8

Science
Quarter 4 - Module 1
Focus on the Digestive System
Science — Grade 8
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 4 — Module 1: Focus on the Digestive System
First Edition, 2020

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Published by the Department of Education – Division of Gingoog City

Division Superintendent: Jesnar Dems S. Torres, PhD, CESO VI

Development Team of the Module

Writer(s): Christy Rose G. Velasco

Reviewer(s): Nilda U. Villegas, EPS - Science

Melinda M. Garabato, Ph.D
Florida D. Arias, Ph.D- PSDS

Illustrator(s): Jay Michael A. Calipusan, PDO II

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Chairperson: Jesnar Dems S. Torres, PhD, CESO VI

Schools Division Superintendent

Co- Conniebel C. Nistal, PhD

Chairperson: Assistant Schools Division Superintendent

Pablito B. Altubar, CID Chief

Members: Nilda U. Villegas, EPS - Science

Himaya B. Sinatao, LRMS Manager
Jay Michael A. Calipusan, PDO II
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8
Science
Quarter 4 - Module 1
Digestive System: Focus on the Digestive
System
This page is intentionally blank
Table of Contents

What This Module is About ................................................................................................................... i

What I Need to Know .............................................................................................................................. ii

How to Learn from this Module ...........................................................................................................iii

Icons of this Module ...............................................................................................................................iii

What I Know ........................................................................................................................................... .iv

Lesson 1: Ingestion
What I Need to Know …………………………………………………………………. 1
What’s New : Activity 2: Banana (saba) Activity ...................................................... 1
What Is It ................................................................................................................... 2
What I Have Learned Activity 4: My Realization ................................................ 3
What I Can Do: Activity 5: Draw and Explain ............................................... 3
Lesson 2: Absorption
What I Need to Know …………………………………………………………………… 4
What’s New Activity 2: Absorption Activity ................................................................ 4
What Is It ................................................................................................................... 5
What I Have Learned: Activity 4: My Realization ……………………………………...6
What I Can Do: Activity 5:......................................................................................... 6
Lesson 3: Assimilation
What I Need to Know ……………………………………………………………………7
What’s New: Activity 2: Complete the Concept Map .............................................. 7
What Is It .................................................................................................................. 7
What I Have Learned: My Realization..................................................................... 8
What I Can Do: Activity 5: Brief Explanation ........................................................... 9
Lesson 4: Excretion
What I Need to Know ………………………………………………………………….. 10
What’s New: Activity 2: Food in the Stocking.......................................................... 10
What Is It ................................................................................................................. 10
What I Have Learned: Activity 4: My Realization .................................................... 11
What I Can Do: Activity 5: Question and Answer ................................................... 11
Lesson 5: Diseases of the Digestive System, Treatment, and
Prevention
What I Need to Know ………………………………………………………………….. 12
What’s New: Activity 2: The Possible Ways ............................................................. 12
What Is It ………………………………………………………………………………. 12
What I Have Learned: Activity 4: Tell Me ................................................................. 14
What I Can Do: Activity 5: Question and Answer ................................................... 15

Summary------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------16

Assessment: (Post-Test) --------------------------------------------------------------------------------17

Key to Answers ......................................................................................................................... 18

References.................................................................................................................................. 22
What This Module is About
Food is an essential part of our daily routine. This makes the digestive system
our favorite system. But have you ever wonder where does the food you eat goes?
How the digestion process occur?
This module is written for you to have a deeper understanding on the processes
of the digestive system and how it works together with the others systems in our body.
This module also explains the common diseases/disorders of the digestive system
and how it can be treated.
. This module contain varied activities which will supplement your learning
about the process of the digestive system which is good for two weeks.
Enjoy learning.

What I Need to Know

After going through this module, you should be able to:

1. Explain ingestion, absorption, assimilation, and excretion;
2. Explain how diseases of the digestive system are prevented, detected, and treated.

How to Learn from this Module

To achieve the objectives cited above, you are to do the following:
• Take your time reading the lessons carefully.
• Follow the directions and/or instructions in the activities and exercises diligently.
• Answer all the given tests and exercises.
Icons of this Module

What I Need to This part contains learning objectives that

Know are set for you to learn as you go along the
module.

