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PART 1 Contents:
PART 1:
SIGNS, SYMBOLS, AND THE CULTURAL • SIGNS, SYMBOLS, AND THE CULTURAL BASIS OF
ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN
BASIS OF ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN PART 2:
Behavioral stress and circuits • BUILDING MATERIALS AS AN EXPRESSION OF
ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN
AR 113/113.1- THEORY OF ARCHITECTURE 1 • CONSTRUCTION METHODS AND STRUCTURES AS
EXPRESSION

AR 113/113.1- THEORY OF ARCHITECTURE 1

symbols BP-344
Batas Pambansa Blg. 344
• Symbols such as gestures, signs, objects, signals, and
words help people understand that world. – An Act to Enhance the Mobility of
• They provide clues to understanding experiences by Disabled Persons by Requiring Certain
Buildings, Institutions, Establishments and
conveying recognizable meanings that are shared by Public Utilities to install Facilities and Other
societies Devices.

“ACESSIBILITY LAW”
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IRR OF BP344 IRR OF BP344

Arch. Jaime Silva:

The Blind Architect
https://advocacine.wordpress.com/tag/architect-jaime-silva/

IRR OF BP344
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ARCHITECTURE = ART + SCIENCE

Architecture is the PROCESS OF
ARCHITECTS AS designing of space to fulfill certain
VISUAL STORYTELLER functions based on the needs of the
users.

MORAL VALUES FESTIVITY

Cultural basis of
ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN
CULTURE is defined as the ideas, customs and social
behavior of a particular people or society. RICHNESS IN HERITAGE RESILIENCY
-manifestations of human intellectual achievement
regarded collectively. (oxford dictionay)
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THE MODERN FILIPINO ARCHITECTURE

CIIT, QUEZON CITY BY BUENSALIDO ARCHITECTS
A school that values heritage and culture, founded on authenticity and respect,
and recognizes the importance of preserving things that came before us, such as
nature and collective identity. POLYGON HOUSE, TAGUIG METRO MANILA

RELIGION-NO FIXED RELIGION

The dead are treated with respect - burial rituals and
monuments
MATERIALS -Animal skins, wooden
frames, animal bones
CONSTRUCTION SYSTEM
-Focused on Temporary Structures (Huts, Tents)
-Megalithic, most evident in France, England and Ireland
-Post and Lintel Construction
-Corbelling (Cantilever System)
STONEHENGE- a prehistoric monument on Salisbury, England HUT- a small dwelling, which may be constructed of various local materials.
-Wattle-and-daub construction

Prehistoric architecture DECORATION

• Caves paintings in Africa, France and Spain
- Humans constructed earthen mounds, stone circles, megaliths, and structures. (Pigments, Blood of Animals)
- Includes monumental structures such as Stonehenge, cliff dwellings in the Americas, and • Sculpture
thatch and mud structures.
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Temple I, Tikal Guatemala (Temple Pyramid) Temple of the Inscriptions, Pelenque Mexico(Temple Pyramid)
ZIGGURAT-a rectangular stepped tower, sometimes surmounted by a temple HANGING GARDENS OF BABYLON- Ancient wonders of the world.

Pre-columbian architecture mesopotamian architecture

• Best known in the form of public, ceremonial and urban monumental buildings and structures. - “mesos”, potamas”- middle rivier (between tigris and Euphrates)
• Known for the majestic pyramid temples and lavish palaces that were constructed in all Mayan - Monumental, Massive and Grandeur
centers throughout Mesoamerica.

PYRAMIDS
1. STEP PYRAMID- EVOLVED FROM
MASTABA WITH FOUR SIDES
FACING THE CARDINAL POINTS
(100K MEN-100 YEARS)

THE GIZA COMPLEX THE PYRAMIDS AT GIZA 2. BENT/BLUNT/ FALSE PYRAMID -

Egyptian architecture WITH A CERTAIN DEGREE OF
- simplicity, monumentality, solidity and massiveness
INCLINATION OR SLOPE.
- Egyptians built sphinx statues to guard important areas
such as tombs and temples.
-
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PYRAMIDS

3. SLOPED/ TRUE PYRAMID

EXAMPLE:
PYRAMIDS AT GIZEH
1. PYRAMID OF KHUFU (CHEOPS)- Biggest pyramid
from the 3 (139M)
2. PYRAMID OF KHAFRE/KHAFRA (CHEFREN) (136M)
3. PYRAMID OF MYKERINOS (MENKAURA) (61M)

An architectural order describes a style of

building. In classical architecture each order is readily
identifiable by means of its proportions and profiles, as
well as by various aesthetic details.

