Caring and sharing * Grammar Second and third conditionals * Vocabulary Words with similar / different meanings ding The sharing economy tening The kindness of strangers ery ‘Money matters * Writing Describing a place e 1 Look.t the photo. What are the monkeys doing? Do animals and hurmans help each other for the same reasons? 2 Read the quote. How can this be true? Ee AN BOUT Viera CeCe Cm Brees a Nos ttle St ICe rg eiV ICN a Leonard Nimoy Pee ene at espa att d eee See cate eee eee —Conditionals Discuss with a partner. Which of these are the statements of a selfish person? Which ones are true for you, or someone you know? + I geta lot more pleasure from giving presents than receiving them, + Lwouldn’t dream of sharing my favourite chocolates with anyone! * sometimes put my bag on the seat next to me on the tran, to stop someone else sitting there. + I would never play loud musicifit might annoy other people. * sometimes find it difficult to listen to people telling me their problems because 'm dying to tell them mine. How selfish are you? 1 Statements 1-5 show the results of studies into selfishness. Read them and match them with photos A~E. Choose the answer you think is true in each statement. [Ey 21% /5126 of people said thatf they found a bag containing £1 million in cash and jewellery, they would take it to the police. EA] People saw someone in trouble, they would be more /less likely to help if there were other people around, Ey] "ep!e woul be more likey to help alos child in the steetif they lived in a small town /a city. By yee waited atthe side ofthe road divers ofcheaper / ‘expensive cars would be more likely to stop and let you cross. BE you were an only child, you would be more /no more selfish than children with brothers and sisters. 2 QED Discuss your answers asa class then listen and check Did any of them surprise you? Why? 3 Tell your partner what you would do in the situations in 1 1 If found a bag containing €1 million, ‘definitely take tto a police station. wouldn't. 'd give the money to charity. 2. If saw someone in trouble and there were other people around, Ylariwouldn't 3 Ifa child in the street told me he was lost, . 4 If was in my car and saw someone waiting at the side of the road, 5 If I were an only child, I think 90 Unit 9 + Caring and sharingThe Good Samaritan 4 Look at the painting, Do you know the story of The Good Samaritan? Its about three people who walk past an injured man lying at the side of the road. Who do you think stops to help the man? a) apriest ’) someone from the same community ©) astranger ‘© Extra Material p158 Check your answer to 4. 5 Work in pairs. Read about an experiment that was done in an American college for student priests. Decide what you think the missing percentages are. GEE Listen and check. The experiment suggests that ‘modern life can make people behave selfishly. How? 6 Look at the things the students might have said after this experiment and answer the two questions. Student A ‘fl hadn't been ina hurry, Id have offered to help him: Student B ‘fd stopped, Icould have asked ithe needed help! Student C ‘think | might have stopped if|hadn't been late! Student D know Ishould have stopped. | wouldn't have walked pastifitd been in my town’ 1 Did any of the students A-D stop? 2. Did any of them help the man? Ciao 1 Second conditional sentences talk about an uneal situation inthe present or future. If hada problem, (= would) cometo you for advice. (Gutidon'thave aproblem) Third conditional sentences ak about an unreal situation inthe past. \fyou'd (= had) asked me, fd (= would) have helped. (Butyou dit tellme sol did help) How do we form second and third conditional sentences? 2 Which tw ofthese modal verbs express a possibly? | would might / could have helped you. 3 Lookat this sentence. He shouldn't have kept the money he found. {Did heeep the money? Wasitagood thing todo?) [Grammar reference9.1-9.3 > p150 A Ke aU oe roatiCoits group of student priests were asked to prepare a talk on the story of The Good Samaritan. They were then told to go to another building to give their talk. As they left, half of the students were told they were late and had to hurry. The others were told they had plenty of time. On the way, there was a man lying on the pavement, clearly in pain Giewas an actor). _.