SURVEYING AND LEVELLING LABORATORY

LAB RECORD

Academic Year : 2022 - 2023

Course Code : CE3361
Regulations : AUC - R21
Semester : III
Branch : CIVIL ENGINEERING

Prepared By
Mr. VETRISUBAM Ms. DIANA VASUKI A.
Assistant Professor Assistant Professor

NAME

REGISTER NUMBER

YEAR / SEM

DEGREE / BRANCH

SUBJECT CODE & NAME

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

SBM COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
SBM Nagar, Thamaraipadi, Dindigul - 624005
SBM
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
SBM Nagar, Thamaraipadi, Trichy Road, Dindigul - 5.

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that Mr. /Ms.__________________________________

of _________________________ Class, Roll No. __________________

Exam No. ___________________ has satisfactorily completed his / her term

work in __________________________________________________ for

the term ending _______________ in 20___ / 20___.

Date :

Sign of the Faculty Head of the Department

Submitted for the University Practical Examination held on _______________

Internal Examiner External Examiner

SBM College of Engineering and Technology
SBM Nagar, Thamaraipadi, Dindigul - 624 005

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

Program: Bachelor of Engineering (B.E.)

VISION OF THE DEPARTMENT

To produce eminent, competitive and dedicated civil engineers by imparting latest technical skills
and ethical values to empower the students to play a key role in the planning and execution of
infrastructural & developmental activities of the nation.

MISSION OF THE DEPARTMENT

To provide exceptional education in civil engineering through quality teaching, state-of-the-art

facilities and dynamic guidance to produce civil engineering graduates, who are professionally
excellent to face complex technical challenges with creativity, leadership, ethics and social
consciousness.
SBM College of Engineering and Technology
SBM Nagar, Thamaraipadi, Dindigul - 624 005

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

Program: Bachelor of Engineering (B.E.)

PROGRAM OUTCOMES (PO’s)

PO1 Engineering knowledge : Apply the knowledge of mathematics, science, engineering

fundamentals, and an engineering specialization to the solution of complex engineering
engineering problems.
PO2 Problem analysis: Identify, formulate, review research literature, and analyze complex
engineering problems reaching substantiated conclusions using first principles of the
of mathematics, natural sciences, and engineering sciences.
PO3 Design/development of solutions: Design solutions for complex engineering problems
and design system components or processes that meet specified needs with appropriate
consideration for the public health and safety, and the cultural, societal, environmental
considerations.
PO4 Conduct investigations of complex problems: Use research- based knowledge and
research methods including design of experiments, analysis and interpretation of data,
and synthesis of the information to provide valid conclusions.
PO5 Modern tool usage: Create, select, and apply appropriate techniques, resources, and
modern engineering and IT tools including prediction and modeling to complex
engineering activities with an understanding of the limitations.
PO6 The engineer and society: Apply reasoning informed by the contextual knowledge to
assesssocietal, health, safety, legal and cultural issues and the consequent responsibilities
relevant to the professional engineering practice.
PO7 Environment and sustainability: Understand the impact of the professional engineering
solutions in societal and environmental contexts, and demonstrate the knowledge of, and
need for sustainable development.
PO8 Ethics: Apply ethical principles and commit to professional ethics and responsibilities
and norms ofthe engineering practice.
PO9 Individual and team work: Function effectively as an individual, and as a member or
leader indiverse teams, and in multidisciplinary settings.
PO10 Communication : Communicate effectively on complex engineering activities with the
engineeringcommunity and with society at large, such as, being able to comprehend and
write effective reports and design documentation, make effective presentations, and give
and receive clear instructions.
PO11 Project management and finance : Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of the
engineering and management principles and apply these to one‘s own work, as a member
member and leader in a team, to manage projects and in multidisciplinary environments.
PO12 Life-long learning: Recognize the need for, and have the preparation and ability engage
in independent and life-long learning in the broadest context of technological change.
SBM College of Engineering and Technology
SBM Nagar, Thamaraipadi, Dindigul - 624 005

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

Program: Bachelor of Engineering (B.E.)

The Program Specific outcomes (PSO‘s) listed below were developed specifically to meet the
Program Educational Objectives (PEO‘s). The focus of these PSO‘s is consistent with the set of
required PO‘s identified in the NBA accreditation guidelines.

The Civil Engineering PSO‘s require that graduates receiving a Bachelor of Technology in Civil
Engineering degree from IARE demonstrate the following.