PARTHENON, ATHENS- ICON OF GREEK ARCHITECTURE GREEK ORDERS

greek architecture
- the rise of ancient Greece until the fall of the Roman empire
- great buildings were constructed according to precise rules
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ILLUSTRATIONS FROM ARCHITIONAL HUB

FIGURE COLUMNS

CANEPHORAE / CANEPHORA CARYATID

Female figures with basket on her head; Female figures that serve as the architectural
commonly as a freestanding garden support for the entablature of a building.
ornament/statue. ILLUSTRATIONS FROM ARCHITIONAL HUB
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BALTEUS

ILLUSTRATIONS FROM ARCHITIONAL HUB ILLUSTRATIONS FROM ARCHITIONAL HUB

FIGURE COLUMNS
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ROMAN ORDERS: TUSCAN (DORIC), COMPOSITE (IONIC+CORINTHIAN) AQUEDUCT- WATER IRRIGATION SYSTEM

roman architecture
- the rise of engineering and civil works

BASILICA OF SAN VITALE, BUILT IN A.D. 547 IN RAVENNA, ITALY TYPICAL PLAN OF AN EARLY CHRISTIAN CHURHCES HAGIA SOPHIA IN ISTANBUL, TURKEY FAMOUS FOR THE GOLD DETAILING THROUGHOUT THE
INTERIOR AND IN THE DOMES

Early Christian architecture

-Final phase of roman architecture Byzantine architecture
- the capital of the Roman empire moved to Byzantium (now called Istanbul) in 330 AD
- Christianity became the state religion - Roman architecture evolved into a graceful, classically-inspired style
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PISA COMPLEX, ITALY FAMOUS FOR THE GOLD DETAILING THROUGHOUT THE NOTRE DAM CATHEDRAL, PARIS FAMOUS FOR THE GOLD DETAILING THROUGHOUT THE
INTERIOR AND IN THE DOMES INTERIOR AND IN THE DOMES

Romanesque architecture GOTHIC architecture

- Churches and castles of the early Medieval period were constructed with thick walls and heavy piers. - - Pointed arches, ribbed vaulting, flying buttresses, and other innovations led to taller, more graceful architecture.
- - heavier, stocky Romanesque architecture with rounded arches emerged. - Gothic ideas gave rise to magnificent cathedrals like Chartres and Notre Dame.
- “Roman Like” Architecture

ST. PETER’S BASILICA, ITALY SAN CARLO ALLE QUATTRO FONATNE

ST. JOHN’S CO-CATHEDRAL INTERIOR

RENAISSANCE architecture BAROQUE architecture

- - return to classical ideas ushered an "age of awakening" in Italy, France, and England. - - Baroque style is reflected in opulent and dramatic churches with irregular shapes and extravagant ornamentation.
- architects in the Western world found inspiration in the beautifully proportioned architecture of the period - Baroque architecture brought dynamism and motion through circular forms, concave and convex walls, twisted
columns, dramatic exterior projections, etc.
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CATHERINE PALACE IN ST. PETERSBURG RUSSIA

LA SAGRADA FAMILIA, ANTONI GAUDI

ROCOCO architecture ART NOUVEAU architecture

- - the last phase of the Baroque period
- known as the New Style
- builders constructed graceful white buildings with sweeping curves.
- Rococo buildings are elegantly decorated with scrolls, vines, shell-shapes, and delicate geometric patterns. - Buildings often have asymmetrical shapes, arches and decorative surfaces with curved, plant-like
designs.

VILLA SAVOYE, LE CORBUSIER SOLOMON R. GUGGENHEIM MUSEUM, FLW

CHRYSLER BUILDING, WILLIAM VAN ALEN

MODERN architecture
ART DECO architecture - dramatic changes and astonishing diversity.
- Zigzag patterns and vertical lines create dramatic effect on jazz-age - Minimalism and Functionalism
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Keypoints:
• FORMS
Architects are responsible to the patterns of their culture on one
hand and to the patterns of technology on the other, but, in the
expression of form, they are free to communicate their own personalities
and concepts.
• COMPOSITION
Composition is the organization of the whole out of its parts—
M2 BUILDING, KENGO KUMA
the conception of single elements, the interrelating of these elements, and
POST-MODERN architecture the relating of them to the total form.
- Reaction against the Modernist approaches gave rise to new buildings that re-
invented historical details and familiar motifs.