% of the students who thought they had plenty of time, stopped to help, but only __% of those who thought they were in a hurry stopped. | fy ‘Some of them said that they hadn't a Ss noticed the man as they hurried past, 1 but many of them stepped over him. | vin order to go and give atalk on... s ‘The Good Samariean. 7 Listen and repeat the contracted forms. Notice how have is pronounced 1 IFT@ known, 1d have come. She wouldnt have come if itd rained. If theyd helped, we might have managed it You shouldn't have done that. We could have told you if yout asked. 8 Make sentences using the prompts. 1 The students were in a hurry. They didnt notice the man. hadn't | hurry 1 might Ifthe students hadn't been in a hurry, they might have noticed the man, 2 I didn't give Jenny a lft. I didn't know she needed one. would / lift / known 3 I bought this lat. My parents helped me. couldn't | parents | helped 4 The dog didnt die. Someone rescued it would | someone J rescued Unit 9 + Caring and sharing a1Practice Instant karma 1 Karma is the idea that the way you behave now will affect ‘what happens to you in future. Read the three news stories After each one, discuss how they suggest ‘instant karma, HAVEN’T | MET YOU BEFORE? ‘On his Tube journey to work, HR executive Matt Buckland moved aside to let a woman off the train before him. The ‘man behind pushed past and swore rudely a him. Later that day, the same ‘man watked into Matt's office for a job interview. Matt recognized him immediately, and asked him lot of questions about Underground travel. When ‘the man realized who Matt, ‘was, he laughed about it... but was not offered the job, RING OF FORTUNE ‘When Sarah Darling dropped money into the cup of a homeless man, Billy Ray Harris, she didn’t realize her ‘engagement ring had fallen in, too. A jeweller told Billy Ray it was worth $4,000, but he decided he couldn't sell it. Two days later, Sarah returned, and was delighted when Billy ‘gave her the ring back. Sarah and her husband-to-be were so grateful. She started an online fund to help Billy Ray. In three months, she collected $190,000, and Billy now has a house, a car, anda job. TRAGIC PROTEST Philip Contos took part in a New York ally with 550 other ‘motorcyclists, to protest against the aw about wearing helmets. Helmetiess, Contos fell off his motorcycle after braking hard, and hit his head on the road. He died before reaching hospital. Doctors said that wearing a helmet would almost certainly have prevented his death. 2 Complete each of the second sentences about the stories using the words in brackets 1 The man was wrong to push past Matt on the train. (shouldn't) He shouldn'thave pushed past Matt on the train. 2. The man was very rude. He did't get the job. (might) fhe hadn't been so rude, 3. Itwas wrong for him to swear at Matt. (shouldn') He —_______. 4. Billy Ray didnt sll the ring. He didit get $4,000 for it. (i) + he could have got $4,000 for it. 5 Billy was honest. He gota house, a car, and a job. (if not) a house, a car, and a job. 6 Sarah put Billys story online, She collected a lot of money. (jf no!) any money. 7 Contos didn't wear a helmet on the rally. (should) 8 He braked hard and fell off his motorcycle. (if) 9) He didn't wear a helmet. He died. (if, might) Roleplay - You're an idiot! 3 Your friend is telling you some stupid things he's done. React, using might have, could have, or should/shouldht have. 1 ‘drove home, even though I was falling asleep at the wheel! “I didn't feel like going to work. I phoned in sick, and then went shopping? “Ttook a bag through customs fora man who asked me to! “Lwent out in the sun and with no suneream on! “Lwalked home along the side of the motorway’ “Ltold my girlfriend I was too busy to go out, and then. went to the pub with Jane? Listen and compare. Talking about you 4 Work in small groups. Think of times when you've behaved stupidly. Tell the class and listen to how they react. ell asleep on the | { You should have set the trainhomeand | | alarmon your phone! missed my stop. You could have ended upin...! 7 Ifyou'd gone home earlier... 7Listening and speaking The kindness of strangers 1 Look at the photos connected with four callers who phoned Thank You. What do you think the callers’ difficulties were? How do you think people helped? a Listen to the four callers and complete the notes in the chart. ‘What were the callers | What was 2 Who helped a ae ea eae Thank You 3 QEB Listen again and answer the questions. 1 Why didn't the man have any gloves? Why didn't he thank the man who helped him? 2 Why was the Tube so busy? Why did the girls stand on top of something? 