What I know This is an assessment as to your level of

knowledge to the subject matter at hand,
meant specifically to gauge prior related
Knowledge
What’s In This part connects previous lesson with that
of the current one.

What’s New An introduction of the new lesson through

various activities, before it will be presented
to you

What is It These are discussions of the activities as a

way to deepen your discovery and under-
standing of the concept.

What’s More These are follow-up activities that are in-

tended for you to practice further in order to
master the competencies.

What I Have Activities designed to process what you

Learned have learned from the lesson

What I can do These are tasks that are designed to show-

case your skills and knowledge gained, and
applied into real-life concerns and situations.

ii
What I Know

I. Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a separate sheet of paper.

1. Which of the following refers to chemical digestion?

A. chewing of food.
B. grinding of food.
C. tearing of food.
D. amylase in the saliva
2. In what organ most of the absorption process happen?
A. stomach C. large intestine
B. small intestine D. esophagus
3. It is a digestive disorder wherein the body has the inability to digest sugar?
A. gastritis C. diarrhea
B. lactose intolerance D. peptic ulcer
4. The following are part of the digestion process EXCEPT ______.
A. ingestion C. excretion
B. assimilation D. respiration
5. It helps to moisten the food and contains the enzyme amylase.
A. saliva C. mouth
B. stomach D. teeth
6. It is a process of taking in digested food nutrients into the cell by providing new
protoplasm and energy needed during the cell activities.
A. ingestion C. absorption
B. assimilation D. excretion
7. What causes constipation?
A. lack of fiber in the body
B. uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells
C. lack of enzyme lactase
D. excessive consumption of coffee and acidic drinks.
8. The nutrients from the digested food are being absorbed by the following processes
except ______.
A. passive diffusion C. active transport
B. facilitated diffusion D. ingestion
9. It is the organ that is responsible for reabsorbing water and minerals that are not digested
in the small intestine.
A. stomach C. small intestine
B. large intestine D. esophagus
10. The following are the reasons why digested food should be assimilated into the cell
except _____.
a. they are converted into protoplasm.
b. they are needed to store fats.
c. they provide energy needed in cell activities.
d. They are converted to build cell membranes.

iv
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Lesson Ingestion
1
What I Need to Know
At the end of the lesson, you will be able to explain the process of ingestion.

What’s New
. Activity 1: Banana (saba) Activity
Objective:
After performing this activity, you should be able to
1. Explain the process of ingestion.

Materials:
1 ziplock bag or cellophane bag
2 pieces of banana (saba)
Scissors
water

Procedure:
1) Prepare the materials needed.
2) Using the scissors, slice the banana and put it in the ziplock/cellophane bag. Tightly
close the bag and squeeze it. Observe what happen to slices of banana.
3) Put a small amount of water inside the ziplock bag and tightly close it. (NOTE: Make
sure that the ziplock bag has no holes).
4) Try to squeeze the ziplock bag. Observe what happen to the slices of banana.
5) Fill in the table with your observation what happen to the slices of banana and bread
when you squeeze it.

Observation

Physical changes of the slices

of banana when squeezed.

Physical changes of the slices

of banana when you add water
and squeezed again

1
Guide Questions
1) What does the ziplock/ cellophane bag represent? How about the water and
scissors?
___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
2) What does your set of teeth do? Do your teeth perform mechanical or chemical
digestion?
___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
3) What is the role of saliva in breaking down of food?
___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
4) How does the mouth, teeth, saliva, and tongue works together?
___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________

What Is It
Digestive system is the system responsible for breaking down food particles and
give nutrients to the different parts of the body. It is a complex process of turning the
food you eat into nutrients which our body uses for energy, growth, and cell repair
needed to survive. There are four stages of digestion namely the ingestion,
digestion, absorption, and excretion. Digestion of food is carried out by the organs
and substances of the digestive system.
. The moment you put food in your mouth, the digestion process begin. The
first step of the digestion process is Ingestion. It refers to the entry of food into the
alimentary canal through the mouth. When food is ingested into your mouth, your teeth,
tongue, and saliva work together to begin the process of digestion.

