o Visual arts – includes images or objects

Humanities
in fields like painting, sculpture,
Humanities printmaking, photography, and other
visual media.
o the study of the different cultural aspects
of people, their frailties in life and how Architecture is often included as one of
these can be improved. the visual arts; however, like the
o understanding people and their affairs decorative arts, it involves the creation
rather than just a prescribed of objects where the practical
unchangeable body of accepted facts considerations of use are essential, in a
and theories. way that they usually are not in another
visual art, like a painting.
Culture is the disparity of man and animals.
o To be cultured is to possess refinement
Art may be characterized in terms of….
in taste and manners and these include
speech, knowledge, beliefs, arts and o Mimesis (its representation of reality)
technologies. o Expression
o Communication of emotion
o or other qualities.
Module 1. Art: Its Meaning
Theories of Art
and Importance
Major ideas for determining if a work of art is
Art is defined by history and historical process. effective…
Its standard of beauty varies from culture to
culture.
Mimetic Theory (Imitationalism)
‘Art’ comes from the….
o Art is good when it imitates reality.
o Aryan ‘AR’ – to put together.
An Imitationalist artist focuses on
Greek words derived from “AR” mimicking and representing real life. In
 Artizien – to prepare a successful piece of art, the textures,
 Arkiskien – to put light,
together

o Latin ‘ars’ or ‘artis’ – the ability Formalism

or skill. It is everything which is o Art is good when it masters the artistic
artificially made. elements and principles.

Webster's New Collegiate word reference A Formalist artist focuses on an

characterizes art as "The cognizant utilization artwork’s form—the way it’s made and
of ability and innovative creative mind what it looks like. In a successful piece
particularly in the creation of tasteful articles." of art, the visual features are most
important: line quality, color,
Art is uniquely human and tied directly to composition, and other artistic elements
culture. and principles.
Art asks questions about who we are, what we
value, the meaning of beauty and the human o Evaluates works on a purely visual
condition. level, considering medium and
compositional elements as opposed to
any reference to realism, context, or
content.
Three (3) main sources in observing,
recording and interpreting our human past.
Instrumentalism
o Art history
o Anthropology o Art is good when it communicates a
o Literature message.
o Instrumentalist artist focuses on context
and message. A successful piece of art is
Oldest documented forms of Art an instrument to persuade the audience
or provide commentary. It is often
political, social, moral, or thought Aesop’s fables are Greek
provoking.
Sappho – a poet in 5th century, B.C.
Mother I cannot mind my web today
Emotionalism All for a lad who has stolen my heart away.

o Art is good when it evokes an emotional Arabian Nigh Tales in India

response.
o Emotionalist artist focuses on the The Rubaiyat of Ohmar Khayyam is Persian
expression of emotion. A successful A Book of Verses underneath the Bough,
piece of art communicates an emotion, A Jug of Wine, a loaf of Bread – and Thou
but more importantly, it pulls out an Beside me singing in the Wilderness –
emotional reaction from the viewer. Ah, Wilderness were Paradise enow!

Art is not good because it is universal, but

Principles of Art universal because it is good.

o Movement Art does not grow old.

o Unity Anna Zborowska which Amedeo Modigliani
o Harmony painted in 1919.
o Variety
Art has been created by all people, at all times,
o Balance
in all countries, and that it lives because it is
o Contrast
liked and enjoyed.
o Proportion
o Pattern A great work of art is never out of date.

Elements of Art Bernard Berenson - the art critic and historian,

talks of the “life-enhancing value of art”.
o Texture
o Form
o Space Art and Experience
o Shape
o Value Art involves experience.
o Line Art asks questions about who we are, what we
Elements and Principles of art help artists to value, the meaning of beauty and the human
organize sensorially pleasing works of art while condition.
also giving viewers a framework within which to “There can be no appreciation of art without
analyze and discuss aesthetic ideas. experience.” (Dudley, et al, 1978).
Kinds of experience involved in the artistic
The Universality and Importance of Art activity:

J.C. Flugel – a psychologist, in his book The 1. It usually starts as an experience that
Psychology of Clothes has concluded that “the the artist wants to communicate.
three basic motives for clothing ourselves are 2. The act of expressing that experience.
for protection, for modesty and for decoration”,
and the most important among these three is 3. The gratifying experience of having
decoration. accomplished something significant.

Franz Boas - in his book, Primitive Art, points “Art is a language, an instrument of knowledge,
out that there are no known people to the an instrument of communication.” – Jean
anthropologist, no matter how close to the level Dubuffet
of mere survival, that do not put into art energies
An artist uses symbols to communicate an
that they can ill afford to subtract from their
experience.
struggle against nature.
For an artist, expression is more important than
Arts constitute one of the oldest and most
communication (Ortiz, et al, 1976).
important means of expression developed by
human beings.
Altamira Cave Paintings in Northern Spain Art and Nature
Stonehenge is in England Art is not nature.
Bust of Nefertiti is from Egypt Art is made by human beings.
Artists use nature as a medium. o It gives more emphasis on depicting the
world as it is, without artificiality.
What is art is not nature; what is nature is not
art. "No work of art is truly realistic since no work
of art is an accurate copy of what exists in the
o Nature in art may take on a variety of
natural world." (Ortiz, et al. 1976)
visual shapes, rangingfrom photorealism
to abstraction. “Even when artists choose a subject from nature,
they change select and arrange details to express
Art may imitate nature by attempting to the ideas they want to make clear.” (Dudley,
aesthetically copy items as they appear in real Faricy, and Rice, 1978).
life.
NOTE: Nature is God-made. Art is man-made.

