Reinforcement Activity #3

● Contrasting and comparing primary and secondary sources

Complete the matrix below.

Categories Primary Source Memoirs of a Secondary Source Revolt of

General by Santiago Alvarez the Masses by Teodoro
a.k.a Gen. Apoy Agoncillo
Author’s Background General Apoy is another Filipino historian Teodoro
name for Gen. Santiago Agoncillo is a well-known
Alavarez. He was the leader figure. One of the most
of the aforementioned significant works in Filipino
faction and a Magdiwang guy. history is The Revolt of the
Because he watched the Masses: The Tale of Bonifacio
event firsthand, he was and the Katipunan, which he
considered an eyewitness. wrote.
Objective of the author Focusing on the election held The actions leading up to
by two factions—Magdiwang Tejeros' convention are
and Magdalo—at the Tejeros described by Teodoro
convention, Santiago Alvarez Agoncillo. Dates, battles, and
goes on to elaborate. The significant occurrences that
delagations of the person Alvarez did not know about
involved, which only occur on were described.
election day, are described in
detail.
Date written or Memoirs of a General, Teodoro Agoncillo's
published written by Santiago Alvarez, Revolution of the Masses,
was released in 1992 by the which was published in 2002,
Ateneo de Manila University is mentioned in our
Press in Loyola Heights, handouts. Although it was
Quezon City. composed in 1947 and
published in 1956, according
to another source (the
internet).
Mention of dates • March 25, 1897 • Mid-December 1896
the Tejeros convention was Andres Bonifacio and his
held. family left the mountains
• March 27, 1897 of Montalban and
Eyewitnesses reported that Mariquina to visit the
a meeting among the Katipunan.
members of the Magdalo • January 2, 1897
took place at the Tanza Andres Bonifacio wrote a
parish house. letter to Mariano Alvarez
after his encounter with
the Magdalo.
• Mid-January 1897
Gunshots had interrupted
the fiesta of San Francisco
de Malabon which led to a
conflict

Mention of places The Lumbreras of the Two factions of the Katipunan

Magdiwang Council met in a are split in Cavite. The
friar estate house in Taieros; residences of the Magdiwang
after the last turbulent government are in Nasugbu,
episode, another meeting Tuwi, and Look. Where the
was conducted there. Trias, Supremo, Andres Bonifacio,
Tirona is a catholic church in will be met by Emilio
Tanza. It was rumored that de Aguinaldo, Candido Tirona,
Doss, Rillo, and other and Edilberto Evangelista is in
individuals met with Fr. Zapote. Supremo used his
Cenon Villafranca; March 27 position to capture Vicente
meeting (Oath-taking Fernandez in Imus, Cavite;
ceremony). the leaders of the Magdalo
and Magdiwang decided to
hold an assembly there; the
Magdiwang planned to hold
another assembly there;
Mapagtiis (San Francisco de
Malabon), where the first
election took place and
Emilio Aguinaldo was
declared the victor.
Key Personalities Secretariat of the Jacinto Bonifacio was the creator of
Lumbreras the Katipunan, the Supremo,
Council of Magdiwang. the Supreme Head of the
Andres Bonifacio, the organization, and the
supremo, won the election instigator of the Revolution.
for secretary of the interior Arterio Rcarte is a saint of
but chose not to accept the Jesus Christ. Magdiwang
position. military leaders. The leader of
Daniel Tirona the Magdalo government was
Cayetano Topacio Baldomero Aguinaldo.
The Magdalo Council's Magdalo's Minister of War is
president is Baldorero Candido Tirona. Magdalo's
Aguinaldo. Emilio Aguinaldo Minister of Finance is
was elected president and Cayetano Topacio. Tomás
declared the winner. Aguinaldo Magdalo's chief
The winner of the vice commander. The Madalo
presidential election is Lieutenant General is
Mariano Trias. General Vibora Edilberto Evangelista.
defeated General Apoy in the Crispulo Aguinaldo & Vito
race to become Captain Belarmino Madalo's military
General. The election for leaders. The acting officers of
Secretary of War went in the other Magdiwang were
favor of Emiliano de Dios. present at Tajeros at the
assembly: Jacinto Lumbreras,
Teodoro Gonzales, and
Severino de las Alas.