Figuren1. The travel space of food bolus before the swallowing reflex is initiated
Source: Sebald, Angelika, “Swallowing”. 2018 https://maxfacts.uk/help/oral-food/swallowing-
anatomy-physiology. April 2021

In the activity 1, the ziplock/cellophane bag serves as the mouth were you put
all the food you eat. Digestion process begins when you put food in your mouth. Our
teeth helps in breaking down food by grinding and chewing the large chunks of food
into small pieces. In the activity, the scissors serves as the teeth which was used in
cutting the banana saba into small pieces. The cutting or breaking down of food by
tearing, grinding, and chewing is what we call mechanical digestion. The water you

2
added on the activity serves as the saliva. It helps to moisten food and contains the
digestive enzyme amylase. The presence of saliva in the ingestion process starts the
second type of digestion which is chemical digestion. The enzyme amylase is essential
for breaking down starches into sugar. The food mixed with saliva that forms into a ball
inside your mouth is called bolus. After the initial digestion of food, your tongue helps
in pushing the bolus by swallowing the food to throat and into the opening of
esophagus.

What I Have Learned

ACTIVITY 2: My Realization
Directions: Write a short essay about the process of ingestion. Your output will be graded
using this rubrics.
Criteria 5 3 2

Content Well accurate use of Somewhat accurate use of Lack use of the
correct information the accurate information accurate information
about the topic about the topic about the topic.
Organization Well organized details Somewhat organized Poor organization of
of thoughts about the topic details about the topic thoughts about the
topic.

What I Can Do
ACTIVITY 3: Draw and Explain
Directions: Draw and explain the process of ingestion. Write your answer in your
notebook.

3
Lesson Absorption
2
What I Need to Know
At the end of the lesson, you will be able to explain the process of absorption.

What’s New
ACTIVITY 1: Absorption Activity
Objective:
After performing this activity, you should be able to
1. Explain the process of absorption.

Materials:
1 old socks (if not available you may use lampin)
3 pieces of biscuits (if not available you may opt for bread)
Water
Small bowl
Rubber band
Dipper (kabo) (if not available make use of a basin/balde)

Procedure:
1) Prepare the materials needed.
2) Cut the biscuits into small pieces and put it in the bowl.
3) Add small amount of water in the bowl and squeeze the biscuits till it is almost in its
paste form.
4) Use a scissor and divide the stockings into several pieces for future use. Make use of
a rubber band and tie one end of the stocking.
5) Pour the paste form of the ‘digested food’ in the bowl into the socks/lampin. .
6) Using your hands, try to squeeze the stockings and get as much water as you can out
from the ‘digested food’. Put the excess water in a dipper. Observe.

Guide Questions
1) What does the stockings represent?
___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
2) What happen to the digested food in the small intestine?
___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
4
3) How does the process of absorption happen in the small intestine?
___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
__________________________________________________

What Is It
Absorption is a complex process that happens in the small intestine. 90% of
ingested water, vitamins, minerals, carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids are absorb by the small
intestine. In the activity, the socks or lampin serves as the small intestine. The cloth of the
socks/lampin help in absorbing the excess water from the digested food. The cloth of the
socks/ lampin serves like the lining of the intestine walls which are the finger-like projections
called villi. This villi are covered in microvilli which further increases surface area for
absorption. The presence of villi and microvilli in the intestine walls plays a big role in the
absorption process of nutrients in the food. The process of absorption in the small intestine
begin once the digested food from the stomach moves in the small intestine. The nutrients
from the digested food are absorbed by the inner walls of the small intestine into the blood
stream. Because the nutrients are small enough they may pass or be transported across the
epithelial cells of the gastrointestinal tract. The nutrients are absorbed by processes of passive
diffusion, facilitated diffusion, and active transport. The process of absorption is very important
because through this process we can get the nutrients out from the food we eat and will be
further use by the cells throughout our body.