PROGRAM SPECIFIC OUTCOMES (PSO’s)

ENGINEERING KNOWLEDGE: Graduates shall demonstrate sound

knowledge in analysis, design, laboratory investigations and construction
PSO1
aspects of civil engineering infrastructure, along with good foundation in
mathematics, basic sciences and technical communication

BROADNESS AND DIVERSITY: Graduates will have a broad

understanding of economical, environmental, societal, health and safety factors
PSO2
involved in infrastructural development, and shall demonstrate ability to
function within multidisciplinary teams with competence in modern tool usage.

SELF-LEARNING AND SERVICE: Graduates will be motivated for

continuous self-learning in engineering practice and/or pursue research in
PSO3
advanced areas of civil engineering in order to offer engineering services to the
society, ethically and responsibly.
MANDATORY INSTRUCTIONS

1. Students should report to the labs concerned as per the timetable.

2. Record should be updated from time to time and the previous experiment must be signed
by the faculty in charge concerned before attending the lab.

3. Students who turn up late to the labs will in no case be permitted to perform the
experiment scheduled for the day.

4. After completion of the experiment, certification of the staff in-charge concerned in the
observation book is necessary.

5. Students should bring a notebook of about 100 pages and should enter the
readings/observations/results into the notebook while performing the experiment.

6. The record of observations along with the detailed experimental procedure of the
experiment performed in the immediate previous session should be submitted and
certified by the staff member in-charge.

7. Not more than FIVE students in a group are permitted to perform the experiment on a set
up.

8. The group-wise division made in the beginning should be adhered to, and no mix up of
student among different groups will be permitted later.

9. The components required pertaining to the experiment should be collected from Lab- in-
charge after duly filling in the requisition form.

10. When the experiment is completed, students should disconnect the setup made by them,
and should return all the components/instruments taken for the purpose.
11. Any damage of the equipment or burnout of components will be viewed seriously either
by putting penalty or by dismissing the total group of students from the lab for the
semester/year.

12. Students should be present in the labs for the total scheduled duration.

13. Students are expected to prepare thoroughly to perform the experiment before coming to
Laboratory.

14. Procedure sheets/data sheets provided to the students groups should be maintained neatly
and are to be returned after the experiment.

15. DRESS CODE:

1. Boys - Formal dress with tuck in and shoes.

2. Girls - Formal dress (salwarkameez).

3. Wearing of jeans is strictly prohibited

SYLLABUS
CE3361 SURVEYING AND LEVELLING LABORATORY L T P C
0 0 3 1.5
OBJECTIVES:
 At the end of the course the student will possess knowledge about survey field techniques

LIST OF EXPERIMENTS:
Chain Survey
Study of chains and its accessories, Aligning, Ranging, Chaining and Marking Perpendicular offset.
Setting out works – Foundation marking using tapes single Room and Double Room
Compass Survey
Compass Traversing – Measuring Bearings & arriving included angles
Levelling - Study of levels and levelling staff
Fly levelling using Dumpy level &Tilting level
Check levelling
Theodolite
Study of Theodolite
Measurements of horizontal angles by reiteration and repetition and vertical angles
Determination of elevation of an object using single plane method when base is Accessible/Inaccessible.
Tacheometry
Determination of Tacheometric Constants
Stadia system
Heights and distances by stadia Tacheometry
Tangential system
Heights and distances by Tangential Tacheometry
Total Station
Study of Total Station
Measuring Horizontal and vertical angles
Traverse using Total station and Area of Traverse
Determination Of Distance And Difference In Elevation Between Two Inaccessible Points Using Total
Station
COURSE OUTCOMES TOTAL: 45 PERIODS
On completion of the course, the student is expected to
CO1 Impart knowledge on the usage of basic surveying instruments like chain/tape, compass
and levelling instruments
CO2 Able to use levelling instrument for surveying operations
CO3 Able to use theodolite for various surveying operations
CO4 Able to carry out necessary surveys for social infrastructures
CO5 Able to prepare planimetric maps
REFERENCES:
1. T. P. Kanetkarand S. V. Kulkarni, Surveying and Levelling, Parts 1 & 2, Pune Vidyarthi Griha
Prakashan, Pune, 24th Reprint, 2015.
2. Dr. B. C. Punmia, Ashok K. Jainand Arun K Jain, Surveying Vol. I & II, Lakshmi Publications
Pvt Ltd, New Delhi, 17th Edition, 2016.
3. James M. Anderson and Edward M. Mikhail, Surveying, Theory and Practice, Seventh
Edition, McGraw Hill 2001
4. Bannisterand S. Raymond, Surveying, Seventh Edition, Longman 2004 a. David Clark,
Plane and Geodetic Surveying for Engineers, Volume I, Constable and Company Ltd,
London, CBS, 6th Edition, 2004.
6
5. David Clark and James Clendinning, Plane and Geodetic Surveying for Engineers, VolumeII,
Constable and Company Ltd, London, CBS, 6th Edition, 2004.
6. S. K. Roy, Fundamentals of Surveying, Second Edition, Prentice ‘Hall of India 2004
7. K. R. Arora, Surveying Vol. I & II, Standard Book house, Eleventh Edition, 2013.
INDEX

