Acknowledgement

Acknowledgement

I would like to express my immense gratitude to my

physics teacher Bhavani mam for the help and guidance
he provided for completing this project.
I also thank my parents who gave their ideas and inputs in

making this project. Most of all I thank our school
management, for providing us the facilities and opportunity to
do this project
INDEX
S.No TOPICS Pg.No
1. Introduction 1
 Internal Resistance
2. Practical Analysis 3
 Objective
 Apparatus
 Theory
 Circuit Diagram
 Procedure
 Result & Inferences
 Precautions
 Sources of Error
3. Flowchart Conclusion 10
4. Bibliography 11
INTRODUCTION
There is a great need of batteries in our daily use

electronic appliances and the use is increasing every day.
Thus , the batteries need to be made more powerful so
that their potential can be increased greatly .
Thus , this project report is based on practical analysis

for the factors affecting the internal resistance of a
cell.
When the internal resistance of the cell is decreased
we can increase the potential difference across it , and
hence make it more reliable.
INTERNAL RESISTANCE
Internal resistance is defined as the resistance offered by the
electrolyte of the cell to the flow of ions.
 Its S.I. unit is Ohm (Ω)
For a cell of e.m.f. (E) and internal resistance (r), connected to

an external resistance (R) such that (I) is the current flowing
through the circuit,
E = V + Ir
Internal Resistance r = E–V
I
PRACTICAL ANALYSIS
OBJECTIVE
To study the various factors on which the internal
resistance of a cell depends.
APPARATUS
A potentiometer, a battery (or battery eliminator), two
one way keys, a rheostat, a galvanometer, a resistance
box, an ammeter, a cell (Leclanche cell), a jockey, a
setsquare, connecting wires and sand paper.
THEORY
The internal resistance of a cell is the resistance offered
by its electrolyte to the flow of ions . The internal
resistance of a cell
 is directly proportional to the distance between the
electrodes.
 is inversely proportional to facing surface area of
the electrodes in electrolyte.
 decreases with increase in temperature of electrolyte.
 is inversely proportional to concentration of
electrolyte.
The internal resistance of a cell is given by:
r = (E-V)/I
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
PROCEDURE
1. Clean the ends of the connecting wires with
sand paper and make tight connections according
to the circuit diagram.
2. Tighten the plugs of the resistance box.
3. Check the e.m.f. of the battery and of the cell and
make sure that e.m.f. of the battery is more than that
of the cell, otherwise null or balance point will not
be obtained.
To study variation of internal resistance with distance of
separation
4. Keep both the electrodes at a distance of 16 cm.
5. Take maximum current from the battery, making
rheostat resistance small.
6. Without inserting a plug in key K2, adjust the
rheostat so that a null point is obtained on the last
wire of the potentiometer.
7. Determine the position of the null point accurately
using a set square and measure the balancing length
(l1) between the null point and the end P.
8. Next introduce plugs in both keys K1 and K2. At the
same time, take out a small resistance (1 – 5 W) from
the shunt resistance box connected in parallel with
the cell.
9. Slide the jockey along a potentiometer wire and
obtain the null point.
10. Measure the balancing length (l2) from end P.
Record these observations.
11. Now keep the electrodes 12 cm apart.
12. Then remove the plugs of keys K1 and K2. Wait
for some time and repeat steps 7 to 10.
13. Next, keep the electrodes 9 cm apart to obtain
another set of observations.
To study variation of internal resistance with area of
electrodes
14. Keeping all other factors constant, increase
the area of electrodes in the electrolyte by dipping
them into the electrolyte at different depths for each
observation.
15. Obtain three such observations by
repeating steps 7 to 10. Record your readings.
To study variation of internal resistance with
concentration of electrolyte
16. Keeping all other factors constant, decrease the
concentration of electrolyte by adding distilled water
for different observations.
17. Obtain three such observations by repeating step
7 to 10. Record your readings.
OBSERVATIONS
S.no. Ammeter Position of null point(cm) Shunt Internal

Reading Resistance Resistance
(A) With R Without R R(Ω) r(Ω)
(l1) (l2)
1. 0.3 660.5 35.5 1 0.94
2. 0.3 660.5 77.2 2 1.77
3. 0.3 660.5 108.3 3 2.51
Table for effect of separation between electrodes

S.no. Separation Balancing Balancing Internal r/d
between point point Resistance
electrodes l1(cm) l2(cm) r(Ω)
d (cm)
1. 1.2 326.6 276.9 0.456 0.38
2. 2.5 320.7 219.1 0.95 0.38
3. 3.7 660.5 350.9 1.406 0.38
Table for effect of temperature
S.no. Temperature l1(cm) l2(cm) Resistance Internal Tr
T (oC) R(Ω) Resistance (ΩK)
r(Ω)
1. 1.2 326.6 276.9 0.456 0.38 301.44

2. 2.5 320.7 219.1 0.95 0.38 291.96
3. 3.7 660.5 350.9 1.406 0.38 283.87
RESULT & INFERENCES

 The Electromotive Force of the cell is constant and
is equal to E = 0.98 Volt.
 The internal resistance of a cell is directly
proportional to the separation between the
electrodes.
 The internal resistance of a cell is inversely
proportional to the area of the electrodes dipped in
electrolyte.
proportional to the temperature of electrolytes.
proportional to the concentration of the electrolyte.
PRECAUTIONS
1. The connections should be neat , clean and tight.
2. The plugs should be introduced in the keys only
when the observations are to be taken.
3. The positive polls of the battery E and cells E1 and
E2 should , all be connected to the terminal at the
zero of the wires.
4. The jockey key should not be rubbed along the wire.
It should touch the wire gently.
5. The ammeter reading should remain constant for a
particular set of observation. If necessary , adjust
the rheostat for this purpose.
SOURCES OF ERROR
1. The auxiliary battery may not be fully charged.
2. The potentiometer wire may not be of uniform cross-
section and material density throughout its length.
3. End resistances may not be zero.
FLOWCHART
CONCLUSION
Factors Affecting Internal Resistance of a Cell
Area of Conc. of
Electrodes Electrolyte
Inversely Inversely
Proportional Proportional
Distance Temperature
between of
Electrodes Electrolytes
Directly Inversely
Proportional Proportional
BIBLIOGRAPHY
 www.google.com
 www.documents.mx
 www.wikipedia.org
 www.docfoc.com
 www.slideshare.net

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Acknowledgement

I would like to express my immense gratitude to my

I also thank my parents who gave their ideas and inputs in

There is a great need of batteries in our daily use

Thus , this project report is based on practical analysis

 Its S.I. unit is Ohm (Ω)

For a cell of e.m.f. (E) and internal resistance (r), connected to

S.no. Ammeter Position of null point(cm) Shunt Internal

Table for effect of separation between electrodes

1. 1.2 326.6 276.9 0.456 0.38 301.44

RESULT & INFERENCES

Factors Affecting Internal Resistance of a Cell

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