Figure 2. Villi in the small intestine Figure 3: Villi and microvilli in the small intestine
Source:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zDZ6db Source:https://www.toppr.com/guides/biology/digest
Tbcew ion-and-absorption/absorption-and-assimilation/

5
What I Have Learned
ACTIVITY 2: My Realization
Directions: Write a short essay on your learning on the process of absorption.
Criteria 5 3 2
Content Well accurate use of Somewhat accurate use of Lack use of the
correct information about the accurate information accurate information
the topic about the topic about the topic.
Organization of Well organized details Somewhat organized details Poor organization of
thoughts about the topic about the topic thoughts about the
topic.

What I Can Do
ACTIVITY 3: Brief Explanation
Directions: On your activity notebook, write a brief explanation about the importance
of absorption in the process of digestion.
Criteria 5 3 2
Content Well accurate use of Somewhat accurate use of Lack use of the
correct information the accurate information accurate information
about the topic about the topic about the topic.
Organization Well organized details Somewhat organized Poor organization of
of thoughts about the topic details about the topic thoughts about the
topic.

6
Lesson Assimilation
3
What I Need to Know
At the end of the lesson, you will be able to explain the process of
assimilation.

What’s New
ACTIVITY 1: Complete the Map
Directions: Complete the concept map on what happen to the digested food
after absorption.and write your answer in your activity notebook.

What happen to
the digested
food?

What Is It
Assimilation is a process of taking in digested food nutrients into the cell by
providing materials in building new protoplasm and energy needed during the cell
activities. This process occurs in the small intestine. Assimilation simply means
resynthesizing or putting back together all those molecules to form a bigger formation
of proteins, polypeptides, carbohydrates, and lipids. After the absorption process, the
digested food products such as the glucose, amino acids, and fatty acids are in the
bloodstream. These nutrients should be delivered in the cell. The digested food
products should be assimilated into the cell because of the following reasons;

7
➢ They provide energy needed in cell activities like for example the glucose
is needed in respiration to form ATP and amino acids are used to build
new proteins.
➢ They are converted into protoplasm.
➢ They are converted to build cell membranes for example the fats are
needed for the formation of the cell membranes.

Figure 4: Assimilation of food in the cell

Source:https://learn.mindset.africa/sites/default/files/resourcelib/emshare-show-note-
asset/LXL_Gr11LifeSciences_16_Human%20Nutrition%20-
%20Digestion%20Dissection_28May2014.pdf

The end product of carbohydrate breakdown (glucose) reach the liver by

hepatic portal veins. Inside the liver, the excess of glucose is converted into glycogen.
The amino acids also reach the hepatic portal veins where amino acids get breakdown.
Separated amino acids are converted into urea with the carbon dioxide. These are
excreted in our body in the form of urine. The fats are stored in liver, bone, and adipose
tissue like our thighs. Some fats also enter into the composition of cell organelles.
Assimilation basically means storing nutrients when they are not yet
needed and reuse them whenever they will be required.

What I Have Learned

ACTIVITY 2: My Realization
Direction: Write a short essay about the process of assimilation
Criteria 5 3 2
Content Well accurate use of Somewhat accurate use of Lack use of the
correct information the accurate information accurate information
about the topic about the topic about the topic.
Organization Well organized details Somewhat organized Poor organization of
of thoughts about the topic details about the topic thoughts about the
topic.
8
What I Can Do
ACTIVITY 3: Brief Explanation
Directions: On your activity notebook, write a brief explanation about the importance
of assimilation in the process of digestion.

9
Lesson Excretion
4
What I Need to Know
At the end of the lesson, you will be able to explain the process of
excretion.

What’s New
ACTIVITY 1: Food in the Stocking Activity
Objective:
After performing this activity, you should be able to
1. Explain the process of excretion.
Materials:
1 old stockings/socks
Digested food (See activity 2 in Lesson 1)
Water
Small bowl
Dipper (kabo) (if not available make use of a basin/balde)
Procedure:
1) Put the digested food in the stocking.
2) Squeeze the stockings to get all the excess water.
3) Push the solid residue out from the stockings.
4) Observe what happen to the solid residue.