Abstraction

Module 2. Art: Subject o A process of simplifying and/or

reorganizing objects and elements
and Function of Art according to the demands of artistic
expression.
o Abstract arts can be representational or
nonrepresentational.
Lesson 1 – The subject of Art o Abstract works without subject is
exactly referred to as non-objective.
Eg. Bird in Space by Brancusi is an abstract
Nocturne op. No. 9 by Chopin work and has subject
Mag-ina sa Banig of Nestor Leynes
The appeal of most works of art lies in the Distortion
representation of familiar objects.
o When an art artist changes the original
shape of an object. Eg. Ancient
Egyptian relief sculptures and paintings
Subject of Art – refers any person, object, scene
or event described or represented in a work of Distortion is usually done to dramatize the
art. shape of a figure or to create an emotional effect
(Ortiz, et al., 1976).
Two classifications of Art
Examples:
1. Representational - objective art
which refers to works of arts that Caricatures – use distortion to make the objects
have subject. of ridicule appear ugly and hateful.
2. Non-representational - non-
objective art which refers to works Works of a surrealist painter, Marc Chagall,
of art that do not represent anything. and an expressionist, Edvard Much.

Painting, sculpture, the graphic arts, literature

and the theatre are generally classified as Signs and Symbols
representational, although a good deal of
paintings, prints and sculpture are without Signs and symbols are two different things used
subject. by artists.

Program music – musical compositions with According to Dudley, Faricy and Rice (1978),
subject. signs have literal quality. Symbols combine
them with an abstract or suggestive meaning.
“Because not all artworks have subject, it is
clear that subject is not essential in art.” Arthur Miller wrote the play “Crucible”
(Dudley, Faricy, Rice, 1978).

Sign
Ways of Presenting the Subject
o has a one-to-one reference to what it
Realism signifies; it points to something in some
context other than its own.
o A way to represent a subject means
depicting the subject normally as it Mercury by Adriaen de Vries
appears in nature.
Symbols Its theory is influenced by
psychoanalysis of Freud, and advocates
o do not have definite meanings.
abandoning the reality image based on
o the symbols used by different religions logical and ordered experience memory,
can be understood only within the and presenting the image world in
tradition of a particular religion. human's deep psychology.
Eg. St. Peter
Salvador Dali is a representative of
surrealism painting.
Private symbols are also common in art and
often what they represent are only known to the
artist.
Examples of Surrealistic Paintings
Philosopher’s Lamp (1936) by Rene
Examples of Symbolic Artworks Magritte

Stopping by the Woods on a Snowy Slave Market with the Disappearing

Evening poem by Robert Frost – Bust of Voltaire (1940) by Salvador
symbolic Dali

The Shriek (The Scream), 1893 by an In the Tower of Sleep (1938) by Andre
expressionist, Edvard Munch – a Masson
comment on a psychological dislocation
The Elephant Celebes (1921) by Max
Improvisation #30 by Wassily Ernest
Kandinsky – a foreboding of World War
Kinds of Art Subject
I
Any artist may use any subject from any source,
Departure (recreated 1932-1935) by
and it is impossible to ever know all the subjects
Max Beckmann
of art.
Dreams and the Subconscious
1. Landscapes, Seascapes and Cityscapes –
20th Century – Freud founded psychoanalytic favorite subjects of Chinese and Japanese
theory. artists.

The achievement and historical status of o Landscapes refer to artworks that

psychoanalysis lie in that it puts forward depict natural scenery such as
for the first time that aesthetics and art mountains, cliffs, rivers, etc.
are built on human's subconscious,
and makes subconscious become Fernando Amorsolo – well
human's spiritual essence for the first known for romanticizing
time. landscape.

o Seascapes refer to art works that depict

Subconscious the sea.
o A special mental state and a person's
o Cityscapes are works that showcase
internal mental process.
o The best way to understand thoroughly aspects of cities which are often known
as the urban equivalent of a landscape.
people's inner thoughts.
o For surrealistic artists, subconscious is the Vicente Manansala, Arturo
only source of artistic creation, and the Luz and Mauro Malang
expression of subconscious content also Santos are Filipino artists that
becomes the fundamental objective of have produced cityscape
artistic creation. paintings.
o The content of subconscious has full visual
expression, and the "id" is further explored 2. Still Life
in a deeper level. A work of art depicting mostly
inanimate subject matter, typically
commonplace objects that may be either
natural (food, flowers, dead animals,
Surrealism – a literature and art school started
plants, rocks, or shells) or man-made
from France.
(drinking glasses, books, vases, jewelry,
A combination of surrealism and coins, pipes, and so on).
distortion
o Early still-life paintings (before
1700), often contained religious and
5. Figures
allegorical symbolism relating to the
o Figurative art features the human
objects depicted.
figure similar to the way a portrait
o modern still lifes break the two-
does.
dimensional barrier and employ
o Figurative art may convey narrative
three-dimensional mixed media, and
or story elements.
use found objects, photography,
computer graphics, as well as video
and sound.
6. Genre/Everyday Life
o Genre art is the pictorial
3. Animals representation in any of various
Drawing and painting animals has media of scenes or events from
always been a popular subject for artists everyday life, such as markets,
throughout history. domestic settings, interiors, parties,
inn scenes, and street scenes.
Stone Age Men decorated their caves o Genre representations (genre works,
with the images of the animals that they genre scenes or genre views) may be
hunted for food. realistic, imagined or romanticized
by the artist.
Ancient Egyptian artists depicted
many of their gods with the heads of
animals. 7. History and Legend – popular subject of
arts.
Tribal artists from every continent o many works may not be consciously
combined animal and human features to done historical records, certain
symbolize man's bond with his natural information about history can be
environment. pieced from them.

Middle Ages artists used mythical Malakas and Maganda and

beasts to decorate medieval manuscripts Mariang Makiling are among the
while legendary subjects which have been
commonplace creatures often took on rendered in painting and sculpture
secret symbolic associations. by not a few Filipino artists
Seventeenth (17th) century artists
painted hunting scenes that illustrated
dramatic life and death struggles 8. Religion and Mythology
between man and beast.
Art has always been a handmaiden of
Eighteenth (18th) century artists chose Religion.
to celebrate the natural beauty and
majestic power of animals in their Most of the world’s religions have used the
natural habitats. arts to aid in worship, to instruct, to inspire
feelings of devotion and to impress and
Nineteenth (19th) century Victorian convert non - believers.
artists painted sentimental pictures of
their domestic pets and livestock.
9. Dreams and Fantasies – if the picture
Twentieth (20th) century artists suggests the strange, the irrational and the
explored the entire range of animal absurd.
genres and invented a few more of their
own. Dreams are usually vague and illogical.

o Artists especially the surrealists

4. Portraits have tried to depict dreams as well
o A painting, photograph, sculpture, as the grotesque terrors and
or other artistic representation of a apprehensions that lurk in the depths
person, in which the face and its of the subconscious
expression are predominant.
o To display the likeness, personality,
and even the mood of the person. Subject and Content
Subject he/she has read the literature of
the work.
o It is the object depicted by the artist
while content refers to what the
artist expresses or communicates on
the whole in his work.
o It refers to the meaning or message
that is expressed or communicated Lesson 2. The Functions of Art
by the artwork.