3 How did the man’s wife react? How did the woman take the child to the police station? 4 Why did the woman think her daughter’s purse ‘wouldn't be returned? What do you think? + Which ofthe ats of kindness do you find most surprising, and heart-warming? Why? + Why do people love tohear these stories being broadcast by the media? + Would tbe good ifthe media reported more good news stories? Why/Why not? 1 Look atthe use of justin this sentence from the thank yous. What doesit mean? "We were in a clothes shop, just looking around: 2 Just can mean many different things. Write just where you think itgoes best in these sentences. Choose which of the meanings in the box thas. absolutely only ashorttime before _byasmallamount Driving a scooter, 1 | through adesert intran. Shecouldn't 2 see when the train camein. ‘Awoman took 3 hissontoa police station, 4 | Wedon'tknow. m7 1 Alc st here. she’ gene. 2 Hove your resent is perfect! 3 Abingdon is south of Oxford — it's only eight miles away. 4 ve finshed reading that book, you can borrow. 5 Idon't want any wine. A glass of water, please. 6 Wow tha choclate cates amaing 7 ‘Wha's coming tonight? ‘Me, Cle cat mak '8 We missed the train — we were only a minute late. (UE ister, check, and repeat short time before Say thank you! Think of a time when someone helped you when you had a problem. It could bea friend, a family member ora stranger. Write short ‘thank you like the ones inthe radio programme and read it tothe clas. Units + Caring and sharing aReading and speaking The sharing economy 1 Have you or anyone you know used Airbnb or Uber? How do they work? How are they an example ofthe sharing economy? 2 Read the introduction to Whats yours is mine! 1 What’ shocking about the statistic on electric drill use? 2 What's another example of something we own, but rarely use? Can you think of more? 3 Discuss with a partner. Would you be interested in sharing any of these things with other people? tools clothes kitchen gadgets children’s toys acar/bicycle jewellery 4 Read the full text and answer the questions. 1 Why are we bombarded by advertising? 2 What’ the danger with being able to buy things on credit? 3 Why does it not feel too risky to use sites such as Airbnb? 4 What are the two most common problems with the sharing economy? What are the two main benefits? 5. How are libraries different nowadays? 6 What do people share in Seoul? 5 Work in pairs. Look at the Sharing companies on page 95, Student A read about the companies in A ‘Student B read about the companies in . In your own words, tell your partner: + What do they do? + What’ the advantage of using them? + Tell your partner which company you like most from the ones they told you about. Why do you like it? What do you think? + Why ate children’s clothes and toys ideal for passing on toother people? * Would people in your neighbourhood share tools and gadgets? * Taxi drivers dont like Uber, Who wouldn't like the sharing companies shown here? Why? * Ifpeople shared more, how would it affect the economy? Project Work with a partner. Think of things that you own that you, could rent out. Suggest an idea for a sharing company to the class, Vote for the best idea. (© Watch a video about the concept of hyage. 94 Unit 9 + Caring and sharing AIT CE A ue unt eerste Perna eure es we hardly ever use, and often couldn’t have bought ifit en eer as ae eee et economy, but a new alternative, the sharing economy, Be neo et) Brn its Pe Sc eC eet ed bookshelves? But would you buy one for £150 if you knew that the average person only uses their drill for Cee el ee er aa ee ce Nau ea eM a urd eet ne Cea Ratan Safe sharing Sharing used to be difficult to organize, and could feel risky, but the internet, and smartphone apps, have made it easy, safe, and global. People can rent out anything they own and don’tuse much. Arbnb is the most successful example, with millions usingit to make money by letting people stayin. their spare rooms, orin their homes while they're away, and to find cheap accommodation when they travel themselves. Reviews provided by both hosts and guests mean you know whether you can trust what people are offering, and payment systems are secure and reliable. The downsides ‘There are downsides. Many schemes run into problems with insurance and safety regulations - who would be responsible 2 paying guesthad an accident in your home? And taxi drivers aren't too happy about