Guide Questions
1) What does the stockings with the undigested food represent?
___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
2) How does the process of excretion happen?
___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________

What Is It
Excretion is the process of removing wastes and excess water from the body.
The excretion in the digestive system works with the excretory system to excrete or
eliminate the waste product of our body. After the absorption and assimilation process
that happens in the small intestine, the undigested materials move to the large
intestine. In activity 2, the stocking serves as the large intestine. It is responsible of
reabsorbing the water and minerals that are not digested in the small intestine. The
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rest of the undigested materials move to the rectum until they are eliminated from the
body through the anus. The process of excretion is very important for our body to
maintain homeostasis in our body. The waste by-product of our body should be
eliminated for us not be intoxicated and may lead to serious diseases or health
problems. Drinking lots of water is a big help in the easy and smooth elimination of
feces in our body.

Figure 5. The digestive processes are ingestion, propulsion, mechanical digestion, chemical digestion,
absorption, and defecation.
Source: https://courses.lumenlearning.com/ap2/chapter/digestive-system-processes-and-regulation/

What I Have Learned

ACTIVITY 2: My Realization
Directions: Write a short essay about the process of excretion in the digestive system.
Criteria 5 3 2

Content Well accurate use of Somewhat accurate use of Lack use of the
correct information the accurate information accurate information
about the topic about the topic about the topic.
Organization Well organized details Somewhat organized Poor organization of
of thoughts about the topic details about the topic thoughts about the
topic.

What I Can Do
ACTIVITY 3: Question and Answer
Direction: Explain briefly and write your answer in your notebook.
Why the excretion process is important?
11
Diseases of the Digestive
System, Treatment, and
Lesson Prevention
5
What I Need to Know
At the end of the lesson, you will be able to explain how diseases of the
digestive system are detected, treated, and prevented.

What’s New
ACTIVITY 1: The Possible Ways
Directions: Please complete the table below. Write the symptoms and possible
treatment you know about the common digestive diseases.
Common Digestive What did you feel when you What did you do to ease
Diseases/Disorders experienced that the uncomfortable feeling
disease/disorder? you had?
Peptic Ulcer
Diarrhea
Constipation

What Is It
The following are the common diseases that affect the digestive system:
➢ Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD) – it is commonly called ‘severe
heartburn’ or a burning pain in your chest. It is a disease in which the ingested
food leaks back from the stomach into the esophagus. The stomach acid that
flows back irritate and inflame the lining of the esophagus. The person who
experiences GERD has a difficulty in swallowing and reflux.

12
▪ Treatment/ prevention – elevation of the upper body is highly
recommended when. Avoid eating chocolates, spicy foods,
alcoholic drinks, coffee, and fatty foods. Doctors also recommend to
take antacids an hour after meals to neutralize the acidity in the
stomach and avoid lying down after a meal.
➢ Gastritis - it is the inflammation of the stomach caused by too much intake of
alcoholic drinks, coffee, or any acidic drinks, stress, smoking cigarettes, and the
too much intake of anti-inflammatory drugs such as the aspirin and ibuprofen.
Nausea, upset stomach, vomiting, indigestion, abdominal pain, loss of appetite
are some symptoms of gastritis.
▪ Treatment/prevention – gastritis can be treated by changing one’s
lifestyle or if it is caused by an infection, taking antibiotics which your
doctor prescribed can be an option too. Avoid drinking acidic drinks
such as alcohol and minimize coffee intake.
➢ Peptic ulcer – it is painful sores that develop in the lining of stomach or small
intestine. It is caused by the bacteria H.pylori and also too much intake of acidic
drinks such as alcohol. Nausea, feeling abdominal pain or burning sensation in
the stomach after eating, sudden weight loss, and also vomiting are some
symptoms of peptic ulcer.
▪ Treatment/prevention - taking antibiotics and practicing healthy
lifestyle can be a treatment of this disease. Doing some exercise
can help too.
➢ Colon cancer – it is caused by the uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells in the
large intestine. It is very common to adults. The signs and symptoms of this
disease are the following: fatigue, unexplained weight loss, blood in your stool,
constipation, abdominal discomfort such as cramps, and vomiting. It is the third
common cancer in the Philippines based from the data of the Philippine Cancer
Society.
▪ Treatment/prevention - Colon cancers are treated by undergoing
a process of surgeries including radiotherapy and chemotherapy. In
order to prevent the occurrence of this disease, practicing a healthy
lifestyle, well-balance food intake, and doing some exercise is highly
recommended.