Sequencing of events ● Tejeros hosted the ● The Cavite Katipunan

assembly on March split into two factions,
25, 1897. Confidential the Magdiwang and
information was given the Magdalo. An
to Secretary election was held in
Villanueva. The Magdiwang. They
meeting was opened chose who will lead
by Chairman the country's
Lumbreras, who also government.
introduced the ● The capital was
primary topic of relocated to San
discussion. Francisco de Malabon,
● The revolutionary and then to Naik.
government was the ● Both factions
topic of their attempted to have
argument. Maj. was their armies wear the
to be detained, per same uniform.
Captain General ● Bonifacio granted
Apoy's command. Mr. Mariano's request.
Lumbreras and ● Alvarez. In December
Damaso Fojas allowed 1896, he traveled to
Supremo to preside Cavite with his wife
over the gathering. and two brothers.
● - The chair then ● Bonifacio was brought
started getting ready to Imus by the rebel
for a vote. Supremo to meet Emilio
chose the individuals Aguinaldo, Candido
who won the various Tirona, and Edilberto
offices, and he also Evangelista, and upon
succeeded as seeing Fernandez, he
secretary of war. But, ordered his arrest
Mr. Daniel Tirona because he
begged that order be remembered what
restored and that Mr. Fernandez had done.
José del Rosario be ● - On January 2, 1897,
elected. Bonifacio wrote to his
● Magdalo President uncle-in-law, Mariano
Baldomero Aguinaldo Alvarez, from San
requested a meeting Francisco de
be called to Malabon.
reconvene, but no ● Bonifacio was invited
one even showed up. to the Magdiwang
They had a private rebels' demonstration
gathering on March in Noveleta. When he
27, 1897, at parish arrived in Noveleta,
house in Tanza. there was a parade. In
● On March 25, 1897, April 1897, Spaniards
Spaniards captured took control of the
and occupied the town.
town of Imus. A fierce ● - The
battle ensued. After counter-offensives of
the battle, the Polaviejas resulted in
Spaniards rested in the fall of several
Bakaw but were towns. Magdiwang
harassed by small and Magdalo called a
Katipunan bands with meeting at Imus.
potshots. ● - The assembly began
● The Supremo with Bonifacto
launched an attack on assuming the
Noveleta on April 3. presidency.
● General Apoy visited Magdiwang argued
Tarike Fort to boost that establishing a
troop morale. new government is
● Before the enemy unnecessary. The
could attack, Gen. Pio assembly was
del Pilar and his adjourned with
troops withdrew. unfinished business
● Reinforcements from and a result.
Spain arrived west of ● Petty squabbles
Bakaw, Noveleta, and continued to erupt. A
Salinas. San Francisco series of rifle shots
de Malabon, Tejeros, disturbed the rebels
and Tarike were all hit during a town fiesta in
by artillery fire. Many January 1897.
brave troops were ● Magdiwang held
killed in the bloody another convention at
and miserable battle. Tejeros on March 22,
1897, but not all
Magdalo leaders were
able to attend due to
the battle range.
● The convention was
opened by Jacinto
Lumbreras. De las Alas
and Bonifacio clashed
over the letter "K" in
the Katipunan flag
and the government
they had formed.
● Antonio Montenegro
stood up and shouted
in agreement with De
las Alas' suggestion,
which irritated
Santiago Alvarez.
● The assembly was
halted. Bonifacio
agreed to sign the
petition.
● Officer elections were
then planned. Emilio
Aguinaldo was elected
president, and others
were appointed to
their positions.
Bonifacio was elected
as the Director of the
Interior.
● Daniel Tirona, who
chose Jose del Rosario
to fill Bonifacio's seat,
offended Bonifacio.
● Ricarte intervened to
prevent a tragie affair
from occurring.
Bonifacio adjourned
the assembly and
annulled the election
results.
● Mariano Lavarez
received a letter from
Bonifacio. Emilio
Jacinto explained
Bonifacio's side of the
story and provided
context for the event.