losing passengers to the taxi alternative Uber, another giant ofthe sharing economy. Asense of community ‘As well as offering economic benefits to both users and providers, however, the rise in sharing could also bring back some ofthe sense of community that we've lost asa society Libraries were once just for books, but now people are starting their own ‘libraries’ forall sorts of things. In South Korea, the local government has declared Seoul to be a ‘sharing city: There are schemes for neighbours to share cars, parking spaces, and offic space. Apartment blocks have a library apartment, where residents can offer to share tools, suitcases, children’s clothes, and yes, books! People even lend suits to young jobseekers who can'tafford to buy cone for interviews! oe ee1%] Sharing companies DogVacay + When dog owners have to go away without their pets, itcan be challenging to find a kennel thatwil give theirdog a loving, temporary home. DogVacay users offer to look after each others’ dogs Your dog gets a friendly new intheir own homes. home, and can make some new doggy friends! Campinmygarden Pley Pley’s co-founder Elina Furman had the idea for a ‘Lego library’ when she realized it could have saved her the $2,000 she'd spent on various sets sitting unused in the toy cupboard. She thinks toys are the perfect items to hire ut, as children can get bored with them so quickly. Ifyou found you didn’thave the budget even for Airbnb, you could get your tent outa to stay in someone's private: ind use Campinmygarden garden for £10 a night. Hundreds of gardens are available, all around the world, some of them conveniently close to city centres. Stylend Ifyou spent £1,500 on that designer dress for a very special occasion, when would you ever wear it again? Would it spend the rest ofits life in your wardrobe? On Stylend’ssite, women ‘can see photos of other women’s expensive clothes, which they can hire ust for the day cor evening, TaskRabbit JustPark JustPark makes iteasy to profit from the parking space in front of your house by renting itto visitors to your area, Drivers can. use it regularly if they have to drive to work, or ‘occasionally ifthey need a cheaper option to park near hospitals, airports, etc Unit 9 + Caring and sharing 9596 Vocabulary Words with similar meanings 1 Match words with similar meanings in ‘Aand B, Some are in the text on p94. A 8 torent challenging aprice toset up aguest an advantage totrust tohire difficult afee abeneft | torelyon tostart avisitor Words with very different meanings! 3 Which wrong words in these cartoons make them funny? Correct them using the words in the box. order cook rob beat invent check 2 Use the pairs of words from 1 to complete the sentences. The first word comes from A, the second one from B. 1 We a small house in Cambridge for three months last year. Tm going to ananny to ook after the children. 2 We love having Glenna to stay ~ she such a good Legoland has. from all around the world. 3 [don't know which workman to choose ~ ita decision ‘This crossword is very ! I can only get half of the answer 4 would have bought our furniture from them if their hadn't been so high. The at schools like Gordonstoun are very high. 5 Ifyou did more exercise, you'd soon see the health Ofcourse, there are both and disadvantages in being self- employed. 6 Dont tell Peter any of your secrets. You canit him to not tell anyone. Get Karen to design your garden. You can her todoa really good job. 7 We a new reggae band with some old friends. ‘We would _____our own business if we had enough money to get started. Unit 9 + Caring and sharing ‘6 Roma won Arsenalin the cup final 4 Which word goes with which phrase? 1 wash theflat 5 borrow money from someone dean your hale lend someone some money 2 hear noise 6 anagenda with discussion points listen tomusic adiary —_fullof appointments 3 achina dish 7 sensitive about what's possible adelicious plate sensible to people’sfeelings 4 aschool professor 8 | Bring something here university teacher take something there 5 QER Now listen and check. Which of the words and phrases are used? What are the situations? Write two-line conversations for the other words in each pair. Read them out to the class. 0 online for more vocabulary practiceEveryday English Money matters 1 Listen to the beginnings of four conversations Match each conversation with a photo. + Where are the people? + What questions are asked? 