Classification of Art According to Function

In art, there are things that we created
which do not have, literally, a particular
function.
To understand art, one should note these
various levels of meaning: Art is regarded as impractical since it
is not meant to meet the requirements of
(a) Factual Meaning
ordinary living. Just like painting, one
o The most rudimentary level of
can live without it.
meaning for it may be extracted
from the identifiable or
recognizable forms in the
artwork and understanding how Functional Arts - refers to a work of art with a
these elements relate to one definite function and serves utilitarian purposes.
another. Eg. Architecture, weaving, and
o It is the literal statement or the furniture-making
narrative content in the work
which can be directly Non-functional Arts - does not have any
apprehended because the objects practical usefulness.
presented are easily recognized Eg. Painting, music, literature, cinema
(Ortiz, et al, 1976). etc.

(b) Conventional Meaning

o Pertains to the acknowledged
Categories
interpretation of the artwork
using motifs, signs, and symbols Three Categories of the Function of Art
and other cyphers as bases of its
meaning -- the special meaning 1. Physical Function
that a certain object or color has o Works of art that are created to
for a particular culture or group perform some service have
of people (Ortiz, et al, 1976). physical functions.
Eg. Japanese raku bowl –
Example… performs a physical function in
 Flag – nation; a tea ceremony.
 Cross – Christianity;
 Crescent moon – Islam; o Architecture, crafts (welding
 Elephant – a significant and woodworking), interior
and sacred animal design, and industrial design are
within the Hindu all types of art that serve
religion. physical functions.

(c) Subjective Meaning

o Refers to any personal meaning
consciously or unconsciously 2. Social Function
conveyed by the artist using a
private symbolism which stems Art performs a social function when….
from his own association of o it seeks or tends to influence the
certain objects, actions, or
collective behavior of a people.
colors with past experiences
Eg. Caricature
(Ortiz, et al, 1976).
o The viewer understands the
o it is made to be seen or used in
meaning of the work when
public situations.
Eg. Statues of great In sculpture (20th C), artists
people are found in park have explored the possibility of
like the statue of Rizal. using found objects as materials.
Arts are also linked to rituals. According to medium…
Eg. Festivals o Arts are classified into visual or
space arts, auditory or time arts
o It describes aspects of life
and combined or performing
shared by all as opposed to
arts.
personal kinds of experience or
to one person's point of view or
Visual arts are those that can be
experience.
seen and those which occupy
space.
Auditory arts are those that can
3. Personal Function be heard and which exist in
Art is said to have personal function if it time.
is used for self-expression or
gratification, aesthetic expression, for Combined arts are those that
therapy. can be both seen and heard.

Art is used as a vehicle for the

expression and communication of ‘Medium’ as an Artistic Material
feelings and ideas.
In building of the type of art, medium
Art is used to maintain a species. can also be used to describe a particular
artistic material.
Artists choose the materials they enjoy working
with or those that work best for a particular
piece of work.

Medium applies to all types of artwork

as well.

Example.
o Sculptors, may use metal,
wood, clay, bronze, or marble
for their medium.
o Printmakers may use words
like woodcut, linocut, etching,
engraving, and lithography to
Module 3. The Mediums of describe their medium.
Art o Artists who use multiple media
in a single piece of art typically
call it "mixed media," which is
common for techniques like a
Lesson 1. Classification of Art collage.
According to Medium NOTE: The plural of medium in this
sense is media.