Differences between ● On March 25, 1897, ● It was March 22,

the two accounts the assembly at 1897, when the battle
Tejeros was finally raged and the
conveyed. assembly was
● Alvarez's bodyguards conveyed in Tejeros,
remain outside the and it was also
meeting location. Aguinaldo's birthday.
● General Apoy's final ● Bodyguards for
rage-filled sentence Alvarez remained
was, "I am now near the stairwell. Mr.
ordering your arrest!" Montenegro, Santiago
● Trining (Dr. Jose Rizal's Alvarez: "We of Cavite
sister) and his widow, do not need and will
Josephine, pleaded never need any
with General Apoy adviser of your own
not to arrest Mr. standing."
Montenegro and ● Nothing is said about
instead to allow him Trining (Dr. Jose Rizal's
to stay at the estate sister) and Josephine,
house where they his widow, pleading
were staying. They with General Apoy
agreed to be not to arrest Mr.
personally liable for Montenegro
Mr. Montenegro while ● He frequently
he was in their recounts Agoncillo's
custody. story. It is backed up
● Alvarez's account by a number of
appears to be a documents that also
straightforward narrate the text.
narration in which the Agoncillo's narration
event that occurred is is effective in this
depicted exactly as it regard.
should be and some
information is not
clarified for the
readers to understand
the context.
Probable reason why Santiago Alvarez was a A well-known historian of the
the differences revolutionary general, 20th century was Teodore
according to the search. The Agoncillo. on his essay
duty of a revolutionary "Revolt of the masses." All of
general was to preserve the events that occurred
records of significant events prior to the election were
or actions in specific mentioned. Including the
locations. He was able to locations' descriptions, the
define "revolutionary" from causes of the two factions'
the phrase itself. differences, and other details.
As an illustration, consider Rebellion is on the rise. From
the book "Memoirs of the the beginning of the election
General," which is a historical until its conclusion, he
account or biography based introduced the two sides.
on personal knowledge or a Knowing the key moments
unique source (Oxford that shouldn't be forgotten is
dictionary). crucial for a historian. It was
It is all about the general, composed. reviewed and
including what the general investigated.
did at that meeting, where
the general had been, and
others; he only mentioned
what happened on the day of
the election. This is why it
was given the title Memoirs
of the General.

He assumed the For the third time, Bonifacio

Thematic motivation of chairmanship of the assembly was asked to a meeting in
authors (Why the and presided in his capacity Tejeros in recognition of his
Tejeros meeting failed?) as President-Supremo of the well-planned and organized
Most Venerable Katipunan of Katipunan government.
the Sons of the People. He Magdiwang and Magdalo
began by clarifying that were the two factions that
everyone in attendance occupied Cavite. The two
should appreciate and sides were brought together
approve of all decisions in a for a meeting to establish a
proper manner. When it revolutionary government,
came to the actual election, but they were never able to
he reiterated that the winner reach an agreement. When
would be the candidate who their concerns diverged, the
received the most votes, tenseness increased. The
regardless of his or her meeting was formally opened
position in life or level of at Tejeros on March 22nd,
education. He will triumph in 1897, at 2:00 p.m. Taking the
a particular position. When chair, Mr. Jacinto Lumberas
the election was still going declared the meeting open.
on, Emilio Aguinaldo won the The conference proceeds
presidency, preventing until Bonifacio, who is the
Supreme, Andres Bonifacio, President of the Supreme
from taking office. Also, the Council of the Katipunan,
Supremo was chosen to be assumes the role of
the Secretary of the Interior, moderator. He asserted that
although Daniel Tirona regardless of his current state
believes that the role should of health, the winner of every
go to a lawyer who has a seat in the election would be
legal education. declared. He was chosen to
Giving it to JoTe del Rosario is serve as the Director of the
appropriate. After being Interior during the election.
insulted, Bonifacio pulled out José del Rosario should be
his handgun and pointed it granted the role, continued
towards Mr. Tirona. Tirona Mr. Daniel Tirona, pointing
slid off and disappeared into out that he is a lawyer.
the crowd. and that period. Bonifacio became red-hot
The measures that had been with rage as a result of
approved during the meeting, feeling humiliated. Everyone
according to Bonifacio, have should respect the decision
been revoked. to appoint him to this
position because they all
agreed to the terms. He
insisted that Tirona make
amends for his disparaging
remarks, and Tirona tried to
blend in with the crowd. In a
fit of rage, Bonifacio pulled a
gun on Tirona, but Ricarte
grabbed his hand. As the guys
follow them, Bonifacio said
that he revokes everything
that has been agreed and
resolved.

a) What are common with the two documents?

These are both trustworthy sources for historical information.
b) What are the differences?
They are told from various angles. While one of them witnessed the events firsthand,
the other relied on the first and supplied further details that might have helped readers
get a better overall picture.
c) Based on the two documents what characteristics do primary sources have?
Primary sources are unedited and highly concise. Based on their own experience, it
immediately conveys the knowledge.
d) What characteristics do secondary sources have?
Compared to the primary sources, the secondary sources are far more in-depth and
provide additional details about the event's characteristics.

● Identifying the weakness of the Revolution of 1896 based on the documents under
examination
What were the weaknesses that revolution faced in terms of the character of the
personalities involved?
The folks who were involved in the revolution were also the ones who ended the goals of
their cause. They were divided, easily angered, aggressive against one another, and
power-hungry. The Tejero Convention failed as a result of this.
● Judging upon these weaknesses to reflect on our values as a people
What wrong character traits or values do these weaknesses reflect on us as a people?
I believe that as Filipinos living in the twenty-first century, we have inherited these flaws
from our forebears. We frequently argue with one another and bring our countrymen to
ruin.