2 EB) Listen to the full conversations. What’s the problem in each one? 3 Work with a partner. Choose one of the situations from 1-4 and use the prompts to act out the full conversation about. sik designer dress? a ; B_ Mmm, it's ..., butit's ... my price range. Pee pear eee ; ; : ‘Oh, £1,000 would be my .... You ... spread the ... over 12 months fyou ... to Mmm, I don't... buying things on ....If1... itand changed my ..., could I bring it back and get a . A Yes,as...asit's not been .... BOK erm, lthink. A Goodbye. | Be A Here. bil H Tent aukeevend ; o A Novant. How wasyour..2Was..oKr Ak Could havea icecream, please? peepee, B Sure Thats £1 80.Youd.. be quick—the ns about A. So, if you could enter your ... number, add a ... if you aah e i u A. OK, thank you. ... you are. 'm sorry, ! haven't got... ‘want to, and then press Enter. fe B Caninot ... contactless? iE . ‘K_No,tmafraid thats ony... £30.0K, here’ your pe aes & Thanks, And... for you. | prefer to. tips incash. (AY Theol i thlekeyoatve ss mbtae: ‘A. Oh, thank you... again soon. B Sony? ree ‘A. Ey,youve ... me the wrong change. gave you... pound note and you've given me change fora ten, B Oh, sory... that, Im daydreaming today! .. you go. k AA Hello, whats your exchange ..foreurosto ey Geka: pounds sterling? B ts0.79atthe.... £ 4 Work in small groups. Discuss the questions. B Its commission ... above £150. US dollar? Between your currency and sterling? ‘A OK. So how many pounds would |... for €250? ‘+ Are you ever overdrawn at the end of the month? B Er, £197.50, But we've only got sterling in....You could + How could you economize if you had to? have £200 for €254? + What credit cards do you have? Yes that would be + Doyou have any store cards? B_OK.iflcould usthave your...?So,... would you like + Doyou keep within your crelt limit? ‘the money? '* Would you lend money to a friend? If so, what's the most A Er, could Ihave seven ...and si tens, please? you would be happy to lend? B.... yougo. Have ance day. A Andyou. Bye. [EP Go online for more speaking practice Unit 9 + Caring and sharing 97Writing Describing a place - relative pronouns and participles 1 Work with a partner. Imagine you are going to list, your house/apartment on Airbnb. Give each other details about: * location + transport Ask questions if you want more information, ‘+ number ofrooms —* house rules + furniture and facilities 2 Read an Airbnb listing for a house in Cambridge. How many people could stay there? Would you like to stay there? Why/Why not? 3 Complete the listing using the relative clauses below. a which is Internet connected b that can seat six people comfortably © where you can buy most things you need who will help with any problems whose children often play outside f 8 h which has fast trains to London that has smart, modern furnishings where you can sit and enjoy the sun you can use for real log fires, Rees 1 Undertine the relative pronouns in 3. What do they refer to? When do we use which hat, who, where, and whose? 2 Lookat these sentences. We can leave out the relative ‘pronoun from one sentence in each pai. Which one? Why? Thisisthe room which ike best. Thisisthe room which has the best view. ‘They'e neighbours who we dont often see. ‘They neighbours who are happy to help. 4 Link these sentences with which/that, who, where, ‘whose, or no relative pronoun. 1 There’ the corner shop. You can buy groceries and newspapers there. 2. Thisis the bedroom. Its used as a study 3 That woman is my neighbour. She’ talking to the postman. 4 There are two bicycles. You can use them to cycle into town, 5 Were you talking to the girl? Her parents live at number 52, 5 Use your notes from 1 to write an Airbnb listing for your house/apartment, Include: + atitle + ashort summary of the space + mote detals about the space and neighbourhood 98. Unit 9 + Caring and sharing Bree ule Raora if — rel ‘Smart, modern, but cosy 3-bedroom house in friendly neighbourhood on the outskirts of Cambridge, with easy access to city centre, and rail station to London. > The space The space is a wollkept 3-bedroom house !