Si. Page Staff

No. Date DESCRIPTION Mark Remarks
No. Signature

01
STUDY OF CHAIN SURVEYING

02
SIGNS AND SYMBOLS

03 STUDY OF CHAIN AND TAPE AND

ACCESSORIES USED FOR CHAIN

04 ALIGNING, RANGING AND CHAINING OF A

LINE

05
MARKING PERPENDICULAR OFFSET

SETTING OUT OF FOUNDATION

06
MARKING USING TAPES SINGLE ROOM
AND DOUBLE ROOM

07 STUDY OF COMPASS SURVEYING

08 COMPASS TRAVERSING – MEASURING

BEARINGS & ARRIVING

09 STUDY OF LEVELLING

10 FLY LEVELLING -HEIGHT OF

COLLIMATION METHOD

11 FLY LEVELLING –RISE AND FALL

METHOD

12
CHECK LEVELLING

13
STUDY OF THEODOLITE

14 MEASUREMENT OF HORIZONTAL ANGLES

BY REITERATION METHOD
15 MEASUREMENT OF HORIZONTAL ANGLES
BY REPETITION METHOD

16
MEASUREMENT OF VERTICAL ANGLE

DETERMINATION OF ELEVATION OF AN
17
OBJECT USING SINGLE PLANEMETHOD
WHEN BASE IS ACCESSIBLE
DETERMINATION OF ELEVATION OF AN
18
OBJECT USING SINGLE PLANEMETHOD
WHEN BASE IS INACCESSIBLE.

19 DETERMINATION OF TACHEOMETRIC
CONSTANTS

20 DETERMINATION OF HEIGHTS AND

DISTANCE BY STADIA TACHEOMETRY

21 MEASUREMENT OF VERTICAL ANGLES

DETERMINATION OF HEIGHTS AND

22 DISTANCE BY TANGENTIAL
TACHEOMETRY

23
STUDY OF ELECTRIC TOTAL STATION

24 MEASURING HORIZONTAL AND

VERTICAL ANGLES

25
TRAVERSING USING TOTAL STATION

26 DETERMINATION OF AREA USING TOTAL

STATION
DETERMINATION OF DISTANCE AND
27 DIFFERENCE IN ELEVATION BETWEEN
TWO INACCESSIBLE POINTS USING TOTAL
STATION

28
VIVA QUESTIONS

Total Marks :

Average Marks :
Staff Signature :
[Link]:
CHAIN SURVEYING
Date :

Chain surveying is the type of surveying in which only linear measurements are taken in the
field. This type of surveying is done for surveys of small extent to describe the boundaries of plot
of land to locate the existing features on them.

It is the method of surveying in which the area is divided into network of triangles and the
sides of the various triangles are measured directly in the field with a chain or a tape and no
angular measurements are taken.

Chains are the measuring instrument used in surveying formed by the 100 links of 4mm
galvanized mild steel wire. These links are joined by 3 circular or oval wire rings. These rings
provide the flexibility to the chains.

Every aspect of the life requires some measuring units. Measurements are used to do the
work precisely and accurately. Let it be from kitchen to office, everywhere measurements are
used. So as in engineering calculation or measurements holds a very greater role in construction
or surveying or any other aspect.

There are various units of measurements such as meters, centimeters, feets, inches, acre,
yards and the list goes on. Same as units there are various instrument used in the measurements
of any entity. One of the instruments used in measurement are chains.
Parts of Chains used in Surveying
The chain consists of many small parts used for handling or reading the measurements.

Every aspect of the life requires some measuring units. Measurements are used to do the
work precisely and accurately. Let it be from kitchen to office, everywhere measurements are
used. So as in engineering calculation or measurements holds a very greater role in construction
or surveying or any other aspect.