Medium refers to the materials used by artists to

convey their thoughts and ideas. A Medium Can Be Anything

Example. Many artists choose to work with or

incorporate less traditional materials into
In painting, acrylic is their work
commonly used by artists.
‘Medium’ as a Pigment Additive other materials. It is often
used in decorative art or as
o Medium is also used when referring to
interior decoration.
the substance which binds a pigment to
create a paint. o Stained Glass - colored glass used to
Eg. Linseed oil for oil paints
form decorative or
Egg yolks for tempera paints
pictorial designs, notably for
NOTE: In this case, the plural of church/mosque windows, both
medium is mediums. by painting and especially by setting
contrasting pieces in a
o Artists can use a medium to manipulate lead framework like a mosaic.
the paint.
Eg. Gel medium (thickens a o Print
paint) – artist can apply it
in textural techniques like Relief printing – printing from a raised
impasto. surface
Intaglio - printing is done from ink that
is below the surface of the plate. The
Fine Arts design is cut, scratched, or etched into
Fine Art the printing surface or plate, which can
be copper, zinc, aluminum, magnesium,
o Refers to an art form practiced mainly plastics, or even coated paper.
for its aesthetic value and its beauty ("art
o Drawing
for art's sake") rather than its functional
value.
o It is rooted in drawing and design-based
works such as painting, printmaking,
and sculpture. Three (3) most Recognizable Images in
Western Art History….
Mona Lisa of Leonardo da Vinci
Lesson 2. Painting, Sculpture and The Scream of Edvard Much
Installations, and Architecture
The Starry Night of Vincent van Gogh
Painting
Painting media are extremely versatile because
o The application of pigments to a support they can be applied to many different surfaces
surface that establishes an image, design (called supports) including paper, wood, canvas,
or decoration. plaster, clay, lacquer and concrete.
o ‘Painting’ describes both the act and the
result.
The Major Painting Media use basic
A painting is an image (artwork) created
ingredients such as pigment, binder and solvent
using pigments (color) on surface (ground)
(“vehicle”).
such as paper or canvas. The pigment may
be in a wet form, such as paint, or a dry 1. Pigments – granular solids incorporated
form, such as pastel. into the paint to contribute color.
2. Binder – the actual film-forming
Navajo sand painting and Tibetan
component of paint. It holds the
mandala painting – used powdered
pigment
pigments.
until it’s ready to be dispersed onto the
surface.
3. Solvent – controls the flow and
Related Arts application of the paint. It’s mixed into
o Tapestry - a strong cloth with colored the paint to dilute it to the proper
threads woven into it to create a picture viscosity, or thickness, before it’s applied
or design, usually hung on a wall or to the surface.
used to cover furniture Solvents range from water to oil-based
o products like linseed oil
o Mosaic - a piece of art or and mineral spirits.
image made from the assembling of
small pieces of
colored glass, stone, or 6 Major Painting Media
Medium Description Characteristic/s applied the
Encaustic Enkaustikos Versatile directly onto plaster so that the
(Greek) – ‘to freshly laid colors will not rub
heat or burn Has a range of plaster ground off.
in’ textural and color (plastered
advantages wall or Muralists favor its
Employs hot (excellent ceiling). Durability as
beeswax as a alternative to oil depicted in Roman
binding painting) TYPES wall paintings of
medium to Buon Fresco Pompeii and
hold colored Capable of being (wet) Sistine Chapel
pigments and polish to a high common ceiling of
to gloss fresco Michelangelo.
enable their method,
application to Cools down involves Allows the artist to
a surface immediately with usage of spread the paint
(wood panels minimum drying pigments w/ much easier
or walls). time and can water (w/o
always be reworked binding Lasts for hundreds
Widely used agent), on a of years and the
in Egyptian, Will not thin layer of colors stays bright
Greek, deteriorate, darken wet, fresh, if kept clean and
Roman and or turn yellow lime mortar dry.
Byzantine art or plaster
(intonaco) Do not use
Needs to be
protected under chemicals
glass Fresco secco
(dry) DISADVANTAG
done on a dry E
Environmentally
plaster, Must be mixed up
safe, no toxic
requires and put on the
fumes, do not
binding wall freshly every
require usage of
medium (egg day and left to
solvents.
tempera, glue partly dry
or oil), to before it can be
DISADVANTAG attach
E used
pigment to
Need to be kept in the wall.
molten state If there is a
Eg. The last
Tempera Ancient Last very long mistake, the plaster
supper by
or Egg medium that must be scraped
Leonardo da
Tempera was originally Cannot be applied off.
Vinci
used for too thickly, and
murals thus lacks the deep While plaster is
Mezzo-fresco
coloration of oils setting, it becomes
Involves
Came from Colors do not hot and gives off
painting onto
the verb deteriorate over gases, thus working
almost but not
‘temper’ – ‘to time on fresco is
quite dry
bring to a unpleasant
intonaco, so
desired Dries rapidly, and As frescos are on
that pigment
consistency’ produces a smooth walls/ceilings, they
only
matte finish can’t be moved
penetrates
Created by from place to
slightly into
hand-grinding DISADVANTAG place, or
the plaster
dry powdered E rearranged.
pigments Time-consuming Oil Paint mixture of Most versatile
into binding three things:
agents (eggs, pigment Wide range of
Cannot usually
glue, honey, (color pigment choices
attain the deep
water, milk & element),
color saturation
plant gums) binder (oil, Its ability to be
to hold the liquid vehicle thinned down and
color together that holds the applied in almost
group-up transparent
It is the pigment) and glazes as well as
primary thinner. used straight from
painting the tube (w/o
medium for vehicle)
centuries
Fresco Fresh (Italian) Created by painting Built up in thick
directly onto plaster layers called
Pigments are impasto (works of
mixed solely Offer a permanence Vincent van Gogh)
with water as paint joins with
Because oil paint media. and diluted w/
dries slower, Traditionally water to let it flow
it can be blended on applied to a across the paper.
the support surface paper support,
with and relies on Wet-in-wet
meticulous detail. whiteness of painting allows
Thus, allow paper to colors to flow and
adjustments and reflect light drift into each
changes without back through other, creating soft
having to scrape the applied transitions between
off. color them.

DISADVANTAG Opaque Dry brush

E reflect light painting uses little
Over time the body off the skin of water and lets the
of the paint can the paint brush run across the
split, leaving itself. top ridges of the
networks of cracks Watercolor paper, resulting in a
along the thickest consists of broken line of color
parts of the pigment and and lots
painting. a binder of of visual texture.
Acrylic developed in Acrylic polymer gum arabic,
Paint the 1950’s has rubber or water-soluble
and became plastic compound
an alternative made from
to oils. Offer the body, the sap of the
color, and acacia tree. It
Pigment is durability of oils dissolves
suspended in without the easily in
an acrylic expense, mess and water.
polymer toxicity issues of
emulsion using heavy
binder (use solvents
water as to mix them
vehicle) Sculpture and Installation Art
Relatively fast
Sculpture is any artwork made by the
drying time of
acrylics manipulation of materials resulting in a three-
dimensional object.
Water soluble, but
once dry become Sculpted figure of the Venus of
impervious to water Berekhat Ram, discovered in the
or other solvents. Middle East in 1981, dates to 230,000
years BCE, is the oldest example of
Adhere to many artwork known.
different surfaces
and are extremely Eg. Venus of Willendorf
durable.

Will not crack or

yellow over time Sculpture can be…
Water Pigment Most sensitive
Color dissolved in Freestanding, or self-supported –
water and Reacts to the viewer can walk completely around the
bound by a lightest touch of the work to see it from all sides, or created
colloid agent artist, thus become in;
so that it an over worked
adheres to the mess in a moment. Relief – the primary form’s surface is
working raised above the surrounding material,
surface when Hold a sense of such as the image on a coin.
applied immediacy
with the Bas-relief refers to a shallow
brush. Extremely portable extension of the image from its
and excellent surroundings.
Two kinds of for small format
Water Color paintings High relief is where the most
Transparent
prominent elements of the
Transparent
operates in a composition are undercut and
watercolor
reverse techniques include rendered at more than half in the
relationship to the use of wash; round against the background.
the other an area of color
painting applied w/ a brush Installation Art
o A relatively new genre of contemporary
art - practiced by an increasing number
of postmodernist artists
o Involves the configuration or
"installation" of objects in a space, such
as a room or warehouse.
o Three-dimensional visual artwork, often
created for a specific place (in situ) and
designed to change the perception of
space.
o Often found within an indoor space.
o An installation can be either mobile (or
remountable); permanent (or fixed);
ephemeral (or temporary).
“Installation”, generally applies to works
created for interior spaces (ie. gallery, museum).
Outdoor works (considered as
installation) – referred as public art, land
art, or, humans intervening on an
environment and putting their “stamp”
on it.