___ ond ice cosy ivedin fel. The lving room has a large, comfortable sofa and armchair, and @ nice oak cores fable with bookshelves above it 0 foe fo read anything you like, cnc enjoy out CD collection! There's aTV forstreaming fims and catch up TV (the Weis fast cand reliable), Best of al for winter vis. there's an open freploce * The living room runs through into a dining room Both rooms have beautiful wooden floors with rugs The kitchen i rather smal, but has nice modern fitings At the ‘end ofthe dining room, the French windows open into smal conservatory. There ate two bedrooms. one with @ double bed, and the other with twin beds. The third bedroom is used as a study. => Neighbourhood The house isin a quiet, iendly neighbourhood, Our immediate neighbours on the left are a retired elderly couple *___ if we can't be contacted. In the house ‘on the right. there's a nice young couple "50 if you have children they could make some new friends! There's a comer shop about five minutes’ walk away, ® ‘The nearest supermarket is within waking distance, about 15 minutes, and is only a short bus ride to Cambridge city, centre, and the rail station,” (2 Go online for more writing practiUse 11 May, might, and could all express a future possibilty. may It | might | rain later. could 2. May can be more formal The government may increase income tax. 3. Could suggests something less definite. ‘could bea champion if trained hard. The house nice, butitcould be beautiful ‘There are different ways of making sentences with ft is important to.understand the difference between sentences that express: possible conditions = first conditional improbable or impossible conditions = second conditional impossible past conditions = third conditional no condition =zer0 conditional Possible conditions Iflsee Dave, Il telfhim to call you. ‘Thisisa sentence about reality. Ifisee Dave... real possibilty 1 Jltllhim tocallyou. =the result ofa possible situation Improbable or impossible conditions Ithad the money, fd buy a Mercedes. ‘Thisisa sentence which is diferent to reality. Itthad the money. ot impossible, but the realty il don't have the money. 1d buya Mercedes, =the result ofan improbable situation Some situations that ae different to reality are impossible to change, If thad longer legs I be able to run realy fast. If thad longer legs. = impossible. The realty i| don't have long lege and | cant change that. Impossible past conditions ff known you were coming, Ihave cooked you a meal. ‘Thisisa sentence about an impossible past situation. t didnt happen, and now i too late to change the result, If thad known impossible, because I didnt know .dhavecooked =the result ofan impossible past situation No conditions Ifigeta headache take an aspirin. metals heote, it expands. ‘These are sentences that are always true. They refer tal times and ate called 2er0 conditional, here means when ot whenever. Form if Past simple, would + verb Positive {fi won some money, 'd go around the word. My father would kill me fhe could see me now. Negative | wouldn't give up my job If won the lottery. ‘Misawa ghost [wouldn't tlk to it Question ‘What would you de if you saw someone shopliting? ‘fyouneeded help, who would you ask? Was can change to were in the condition clause. i 1 Whe wererichs | (Other modal verbs are possible inthe result clause {could buy some new clothes if had some money. IfIsaveda tle every week, might be abe to buy car. Use 1 Weuse the second conditional to express an unreal situation and its probable result. The situation or condition isimprobable, impossible, imaginary, or different to known facts Miwere the president of my country, increase taxes. (Butts not very likely that | will ever be the president) Itmy mother was til alive, she'd be very proud. (Butits impossible because she's not alive) 2 Iflwereyou, fd... is used to give advice. ‘Itt were you, Hd refuse. i take it easy fr a while it were you. 3 When the condition is understood, tis common to find the result clause onits own, What would you do ifyou had lots of money? Vdtravel (4 giveitallaway. 'd buy my mum and dada nice house. They’ ove thot! 4 Would can express preference, especially with rather. love acupoftea "drather have coffee, please. ‘What would you rather do, stayin or go.out? 5 Would can express a request. Would you open the door forme? Would you mind lending me a hand? Both conditional refer to the present and future. The difference isabout probability and possibilty, not time. First conditional sentences are real and possible. Second conditional sentences ‘express situations that will probably never happen, or are impossible. If 1 tose myjob, I... (My company is doing badly. Ther strong possibility of being made redundant) If1lest my job... probably won't lose my job. tm just imagining) If theres anuclear wr, we'll. (Said by a pessimist) If