There are various units of measurements such as meters, centimeters, feets, inches, acre,
yards and the list goes on. Same as units there are various instrument used in the measurements
of any entity. One of the instruments used in measurement are chains.

Parts of Chains used in Surveying

The chain consists of many small parts used for handling or reading the measurements.

o At the ends chain is provided with brass handle with swivel joint so that it can be easy to roll or
unroll the chain without twisting and knots.

o At every 10th link is provided with a tally of one teeth, 20th link with a tally of two teeth and so
on till 40th link. This is provided for the easy reading of measurements.
o At the center of the chain is provided with a circular talley used for easy reading.
Types of Chains used in Surveying
Depending upon the length of the chain, these are divide into following types,

1. Metric chains

2. Steel band or Band chain

3. Gunter’s chain or surveyor’s chain

4. Engineer’s chain

5. Revenue chain

A. Metric chains
Metric chains are the most commonly used chain in India. These types of chains comes in many
lengths such as 5, 10, 20 and 30 meters. Most commonly used is 20m chain. Tallies are provided
at every 2m of the chain for quick reading. Every link of this type of chain is 0.2m. The total
length of the chain is marked on the brass handle at the ends.

B. Steel band or Band chain

These types of chain consist of a long narrow strip of steel of uniform width of 12 to 16 mm and
thickness of 0.3 to 0.6 mm. this chain is divides by brass studs at every 20cm or instead of brass
studs, band chain may have graduated engraving as centimeter.
For easy use and workability band chains are wound on steel crosses or metal reels from which
they can be easily unrolled. These steel bands are available in 20m and 30m length and the width
of about 12-16mm.

C. Gunter’s chain or surveyor’s chain

Gunter chain comes in standard 66ft. These chain consists of 100links, each link being 0.66ft or
7.92inches. The length 66ft is selected because it is convenient in land measurements.

10 square Gunter’s chains = 1 Acre

10 Gunter chains = 1 Furlong

80 Gunter chains = 1 mile

D. Engineer’s chain
This chain comes in 100ft length. It consist of 100 links each link being 1ft long. At every 10
links a brass ring or tags are provided for indication of 10 links. Readings are taken in feet and
decimal.

E. Revenue Chain
The standard size of this type of chain is 33ft. The number of links are 16, each link being

2 ft. This chain is commonly used in cadastral survey.

PRINCIPLE OF CHAIN SURVEYING

 The principal of chain surveying is to divide the area into a number of triangles of
suitable sides.
 As a triangles is the only simple plane of geometrical figure which can be plotted from
the lengths of the three sides even if the angels are not known.
 A network of triangles (triangulation) is preferred to in chain surveying.
 If the area to be surveyed is triangular in shape and if the lengths and sequence of its
three sides are recorded the plane of area can be easily drawn.

SURVEY STATIONS
Survey stations are the points at the beginning and at the end of the chain line. They may
also occur at any convenient position on the chain line. Such stations may be :
(a) Main stations (b) Subsidiary stations (c) Tie stations

(a) Main stations : Stations taken along the boundary of an area as controlling points
known as ‘main stations’. The lines joining the main stations are called ‘main survey
lines’. The main survey lines should be cover the whole area to be surveyed. The main
stations are denoted by ‘ ’ with letters A,B,C,D, etc.
(B) Subsidiary stations : Stations which are on the main survey lines or any other survey
lines are known as ‘Subsidiary stations’. These stations are taken to run subsidiary lines
for dividing the area into triangles , for checking the accuracy of triangles and for
locating interior details. these stations are denoted by ‘ ‘ with letters S1, S2, S3, etc.

(c) Tie stations : These are also subsidiary stations taken on the main survey lines. Lines
joining the tie stations are known as ‘tie lines’. Tie lines are taken to locate interior
details. The stations are denoted by ‘ ’ with letters T1 , T2 , T3 , etc.

(2) MAIN SURVEY LINES : The lines joining the main stations are called ‘main
survey lines’ or chain lines in fig. AB,BC,CD and DA are the main survey lines.
(3) BASE LINE : The line on which the framework of the survey is built is known as the
‘base line’ . It is the most important line of the survey .Generally , the longest of the main
survey line is considered as the base line. This line should be measured very carefully and
accurately. In fig. BD is the base line

(4) CHECK LINE : The line joining the apex point of a triangle to some fixed points on
its base is known as the ‘check line’. It is taken to check the accuracy of the triangle .
Sometimes this line is helps to locate interior details .In fig.CS1 , AS2 are the check lines.
(5) TIE – LINE : A line joining tie stations is termed as a tie line. It is run to take the
interior details which are far away from the main lines and also to avoid long offsets. It
can also serve as check line. In Fig. T1 T2 is the tie line.
PROCEDURE:

(1) Fix station A and B at some distance by fixing wooden peg to determine horizontal
distance between them.