Sculpture Mediums
(Print pages 30-33)
Construction, or Assemblage
o Uses found, manufactured or altered
objects to build form.
o Also known as “fabrication”

Some modern and contemporary sculptures

Sculpture Methods incorporate movement, light and sound.

Carving Kinetic sculptures use ambient air currents or

motors allowing them to move, changing in
o Uses the subtractive process to cut away form as the viewer stands in place.
areas from a larger mass
o Oldest method used for three- Alexander Calder is famous for his mobiles,
dimensional work. whimsicallike and, similar to Nevelson’s and
o Stone and wood - the most common Butterfield’s works, constructed of, abstract
materials as they were readily available works that are intricately balanced to move at
and extremely durable. Foam, plastics the slightest wisp of air.
and glass (contemporary materials) Jean Tinguely’s sculptures are contraption-like
o Chisels and other sharp tools – used for and, similar to Nevelson’s and Butterfield’s
carving works, constructed of scraps often found in
garbage dumps,

Casting
o A manufacturing process by which a Architecture
liquid material is usually poured into a o The art of designing and constructing a
mold (contains a hollow cavity of the building which will serve a definite
desired shape) and then let solidify. function, ranging from providing the
o Often used for making complex shapes simplest shelter to meeting the
that would be otherwise difficult or technological demands of our times.
uneconomical to make by other
methods. Materiality is of just as much
Lost wax process – traditional method of importance as form, function and
bronze casting frequently used today. location—or rather, inseparable from all
three.
Mold is made from an original wax
sculpture that is melted away to create a
negative cavity into which molten metal is (Print pages 34-35)
poured. Usually, it is destroyed after
successful casts are made.
Casting materials are usually metals but
they can also be various cold-setting
materials that cure after mixing two or more
components together.
Eg. Epoxy, concrete, plaster, and clay

Modeling Principles of Construction

o A method that can be both additive and Post-and-Lintel
subtractive.
o oldest of construction system
o It is used to build up form with clay,
o makes use of two vertical posts spanned
plaster or other soft material that can be
by horizontal beam (lintel)
pushed, pulled, pinched or poured into
place. Arch
o A form is often a preliminary step in the
casting method. o consists of separate pieces of wedge-
shaped blocks (voussoirs) arranged in a
Armature - an underlying structure of wire semicircle.
that sets the physical shape of the work. o The keystone locks the voussoirs into a
Usually used in larger sculptures. single curve structure.
Barrel vault o A recipient of numerous awards and
honors, de Leon was posthumously
o one placed directly behind another
named National Artist of the
to produce a structure similar to a
Philippines for music in 1997.
tunnel.
Groin vault
Violin
o Formed by intersecting arches
The soprano voice in the string
Dome family.

o built on a framework formed by a Viola

series of arches rising from The alto voice in the string family.
consecutive points on a base called
the drum. NOTE: The smaller the instrument, the
higher the pitch; the larger the instrument,
Truss the lower the pitch.
o a system of triangular forms
assembled into a rigid framework
and functioning like a beam or Violoncello or cello
lintel. The tenor voice in the string family.

Skeleton Construction Double bass, or string bass

The largest and lowest instrument of
o employed reinforced concrete and
the string family.
steel.
Cantilever
Harp
o makes use of a beam or slab
extending horizontally into space It is not at all constructed like the rest of
beyond its supporting post, yet the stringed instruments. It is not a
strong enough to support the walls regular member of the orchestra, but it is
and floors. one of the oldest instruments.
Guitar
Is seldom used in the orchestra, but it is
almost always a part of jazz bands.
Lesson 3. Mediums of Music
Commonly used to accompany the
singing of folk songs.

Music - art concerned with combining vocal or

instrumental sounds for beauty of form or Stringed instruments which are seldom, if
emotional expression, usually according to ever, found playing with the symphony
cultural standards of rhythm, melody, and, in orchestras…
most Western music, harmony (Epperson, n. d.).
o Banjo
Instrumental medium o lute
The Strings o mandolin
o ukulele.
o The stringed instruments have a hollow
sound box across which nylon, wire or
gut strings are stretched. Woodwinds
o These strings are made to vibrate by
means of a horsehair bow rubbed over The three branches of the woodwind family have
them. different sources of sound.

Felipe Padilla de Leon o Vibrations begin when air is blown:

 across the top of an instrument
o a major Philippine composer, conductor,
 across a single reed
and scholar
 across two reeds.
o known best for translating the lyrics of
the Philippine National Anthem from Reeds - are small pieces of cane.
the original Spanish to Tagalog.
Single reed is clamped to a mouthpiece
at the top of the instrument and vibrates
against the mouthpiece when air is o It is considered a member of the
blown between the reed and the woodwind family because it has a single
mouthpiece. reed like the clarinet.
Two reeds tied together are commonly
known as a double reed. It fits into a
tube at the top of the instrument and Oboe
vibrates when air is forced between the o Similar to the clarinet in many ways.
two reeds. o Both are made from wood and have
metal keys that can produce many notes
rapidly.
Piccolo o However, oboe does not have a
o Is exactly like the flute except that it is mouthpiece, but has two reeds tied
much smaller and is usually made of together. By placing them between
silver or wood. one's lips and blowing air through them,
o The pitch of the piccolo is higher than the reeds vibrate and produce a sound.
that of a flute.
o It is an octave higher than the flute.
English horn
Full name: plauta piccolo, which means
“little flute.” o A double-reed instrument in the
woodwind family.
o Unlike the oboe, it is larger than the
Flute oboe and its sound much lower.
o It is originally made of woods, but is
now made from silver or gold and is
Bassoon
about 2 feet in length.
o It looks like a narrow tube with a row of o A large double reed instrument with a
holes covered by keys along one side. lower sound than the other woodwind
instruments.
The player blows air across the small o Its double reed is attached to a small
hole in the mouthpiece to produce a curved tube called a bocal which fits
sound that can be either soft and mellow into the bassoon.
or high and piercing. o When the player blows air between the
reeds, the vibrating column of air inside
the instrument travels over nine feet to
Clarinet the bottom of the instrument, then up to
the top where the sound comes out.
o Made from wood
o Produces a fluid sound when air is
blown between a single reed and the
Contrabassoon
mouthpiece. By pressing metal keys
with the fingers of both hands, the o A double-reed instrument in the
player has the ability to play many woodwind family.
different notes very quickly. o Although much like the bassoon, it is
larger and its sound much lower.