there was a nuclear wor, weld... But dont thinkit wil happen) "the world had only 10 people init 26ofthem would be children. (Gutit would be impossible for there to be only 100 people in the world) wouldn't have to work.Form If Past Perfect, would + have + past participle Positive I'd (had) worked harder, 'd (would) have made more money. They'd (would) have been here hours ago I theyd (had) followed | ‘mydliections. Negative I\hadn’t seen it with my own eyes I wouldn't have believed it you'd listened to me, you wouldn't have got lost. Question What would you have done fyou'd been me? Ifthe hotel had been fl, where would you have stayed? Use ‘We us the third conditional to express an impossible situation in the past ands probable result. Its too lat! These things cant change. fshe'd known he was cruel she wouldn't have marred him. ‘My rents wouldn't have met if they hadnt studied at Oxford University. Use ‘Might have dane and could have done express possibilities in the past that didnt happen. Thank goodness you went to hospital. You might have died. She could have married anyone she wanted. ‘They are found in the result clauses of third conditional sentences Ifétold him had no money, he might have given me some. 1frealy wanted, Ieould have been a profesional footballer. ‘Might have done and could have done can express criticism, With this use, they are similar to should You might have told me twas her birthday! ‘She could have helped id the at instead of going out! Use ‘Should have done expresses advice for a past situation, but the ‘advice istoo late! You should have apologized. He wouldnt have been so angry. You shouldnt have said she looked old She really didn ket. ‘Should have done can express erticism. You should have asked me before you borrowed my car 1 Relative clauses identify which person or thing we are talking about. They give more information about the person or thing The boy has gone othe beach, (Which boy?) The boy who lives next door has one tthe beach The books very ood. (Which book”) The book that you gave me is very good. There sa photo of the hotel (Which hotel?) Thereisa photo of the hotel where we stayed. We use whoYthat to reer to people, and which/that to refer to things, This book is abouta gir who marries a millionaire. ‘What was the name ofthe horse that won the race? When who or thats the object ofa relative clause, and anew subjects introduced immediately after it itcan be left out The person (who) you need to talkto ison holiday. The fim (that) watched ast night ws very god. But when who or that isthe subject of relative clause, it must beincluded, ike people who are kind and considerate. want a computer that’s easy to use, ‘Which canbe used to refer tothe whole previous sentence or idea, | possed my driving test on the frst attempt, which was a surprise. Jane canitcometo the party which isa shame. We use whose to refer to something that belongs to someone. That’ the man whose daughter you met lastnight. That’ the woman whose dog ran away. We can use where to refer to places. The hotel where we stayed was right onthe beach. ‘Wewent back to the place where we fist met. Partcipes after a noun define and identify inthe same way as relative clauses. That woman driving the red Porsche fs my aunt The men seen outside the jewellers were probably the thieves. Ura ‘Modal auxiliary verbs can express ability, obligation, permission, and request. They can also express probability, or how certain a situation i. There isan introduction to modal auiiary verbs on p45. 1 Must and cant express the logical conclusion of situation ‘must =logically probable can't = lagially improbable We are not absolutely sue, but we ae neatly certain Hemust be exhausted. He hast slept for 24 hours! ‘Sue can’t havea ten year-old daughter! She’ only 24! “Aren't they answering? They must bin bed. They can't be out thislate! 2 May/Might/Could express probability inthe present or future. May/Might + nots the negative. Coulda is rare inthis se. He might be lost Orhe may be stuck traffic Dave and Beth aren’ at home. They could beat the concert suppose. ‘Wemay goto Greece for our holiday. We havent decided yet. Take yourumbrella. might rain later I might not be able to come tonight. might have toworklate They may not know where we ar. 3 The continuous infinitive is formed with be +-ing. Youmust be joking! They can't stil be eating! Peter might be working late. They may be coming ona later tain, miata 5