(2) Position of station A and B is fixed by measuring their position from at least three
permanent objects and location sketch of station A and B are drawn.

(3) The follower holds one handle of the chain in contact with peg at station A.

(4) The leader takes the other handle of the chain, arrows and ranging rod & walks in the
forward direction dragging chain with him.

(5) After the chain is stretched completely along the line the follower steps on one side of
the line with the ranging rod touching the handle.

(6) The follower directs to leader to stand exactly in the line. The leader puts a scratch at
the position & inserts an arrow. He then moves forward with the chain handle with the
remaining arrows and ranging rod till the follower reaches the next arrow point.

Marks Obtained: Signature of Faculty: Date:

[Link]:
SIGNS AND SYMBOLS
Date :

OBJECTIVE: Introduction to Surveying

THEORETICAL BACKGROUND:
Definition:
Surveying is an art of determining relative positions on, above or beneath the surface of
earth by measuring the horizontal distances and angles for determination of any point on
ground.
Levelling is an art of determining the difference of elevations or levels of various points
on the surface of the earth. Levelling deals with distances in a vertical plane.
Object of Surveying & Levelling:
The object of surveying is to prepare a map / plan, with suitable scale, to show the
relative positions of the objects on the surface of the earth.
(i) Map
(ii) Plan
The object of levelling is to determine the undulations of the earth’s surface for
topographic mapping. Levelling is used to design of highways, railways, canals, sewer
etc.
Primary Divisions of Surveying:
(i) Plane Surveying
(ii) Geodetic Surveying

Necessity of levelling:
Levelling is essential for the layout of construction projects, for locating the excavation
levels, and the control of various elevations in buildings, bridges, dams etc.
The drainage characteristics of area can be obtained by levelling.
Levelling is used to determine the catchment area, volume of the reservoir and area of
submerged by a reservoir.
Levelling is used to determined the volume of earthwork for roads, railways etc.
SIGNS & SYMBOLS
Marks Obtained: Signature of Faculty: Date:
[Link]: STUDY OF CHAINS AND ITS ACCESSORIES,
ALIGNING, RANGING, CHAINING AND
Date : MARKING PERPENDICULAR OFFSET

DESCRIPTION OF THE INSTRUMENTS:-

A) Chain:-

1. The chains are made in lengths of 30 meters/20 meters.

2. The brass tallies are fixed at every 5m length.
3. Small brass rings are provided at every one meter length.
4. It is composed of 100 or 150 pieces of galvanized mild steel wire of 4mm in
diameter called links.
5. The ends of each links are bent into a loop and connected together by means of 3
oval rings which give flexibility to the chain.
6. The length of each links is 20cm i.e. the distance between 2 consecutive middle
rings.
7. The end of the chains is provided with brass handle for dragging the chain on the
ground.
8. The chain length is measured from the outside of one handle to the other.
9. To hold the arrows in the position with the handle of the chain a groove is cut on
the outside surface of the handle.
B) Ranging rods:-
1. They are usually of 2m or 3m in length.
2. They are in circular cross section and having alternate black, white and red bands of
20 cm length each to make them visible at a distance.
3. They are used for ranging the lines and for marking the positions of points on the
ground.
C) Arrows:-
1. They are made of a steel wire of 4mm diameter for 40cm length.
2. They are pointed at one end for inserting into the ground and bent at the other end
for facility of carrying.
3. They are used to mark the end of each chain during chaining.
D) Offset rods:-
1. These are used for measuring rough offsets.
2. They are round rods with pointed end on one side and provided with notch or a
hook at the other to facilitate pulling the pushing the chain through obstructions.

E) Cross staff:-
1. It consists of a wooden block with two fine sow cuts at right angles to each other on
the top.
2. It is used to set a perpendicular at a given point on the chain line.
3. The head is fixed to a top of an iron staff with pointed end to drive into the ground.

F) Optical square:-

1. This is also used to set a perpendicular with more accuracy.

2. This has 2 mirrors placed at an angle of 45 ۨ to each other.
3. By means of reflection we can see the ranging rods along the chain line and the
offset point at right angles to the chain lines simultaneously.