There are also common digestive disorders that may happen in our
digestive system which can be considered as disturbance in the normal flow of
digestion. Below is the list of common digestive disorder.

13
➢ Diarrhea – it is usually called ‘stomach flu’. A person with diarrhea may
experience bloating, abdominal cramps, nausea, vomiting, loose and watery
bowel. This disorder is caused by infection of bacteria that came from the food
we eat or allergies from certain food.
▪ Treatment/prevention – rehydration or drinking plenty of
water/energy drinks that is rich in rehydration salts) is highly
recommended to avoid dehydration. Consulting a doctor is a must
too for better and prescribe medication
➢ Constipation – this disorder is characterized by infrequent bowel movement.
This results from a blockage in the large intestine or sometimes it is due to lack
of fiber or water in our body.
▪ Treatment/prevention – eating foods that are rich in fiber such as
the bananas, apples, and avocados. Drinking plenty of water and
having regular exercise may help regulate bowel movement.
➢ Lactose intolerance – this is the inability of the body to digest lactose (sugar).
It is caused of the lack of the enzyme lactase which is needed to digest lactose.
Drinking milk, eating yogurt, or taking any dairy products may lead to bloating,
abdominal cramps, or diarrhea.
▪ Treatment/prevention - people who experience lactose intolerance
may take lactase supplements before eating food that contains
lactose.

➢ Obesity – it is the abnormal accumulation of fat in the body. It occurs when the
body consumes more calories than it burns. Too much consumption of food
causes the body to store fat and lack of physical activities such as exercise
prevents the fat from being metabolized by the body. People who are obese
have a high risk of having a high cholesterol level, diabetes. High blood
pressure, heart diseases, and cancer.
▪ Treatment/prevention - eating a balanced diet, regular exercise,
healthy weight loss, and practicing a healthy lifestyle may prevent a
person for being obese.

What I Have Learned

ACTIVITY 2: Tell Me
Directions: Cite some possible disease/disorder and its treatment for every
situation given. Explain briefly. Write your answers in your notebook.
14
1) Jennie had been complaining about her abnormal bowel movement.
She only poop three times a week.
Solution:
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_________________________________________
2) Cathy always feel a burning sensation every after she eat and she
tend to vomit everything she ate. She then observes that she
unexplainably loss weight.
Solution:
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_________________________________________
3) Lean experienced a severe chest pain and difficulty in swallowing.
Solution:
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_________________________________________

4) Leonor loves to eat. Her weight is not ideal for her age and height.
Solution:
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
________________________________________

What I Can Do
ACTIVITY 3: Question and Answer
Directions: Do a survey to the members of your family about the any digestive
diseases they have experienced and how they treat it. Consolidate your answers
in your notebook.

15
Summary

In this module we have learned that:

➢ The digestive system consists of different phases/processes such as the ingestion,

absorption, assimilation, and excretion.
➢ Ingestion is the first process of digestion and it refers to the entry of food into the
alimentary canal through the mouth.
➢ Mouth, tongue, teeth, and saliva work together to perform the ingestion process.
➢ The food we eat undergoes mechanical and chemical digestion: (1) mechanical
digestion is the physical tearing, grinding, and chewing of food. (2) Chemical digestion
is the type of digestion that happens in mouth and the stomach. In the mouth, the
presence of the enzyme amylase in our saliva helps in digesting the food we eat. The
presence of different enzymes in our stomach also helps in the chemical digestion of
the food.
➢ The second phase of digestion is the process of absorption. It is the process in which
the nutrients from the digested food are being absorbed and distributed into the
bloodstream. Most of the absorption process happens in the small intestine. The lining
of the small intestine has finger-liker projections called villi and microvilli which
increases the surface area for absorption.
➢ The nutrients are absorbed by processes of passive diffusion, facilitated diffusion, and
active transport.
➢ 90% of ingested water, vitamins, minerals, carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids are
absorb by the small intestine.
➢ Assimilation is the third phase of digestion. It is the process of taking in digested food
nutrients into the cell by providing materials in building new protoplasm and energy
needed during the cell activities.
➢ Digested food products should be assimilated into the cell because of the following
reasons; (1) they provide energy needed in cell activities. (2) They are converted into
protoplasm. (3) They are converted to build cell membranes for example the fats are
needed for the formation of the cell membranes.
➢ Excretion is the last phase of digestion process. It is the process responsible for
removing waste and excess waste from the body. It works with the excretory system.
One organ that involve in the excretory system is the liver. The liver breaks down
harmful substances in the blood and the by-products go into the large intestine where
they eventually excreted in the form of feces.
➢ Gastroesophageal reflux Disease (GERD), colon cancer, gastritis, peptic ulcer,
diarrhea, constipation, obesity, and lactose intolerance are just few of the many
diseases and disorders of the digestive system.
➢ Practicing a healthy lifestyle is the best way to prevent the occurrence of any digestive
diseases in our body.

