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    Metallurgy

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    Sivaramkumar
    The document discusses various temperature ranges related to the transformation of steel alloys. These ranges include: 1) the transformation range where internal atomic changes occur, 2) the lower and upper transformation temperatures where the steel structure changes between austenite, ferrite, and pearlite phases, 3) annealing and normalizing processes where heating and cooling produces different microstructures and properties, and 4) other ranges for forging, burning, stress relieving, and processes like carburizing, nitriding, and spherodizing.

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    Metallurgy

    Uploaded by

    Sivaramkumar
    44 views2 pages
    The document discusses various temperature ranges related to the transformation of steel alloys. These ranges include: 1) the transformation range where internal atomic changes occur, 2) the lower and upper transformation temperatures where the steel structure changes between austenite, ferrite, and pearlite phases, 3) annealing and normalizing processes where heating and cooling produces different microstructures and properties, and 4) other ranges for forging, burning, stress relieving, and processes like carburizing, nitriding, and spherodizing.

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    metallurgy

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    The document discusses various temperature ranges related to the transformation of steel alloys. These ranges include: 1) the transformation range where internal atomic changes occur, 2) the lower and upper transformation temperatures where the steel structure changes between austenite, ferrite, and pearlite phases, 3) annealing and normalizing processes where heating and cooling produces different microstructures and properties, and 4) other ranges for forging, burning, stress relieving, and processes like carburizing, nitriding, and spherodizing.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOC, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as doc, pdf, or txt
    44 views2 pages

    Metallurgy

    Uploaded by

    Sivaramkumar
    The document discusses various temperature ranges related to the transformation of steel alloys. These ranges include: 1) the transformation range where internal atomic changes occur, 2) the lower and upper transformation temperatures where the steel structure changes between austenite, ferrite, and pearlite phases, 3) annealing and normalizing processes where heating and cooling produces different microstructures and properties, and 4) other ranges for forging, burning, stress relieving, and processes like carburizing, nitriding, and spherodizing.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOC, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
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    of 2

    (Notes below 

    correspond to numbers in the chart)

    1. Transformation
    Range - In this range
    steels undergo internal
    atomic changes which
    affect the properties of
    the material.

    2. Lower
    Transformation
    Temperature - (AC1)
    Temperature at which
    structure begins to
    change from ferrite and
    pearlite to austenite if
    being heated, upon
    cooling, temperature at
    which structure
    completes change from
    austenite to ferrite and
    pearlite. 

    3. Upper
    Transformation
    Temperature - (AC3)
    Temperature at which
    structure completes
    change from ferrite and
    pearlite to austenite if
    being heated, upon
    cooling, temperature at
    which structure begins
    change from austenite
    to ferrite and pearlite. 

    4. Annealing - Heating
    steels to slightly above
    AC3, holding for
    austenite to form,
    then slowly cooling
    (usually in a furnace) to produce ferrite and pearlite with a small grain size, softness, and good
    ductility.
    5. Normalizing - Heating to slightly above AC3 , holding for austenite to form, then slowly cooling
    in still air (usually out of the furnace) to produce material with somewhat higher strength, hardness
    and less ductility than that produced by annealing.

    6. Forging Range - Usually conducted several hundred degrees above AC3. Typically in the range
    of 1800F to 2000F.

    7. Burning Range - Results in steels that have to be remelted due to liquation and other
    problems.

    8. Stress Relieving - Heating to below AC1 and holding sufficiently long to relieve internal
    stresses and then slowly cooling.

    9. Blue Brittle Range - Loss of ductility while at temperatures from approximately 300F to 700F
    compared with temperature ranges above and below this range. 

    10. Preheating for Welding - Recommended temperature range for preheating steels and alloys
    to precent cracking while welding. Temperature increases with the carbon content. 

    11. Carburizing - Temperatures normally used to carburize steels (dissolving carbon into the
    surface of steels using high carbon gaseous atmospheres.) 

    12. Nitriding - Temperatures normally used to nitride steels (dissolving nitrogen into steels,
    usually with an ammonia-based atmosphere).

    13. Spherodizing - Heating to just below AC1 sufficiently long for the cementite constituent of
    pearlite to change into globular form. May take many hours to complete.

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