures that 10. External abdominal oblique
include desmosomes and gap junctions 11. Gluteus Medius
called intercalated disks. 12. Gluteus Maximus
 Cardiac muscle cells function as a single unit in 13. Adductor Magnus
that action potential in one cardiac muscle cell 14. Illiotibial Tract
can stimulate action potentials in adjacent cells. 15. Gracilis
16. Semitendinosus
17. Biceps Femoris
18. Semimembranous
19. Gastrocnemius
20. Soleus
21. Calcaneal Tendon Muscles of the Face
(Achilles Tendon) FACIAL MUSCLES
22. Fibular Longus 1. Frontalis
23. Fibularis Brevis 2. Orbicularis Oculi
3. Orbicularis Oris
Skeletal Muscle Anatomy 4. Buccinator
5. Zygomaticus
 TENDON 6. Masseter
- connects skeletal muscle to bone. 7. Temporalis
 APONEUROSES 8. Levator Labii Superioris
- are broad, sheetlike tendons. 9. Depressor Anguli Oris
 RETINACULUM Thoracic Muscles
- is a band of connective tissue that holds  External Intercostal
down the tendons at each wrist and - elevate ribs for inspiration
ankle.  Internal Intercostal
 Skeletal muscle attachments have an origin and an - depress ribs during forced expiration
insertion, with the origin being the attachment at  Diaphragm
the least mobile location - moves during quiet breathing
 The insertion is the end of the muscle attached to Abdominal Wall Muscles
the bone undergoing the greatest movement.  Rectus Abdominis
 The part of the muscle between the origin and the - center of abdomen
insertion is the belly. - compresses abdomen
 AGONISTS  External Abdominal Oblique
- A group of muscles working together. - sides of abdomen
 ANTAGONISTS - compresses abdomen
- muscle or group of muscles that oppose  Internal Abdominal Oblique
muscle actions - compresses abdomen
Nomenclature  Transverse Abdominis
Muscles are named according to: - compresses abdomen
1. Location – a pectoralis muscle is located in Upper Scapular and Limbs Muscles
the chest.  Trapezius
2. Size – the size could be large or small, short or - shoulders and upper back
long. - extends neck and head
3. Shape - the shape could be triangular,  Pectoralis Major
quadrate, rectangular, or round. - chest
4. Orientation of fascicles – fascicles could run - elevates ribs
straight (rectus) or at an angle (oblique).  Serratus Anterior
5. Origin and insertion. The sternocleidomastoid - between ribs
has its origin on the sternum and clavicle and - elevates ribs
its insertion on the mastoid process of the  Deltoid
temporal bone. - shoulder
6. Number of heads. A biceps muscle has two - abductor or upper limbs
heads (origins), and a triceps muscle has three
heads (origins).
7. Function. Abductors and adductors are the
muscles that cause abduction and adduction
movements.
Upper Limb Muscles  BICEPS FEMORIS, SEMIMEMBRANOSUS,
 Triceps Brachii SEMITENDINOSUS
- 3 heads - Hamstring
- extends elbow - back of thigh
 Biceps Brachii - flexes knee, rotates leg, extends hip
- “flexing muscle”  THE RECTUS FEMORIS:
- flexes elbow and shoulder - front of thigh
 Brachialis - extends knee and flexes hip
- flexes elbow  THE RECTUS FEMORIS:
 Latissimus dorsi: - extends knee
- lower back  THE VASTUS MEDIALIS:
- extends shoulder - extends knee
Forearm Muscles  THE VASTUS INTERMEDIUS:
1. Flexor longus - extends knee
2. Flexor carpi radialis Muscles of Lower Leg
3. Flexor carpi ulnari  TIBIALIS ANTERIOR:
4. Flexor digitorum profundus - front of lower leg
5. Flexor digitorum superficialis - inverts foot
6. Pronator Brachioradialis  GASTROCNEMIUS:
7. Extensor carpi radialis brevi - calf
Pelvic Floor Muscles - flexes foot and leg
1. Levator ani  SOLEUS:
2. Ischiocavernosus - attaches to ankle
3. Bulbospongiosus - flexes foot
4. Deep transverse perineal
5. Superficial transverse perinea
Muscles of Hips and Thighs
1. Iliopsoas
- flexes hip
2. Gluteus maximus
- buttocks
- extends hip and abducts thigh
3. Gluteus Medius
- Hip
- abducts and rotates thigh
Muscles of the Upper Leg
The quadriceps femoris is comprised of 4 thigh
muscles:
 THE RECTUS FEMORIS:
- front of thigh
- extends knee and flexes hip
 THE VASTUS LATERALIS:
- extends knee
 THE VASTUS MEDIALIS:
- • extends knee
 THE VASTUS INTERMEDIUS:
- extends knee
 GRACILIS
- adducts thigh and flexes knee