16
Assessment: (Post-Test)

Multiple Choice:
Directions: Read carefully and answer the questions below. Choose the letter of
the correct answer and write your answer on you notebook. .

1. What is the best treatment for a person who suffers lactose intolerance?
A. Take antibiotics
B. Balanced diet.
C. Take lactase supplements before eating food that contains dairy
products.
D. Practice healthy lifestyle.
2. What happen during the assimilation process?
A. Absorbed nutrients are delivered into the cell.
B. Breaking down of food into tiny pieces.
C. Elimination of waste product of the digestion process.
D. Absorption of nutrients from the digested food.
3. How does the enzyme amylase help in the absorption of nutrients?
A. It helps in the digestion of proteins.
B. It helps in the digestion of fats.
C. It helps in the digestion of carbohydrates.
D. It helps in the digestion of lipids.
4. It is characterized as loose bowel caused by an infection of bacteria that we
get from the food we eat.
A. Diarrhea C. Gastritis
B. Peptic ulcer D. GERD
5. How saliva helps in the digestion process?
A. It reabsorbs nutrients from the food we eat.
B. It contains the enzyme amylase that helps in the digestion of starch.
C. It absorbs nutrients and distribute it in the bloodstream.
D. All of the above.
6. How colon cancers can be treated?
A. By eating foods rich in fiber.
B. By exercising.
C. By taking lactase supplements
D. By undergoing surgeries
7. Where does reabsorption of nutrients and minerals take place?
A. Small intestine C. Esophagus
B. Stomach D. Large intestine
8. What is the best treatment for people suffering obesity?
A. Undergoing surgery
B. Healthy lifestyle and balanced diet
C. Taking pills
D. All of the above.
9. Where does digestion begin?
a) Mouth C. Small intestine
b) Stomach D. Large intestine
10. The following are causes of gastritis except;
a) Excessive consumption of coffee
b) Too much eating.
c) Cigarette smoking
d) Too much intake of inflammatory drugs
Make use of this rubrics in checking students’ output
Lesson 1. Activity 2 and 3
1.The ziplock represent as the mouth. The
water as the saliva and the scissors as
the teeth.
2.The teeth helps in mechanical digestion
of food by tearing, grinding, and chewing
the food we eat.
3.The saliva helps to moisten food and it
contains the digestive enzyme amylase
which helps the digestion of starch.
4.The ingestion process start when we take
in food in our mouth. The teeth then helps
in breaking down the food by chewing,
tearing and grinding. The saliva helps to
moisten food and aid in breaking down
the food into tiny pieces. After the initial
digestion, the tongue helps in pushing
the bolus by swallowing the food to throat
and into the opening of the esophagus.
Lesson 1. Activity 1
1. D
2. B
3. B
4. D
5. A
6. A
7. A
8. D
9. B
10. B
Pre-test
Key Answer
1. Carbohydrates
- Carbohydrates breakdown into glucose and reach out the liver by
hepatic portal veins. Inside the liver, the excess of glucose is
converted into glycogen.
2. Fats
-The fats are stored in liver, bone, and adipose tissue like our thighs.
Some fats also enter into the composition of cell organelles.
3. Amino acids
- It reaches the hepatic portal veins and some amino acids are
converted into urea with the carbon dioxide.
Lesson 3. Activity 3
Lesson 3. Activity 1
output
Make use of this rubrics in checking students’
Lesson 2. Activity 3
Lesson 2. Activity 3
1. The stocking represent as the small
intestine.
2. The nutrients from the digested food are
being absorbed with the use of villi and
microvilli.
3. Because of the presence of the villi and
microvilli, the nutrients are absorbed by
the inner walls of the small intestine into