Bass Clarinet
o Larger and lower sounding relative of Brasses
the clarinet.
o Bass clarinet is a single-reed Brass family instruments
instrument and is made of wood. o Produce their unique sound by the
player buzzing his/her lips while
blowing air through a cup or funnel
Saxophone shaped mouthpiece.
o To produce higher or lower pitches, the
o Conically shaped
player adjusts the opening between
o The only woodwind instrument made of
his/her lips.
brass.
The main instruments of the brass family
are…
o Trumpet Percussion instruments are classified as…
o Trombone
Tuned instruments play specific
o French horn
pitches or notes, just like the woodwind,
o Tuba brass and string instruments.
NOTE: the shorter the tubing length, the Untuned instruments produce a sound
higher the sound and the longer the tubing with an indefinite pitch, like the sound
length, the lower the sound. of a hand knocking on a door.
Sergei Rachmaninoff – widely considered as
one of the finest pianists of all time and, as a
Trumpet composer, one of the last great representatives of
Romanticism in Russian classical music.
o The highest sounding member of the
brass family.
o The brilliant tone of the trumpet travels
Bass Drum
through about 6 - ½ feet of tubing bent
into an oblong shape. o The composer Mozart added the deep,
o The player presses the three valves in booming, untuned sound of the bass
various combinations with the fingers of drum to the orchestra in 1782.
the right hand to obtain various pitches.

Snare drum
Trombone
o Joined the orchestra nearly 200 years
o The mouthpiece of the trombone is ago.
larger than that of a trumpet, and gives o It has two calfskin or plastic drumheads
the instrument a more mellow sound. stretched tightly over a hollow metal
o Instead of valves, the trombone has a frame. The top head is struck with
slide which changes the length of its wooden drumsticks, and is called the
approximately 9 feet of tubing to reach batter-head. The bottom head, or snare-
different pitches. head has catgut or metal wires called
snares stretched tightly across it.

French Horn
Cymbals
o It consists of about 12 feet of narrow
tubing wound into a circle. o Made from two large, slightly concave
o The player obtains different notes on the brass plates
horn with a clear mellow sound by o Fitted with leather hand straps and are
pressing valves with the left hand and by shaped so that when they are crashed
moving the right hand inside of the bell. together, only the edges touch.
o Although cymbals are untuned
instruments, different sized cymbals
Tuba produce a wide range of sound effects.
o Made of about 16 feet of tubing Tambourine
o It is the lowest sounding member of the
o A shallow, handheld drum made of a
brass family.
circular wooden frame with a calfskin
o The tuba has four to five valves and is
or plastic drumhead stretched across the
held upright in the player’s lap.
top.
o The tambourine has small discs called
jingles set into its circular frame which
Percussion Instruments
produce sound when the tambourine is
Percussion shaken, rubbed, or struck on the drum
head with the knuckles.
o It means "the hitting of one body against o Mozart first used the tambourine in his
another” music in 1782.
o Instruments played by being struck,
shaken, or scraped.
o In the orchestra, the percussion section Triangle
provides a variety of rhythms, textures
and tone colors.
o Made from a small round steel tube, and o A Filipino composer known his
is played by striking it with a steel Kundiman songs, especially before the
beater. Second World War.
o Its bright shimmering sound is untuned o One of them is Bituing Marikit.
and resembles that of a bell. o Composed the melody of the university
o The triangle first joined the orchestra in of the Philippines’ official anthem, U.P.
the late 1700s. Naming Mahal.

Timpani Keyboard Instruments

o Also called kettledrums, were the first o Occasionally play with the symphony
drums to be used in the orchestra over orchestra.
300 years ago. o Classified as percussion instruments
o They are constructed of a large copper because they play a rhythmic role in
bowl with a drumhead made of calfskin some music.
or plastic stretched across the top. o Most keyboard instruments are not true
members of the percussion family
because their sound is not produced by
Chimes the vibration of a membrane or solid
material.
o A tuned instrument consisting of a set of
12 to 18 metal tubes hung from a metal
frame.
Piano
o The metal tubes range from 1 to 2 ½
inches in diameter and from 4 to 6 feet o Sound is produced by small hammers
in length. striking strings.
o The chimes, or tubular bells, are struck o It is basically a string instrument.
with a mallet and sound like church o The hammers are controlled
bells when played. mechanically and strike the strings when
o The longer the length of tube that is the player's hands press the piano keys.
struck, the lower the pitch that is o The piano was invented in the 18th
created. century and was called pianoforte (soft-
loud) to indicate its wide range and to
distinguish if from its ancestor, the
Glockenspiel clavichord which was smaller and which
produced very soft tones.
o Also called orchestra bells
o It resembles a small xylophone, but it is
made of steel bars. Harpsichord
o The name glockenspiel comes from the
German language and means "to play o An early relative of the piano. Although
the bells." it looks like a piano, it sounds much
o In marching bands, the steel plates are different.
attached to a lyre-shaped frame. It is o Small hooks called quills pluck the
then called a bell-lyre. strings when the player's hand presses a
key on the keyboard.

Xylophone
Celesta
o First used in the orchestra just over a
century ago o Consists of a series of small steel bars
o A tuned instrument made of hardwood placed over resonators; the bars are
bars in graduated lengths set struck by small hammers controlled by a
horizontally on a metal frame. keyboard.
o Striking the bars with hard mallets o The instrument’s range is only one-half
produces a bright, sharp sound. that of a piano, but it produces an
o Originally modeled after an African ethereal sound (hence its name) very
instrument and its name is Greek, much like soft chimes.
meaning "wood sound". Organ
o A wind instrument.
Nicanor Abelardo po.
o When an organist presses the keys of an Contralto -The lowest female voice being able
organ, air is allowed to flow into to sing roughly between F3 (F below middle C)
corresponding pipes. and E5, and possibly lower. Some very rare
o The vibration of the air in the pipes contraltos share a similar range to the tenor.
creates the sound of the organ.

Male
The organ in the Meyerson Symphony
Tenor - The highest male voice being able to
Center
sing roughly between B2 (2nd B below middle
Designed and created by the Fisk Organ C) and A4 (A above Middle C), and possibly
Company of Glouceter, Massachusetts. higher.

One of the largest concert hall organs in Lyric - A lightweight, graceful, lyric
the world, it has four keyboards, 244 tenor.
keys, 32 pedals and 4,535 pipes.
Dramatic - A powerful, rich, heroic
The largest pipe is 32 feet high while the tenor.
smallest pipe is less than one inch in
Baritone - A male voice in between the tenor
height.
and bass that is able to sing between G2 (two Gs
below middle C) and F4 (F above middle C).
Some baritones may be able to sing slightly
Acordian & Concertina - keyboard instruments lower or higher.
have free reeds that vibrate back and forth in a
slot. Lyric - A voice that is lighter and
perhaps mellower than the dramatic
baritone. It is probably the most
The Human Voice common of the baritone voice types.

Vocal music Dramatic - A voice with a somewhat

heavier, darker quality.
o A type of music performed by one or
more singers, with or without Bass -The lowest male voice being able to sing
instrumental accompaniment (a roughly between E2 (Two Es below middle C)
cappella), in which singing provides the and E4 (The E above middle C), and possibly
main focus of the piece. lower.

Each of us has a specific voice type or vocal Basso Cantante - A lighter, more
range; some may be capable of hitting very lyrical voice, perhaps with a slightly
high notes, while others are more higher range.
comfortable singing low. Basso Profundo - A particularly deep
and resonant voice. It may reach the B
below the bass clef (B0), but is most
Basic Voice Types (Operatic System) distinguished by its dark and cavernous
timbre.
Female
Soprano - The highest female voice being able
to sing roughly between C4 (middle C) and C6 Men Who Can Sing Like Women
(high C), and possibly higher.
o Some men can sing in the same range as
Coloratura – highest and lightest voice women using their falsetto voices or as
a result of some rare physiological
Lyric – usually sings the part of a
conditions.
heroine in the opera
o These men do not fall into the three
Dramatic - A powerful, rich, emotive female categories. These men are known
voice. Used for the heroic, tragic, and/or as countertenors within classical music.
victimized women of opera. Range from o Within contemporary music, however,
Bb2 or A2 to C5. the use of the term tenor for these male
voices would be more appropriate.
Mezzo-soprano - A female voice in between the
soprano and contralto that is able to sing roughly
between A3 (A below middle C) and A5 (two
octaves above A3). Some mezzos may be able to
sing slightly lower or higher.
o Lines that are physically present,
Module 4. Visual Arts:
existing as solid connections between
Elements and Principles one or more points.
2. Straight or Classic Lines
of Design o Add stability and structure to a
composition and can be vertical,
Lesson 1. The Elements horizontal, or diagonal on the surface of
the work.
Outline or contour lines create a border or
Visual Elements - are the building blocks of
path around the edge of a shape, thereby
composition in art.
outlining and defining it.
o Line
o Shape
o Tone 3. Hatch Lines
o Color o A series of short lines repeated in
o Pattern intervals, typically in a single direction,
o Texture and are used to add shading and texture
o Form to surfaces.

Visual Element relationship to one another… 4. Cross-Hatch Lines

o Provide additional tone and texture and
o Most images begin their life as line can be oriented in any direction.
drawings. o Multiple layers of cross-hatch lines can
o Lines cross over one another to form give rich and varied texture to objects
shapes. by manipulating the pressure of the
o Shapes can be filled with tone and color, drawing tool to create a large range of
or repeated to create pattern. values.
o A shape may be rendered with a rough
surface to create a texture.
o A shape may be projected into three 5. Implied Lines
dimensions to create form. o Created by visually connecting two
Different elements can express qualities or more areas together.
such as movement and rhythm, space and o Found in three-dimensional
depth, growth and structure, harmony and artworks too.
contrast, noise and calm and a wide range of Implied lines - refer to the path that the
emotions that make up the subjects of great viewer’s eye takes as it follows shape,
art. color, and form within an art work. It gives
works of art a sense of motion and keep the
viewer engaged in a composition
Line
Eg. Oath of the Horatii by Jacques-
o The foundation of all drawing Louis David
o The first and most versatile of the visual
elements of art.
6. Expressive lines
o In an artwork, it can be used in many
o Curved, adding an organic, more
different ways. It can be used to suggest
dynamic character to a work of art.
shape, pattern, form, structure, growth,
o Often rounded and follow
depth, distance, rhythm, movement and
a range of emotions. undetermined paths.
o Help to determine the motion, direction, Psychological Response to Different Types of
and energy of a work of art. Lines…
Quality of a line refers to the character that is o Curved lines suggest comfort and ease
presented by a line in order to animate a surface o Horizontal lines suggest distance and
to varying degrees. calm
o Vertical lines suggest height and
strength
Types of Lines o Jagged lines suggest turmoil and anxiety
1. Actual Lines
Way of drawing a line conveys different o to create a contrast of light and
expressive qualities… dark.
o to create the illusion of form.
o Freehand lines can express the personal
o to create a dramatic or tranquil
energy and mood of the artist
atmosphere.
o Mechanical lines can express a rigid
o to create a sense of depth and
control
distance.
o Continuous lines can lead the eye in
o to create a rhythm or pattern
certain directions
within a composition.
o Broken lines can express the ephemeral
or the insubstantial
o Thick lines can express strength ‘Saturation’ – the intensity of a color.
o Thin lines can express delicacy