the bloodstream.
Lesson 2. Activity 2
1. Small intestine
2. Assimilation
3. Mouth
4. Saliva
5. Colon
Lesson 5. Activity 1
Excretion is important to maintain the homeostasis of our body. All the
waste materials in our body need to be eliminated since it can intoxicate our body
and may lead to serious problem.
Lesson 4. Activity 3
1. Large Intestine – The large intestine reabsorbs the water and minerals from the
undigested materials from the small intestine. After that, the undigested materials
move to the rectum until they are eliminated from the body through the anus
Lesson 4. Activity 2
1. The stocking serves as the large intestine.
2. After the absorption ad assimilation process in the small intestine, the undigested food
move I the large intestine. The large intestine will reabsorb the water and minerals that
are not digested in the small intestine. The rest of the undigested materials move to
the rectum until they are eliminated from the body.
Lesson 4. Activity 1
1. C
2. A
3. C
4. A
5. B
6. D
7. D
8. B
9. A
10. B
Post Test
(Possible Answers)
1. Jennie probably experiencing constipation. Drinking plenty of water and
eating foods such as bananas and apples which are rich in fiber may help to
have a regular bowel movement.
2. Cathy perhaps have peptic ulcer. Taking prescribed antibiotics may help her
and practicing a healthy lifestyle will be a good treatment for her.
3. Lean probably had GERD. Making restrictions in her intake such as no to
spicy foods, chocolates, alcoholic drinks, coffee, and fatty foods may help
her not to experience GERD again. Taking prescribed medicines is big help
too.
4. Leonor most probably is obese. Practicing a healthy lifestyle and being
conscious to her intake will be a big help for her to lose weight. Doing some
exercise such as jogging will be a big help too.
Lesson 5. Activity 3
1. Colon cancer
2. Undergo surgery
3. Inability of the body to digest sugar/lactose
4. Lack of water and fiber of the body
5. Eat food that are rich in fiber/drink plenty of water
6. Diarrhea
7. Drink plenty of water/ consult a doctor for better treatment
8. Too much consumption of food and lack of physical activities
9. Healthy lifestyle/ balance diet/ weight loss/ doing some exercise
10. It is caused by the bacteria H.pylori and also too much intake of acidic
drinks such as alcohol
Lesson 5. Activity 2
References
Biggs et.al (2012). Biology. Quezon City:McGraw-Hill Education (Asia) and Phoenix
Publishing House, Inc..
Pabellon et.al (2018). Exploring Our World: An Interactive Approach. Quezon
City:Dane Publishing House,Inc..

Ian Mark Allas et, al. Discovery Science 8 K to 12 Edition Textbook. Makati City.Diwa
Learning Systems, Inc. 2013.

https://study.com/academy/lesson/assimilation-of-food-in-the-digestive-system.html

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t7vtWYBfbyU&vl=en

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t7vtWYBfbyU

https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007%2F978-1-4612-5126-2_5

https://www.khanacademy.org/science/high-school-biology/hs-human-body-systems/hs-the-
digestive-and-excretory-systems/a/hs-the-digestive-and-excretory-systems-review

https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/colon-cancer/symptoms-causes/syc-
20353669
https://www.webmd.com/digestive-disorders/digestive-diseases-lactose-intolerance#1
For inquiries and feedback, please write or call:

Department of Education – Bureau of Learning Resources (DepEd-BLR)

DepEdDivision of Cagayan de Oro City

Fr. William F. Masterson Ave Upper BalulangCagayan de Oro
Telefax: ((08822)855-0048
E-mail Address: [email protected]
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