Color Harmonies
Color
Complementary Colors: The Beauty of
Color theory Contradiction

o A body of practical guidance to color 1. Single Complementary Harmony

mixing and the visual impacts of o when two colors lie on opposite
specific color combinations. sides of the color wheel.
o First appear in 17th century when Isaac o this combination provides a
Newton discovered that white light high contrast and high impact
could be passed through a prism and color combination.
divided into the full spectrum of colors. 2. Double Complementary Scheme
o Centered around the color wheel o Created with two hues
(diagram that shows the relationship of (color) next to each other on
colors to each other) the color wheel and are
paired with two adjacent
Spectrum of contained in white light – hues on the opposite side.
ROYGBIV o This creates a color palette
of four hues that are
Primary Colors – Red, blue, yellow adjacent but opposite such
(cannot be mixed from other pigments) as red, green, red-violet, and
yellow-green.
Secondary Colors – Green, orange, 3. Split Complementary Scheme
violet o Three colors that are not
equally divided along the
Primary and secondary colors are color wheel but two of the
combined in various mixtures to create colors are close to each
“tertiary colors.” other (not adjacent) and
opposite to the third color.
4. Double Split Complementary
Color
Harmony
o A fundamental artistic element which o Composed of six colors
refers to the use of hue in art and design. with two Y guides.
o Most complex elements

Important aspects… Triadic Harmony

‘value’ – the relative lightness or darkness
o Three colors that are evenly
of a color
spaced on the color wheel.
‘tint’ – produced by adding white to a color o This combination creates
bold, vibrant color palettes.
‘shade’ – produced by adding black to a hue
Primary triad, secondary triad,
intermediate triad - since there
‘Tone’ – the gradation or subtle changes of a are 6 intermediate hues, there
color on a lighter or darker scale. will also be two sets of
intermediate triad.
It can be used to…

Harmonies of Related Colors

1. Monochromatic harmony volume—or height, width, and
o It can be three shades, tones depth.
and tints of one base color.
o It provides a subtle and
conservative color Texture
combination.
2. Analogous harmony Texture
o Three colors that are side by o It stimulates the senses of sight and
side on the color wheel can touch and refers to the tactile quality of
be used. the surface of the art.
o This color combination is
versatile, but can be Two types of Texture
overwhelming Visual – An implied sense of texture
that the artist creates through the use of
varies artistic elements such as line,
Shape and Volume shading and color.
Shape Actual – The physical rendering or the
real surface qualities we can notice by
o An area in a two-dimensional space that
touching an object, such as paint
is defined by edges; volume is three-
application or three-dimensional art.
dimensional, exhibiting height, width,
and depth. The Virgin of Chancellor Rolin by Jan Van
o It can be geometric (eg., circle, square, Eycks
or pyramid); or organic (e.g., leaf or a
chair)
o It can be created by placing two Light and Value
different textures, or shape-groups, next
to each other, thereby creating an Values
enclosed area. o The use of light and dark
E.g., painting of an object o In two-dimensional artwork, the use of
floating in water
value can help to give a shape the
illusion of mass or volume.

Positive Space Subdivision of Value

o The space of the defined shape, Tint – light hues

or figure. Shade – dark hues
o It is the subject of an artwork.

Negative Space
Shading - a more subtle manipulation of value
o the space that exists around and
between one or more shapes.
Plane High-keyed – values near the lighter end of the
spectrum
o Any surface area within space.
o In two-dimensional art, the Low-keyed – values on the darker end
picture plane is the flat surface
that the image is created upon,
such as paper, canvas, or wood. High contrast

Small Bouquet of Flowers in a o placing of lighter areas directly against

Ceramic Vase by Jan Brueghel the much darker ones, so their difference is
Elder showcased, creating a dramatic effect.
o the presence of more blacks than white
or grey.
Form
o A concept that is related to Low-contrast
shape.
o It is always considered three- o result from placing mid-range
dimensional as it exhibits values together so there is not
much visible difference between the principle that if two objects are
them, creating a more subtle mood. similar in size, the one that casts a larger
retinal image is closer.
Interposition or Overlapping
Chiaroscuro in Baroque Painting
if one object is blocking our view of
another, then the one in front is closer
Space and the one being blocked is farther
away.
Space - the distance or area between, around,
above, below, or within shapes and forms found
within a composition
Aerial perspective
Positive and Negative Space - occur in both
the phenomenon that the farther away
two-dimension and three-dimension art and are
objects are, the hazier and fuzzier the
complementary to one another
view gets.
Positive Space
o “occupied” areas in a work of art
Linear perspective
that is filled with something such
as lines, colors and shapes. the way that lines that are parallel in real
o the primary subject matter of a life will appear to converge as they get
painting; the animals, plants, farther away.
building, mountain, vase, people,
etc., that forms your area-of-
interest. Texture gradient
o dominates the eye and is the focal
the fact that we see much less detail (or
point in a composition.
texture) on objects as the distance
Negative Space between the object and the viewer
grows.
o Unoccupied areas that surround
the subject matter.
o More passive in nature and is
Position on the picture plane
defined by the edges of the
positive space it surrounds. the location of the objects placed on the
o Gives definition to our picture plane: those on top of the plane
composition. are viewed as far from the viewer and
o Has weight and mass, and plays those found on the foreground are
an important role in defining viewed as closer to the viewer.
subject.
Foreground
o Important in a composition
because it gives balance to area of a painting that visually appears
positive space by giving the eye closest to the viewer
a place to rest. often located on a lower plane or bottom
o basic element that is often of the canvas.
overlooked as a principle of a
Middle ground
good design.
space that makes up the distance
Two-dimensional space
between the foreground and background
found on a flat surface such as a canvas of a painting.
called the decorative space which is Located somewhere on the middle plane
depthless of the canvas.
has only length and width
Background
area of a painting that visually appears
Three-dimensional space to be far away in the distance at or near
the horizon.
has with, height and depth usually located on a higher plane of the
canvas.

Relative size