Result:
The Chain and tape and accessories used for chain surveying has been studied fully
Outcome:
At the end of this experiment, student acquires knowledge about the Chain and tape and accessories used for chain
surveying

Marks Obtained: Signature of Faculty: Date:

[Link]: ALIGNING, RANGING AND CHAINING OF A LINE
Date :
Aim:
To find the distance between the given two points by ranging and chaining a line
Apparatus required:
1. Chain (30m)
2. Ranging rods
3. Arrows
Procedure:
A) For ranging a line:

1. Fix the ranging rods vertically at the ends of the given line.
2. To fix the intermediate ranging rod, instruct the other person to stand with a ranging rod at any
intermediate point desired.

3. Stand at about 2m behind the first ranging rod and instruct the other person to adjust the ranging rod
in such a way that the intermediate ranging rod comes in a line with the end rods.

4. Erect the rod vertically and firmly at that point.

5. Repeat steps 2 to 4 to erect other intermediate ranging rods.
B) For chaining a line:

1. Hold one handle of the chain at first ranging rod.

2. Instruct the follower to drag the chain along the given line.
3. Fix the arrows at the end of the chain length.
4. Do the same procedure for the full length of the line.
5. Count any fractions of the chain length at the end of the last ranging rod by using tallies, rings & links

Result:
Length of the given line =
Outcome:
At the end of this experiment, student acquires knowledge about the ranging and chaining of the line

Marks Obtained: Signature of Faculty: Date:

[Link]: PLOTTING THE OUTLINE OF THE GIVEN BUILDING
-
CROSS STAFF SURVEY
Date :

Aim:-
To plot the plan of an existing building by running a closed chain traverse and to find the
area of the plot.

Instruments Required:-
Chain, Cross staff, optical square, ranging rods, arrow & tape.
Procedure:-

1. Range and chain the lines around the given building to form a rectangle in clockwise/anti
clockwise direction.
2. Measure all the offset points (Perpendicular/ Oblique) from the chain line.
3. Plot the building in a drawing sheet with suitable scale.
4. Subtract the un-built up area (open space) of the plot from the total area of the plot to find
the built up area of the building.

Result:-

The plan of the building is plotted as shown in figure.

Area of the plot (a) =……………………m2

Area of the open space (b) = ……………………m2
Area of the building = (a)-(b) = ……………………m2

Marks Obtained: Signature of Faculty: Date:

[Link]: SETTING OUT OF FOUNDATION MARKING USING TAPES
SINGLE ROOM AND DOUBLE ROOM
Date :

Aim:
To determine the setting out the foundation for a building, b using center line method.

Instruments Required:
Theodolite, Pegs, Arrows, Measuring Tape or Chain, mason’s square, ball of string, lime
powder.

Planning and organization:

A small area is to be kept ready for setting out a simple rectangular building of size 6m x 3m.
The site has to be cleaned off any vegetation and made level. or given plan.

Given:
A hall 6m x 3m internal dimension has to be constructed. The wall is 230mm thick. The width of
the foundation is 900mm. Set out the building, mark foundation trench.

Procedure:
1. Study the plan of the building and note down the internal dimensions and also the width
of the foundation.
2. Prepare the centre line sketch of the building.
3. 3Remove the any vegetation in the construction site.
4. Setting out a straight line slightly greater than the length of the front wall. The frontage is
to be located with respected to other features is site plan such as road etc., this line will be
the centre line of the front wall.
5. Now mark the two ends of the front wall.
6. Drive two pegs a little away from the ends marked and tied a string accurately.
7. At two ends, set out perpendicular strings using masons square.
8. Stretched strings of the sidewalls and ties\ with pegs a little beyond the required.
9. Repeat the same for other aside walls.
10. Now, stretched strings through the points C and D indicates the ends of the centers lines
of the side wall give a rectangle bounded by strings. This rectangle indicates the centre
line of the building.
11. Measuring the four sides of the rectangular and check its accuracy as per the centre line
sketch prepared.
12. Check the angles of the corners.
13. Measure the diagonals and check for its accuracy.
14. If items 11,12,13 are satisfied the rectangle is marked.
15. Mark the width of foundation of wall on ground have the wide on either side of the centre
line marked and apply lime powder to indicate outline of the foundation trench.

SINGLE ROOM
MARKING OF FOUNDATION

DOUBLE ROOM
The foundation marking is done for the given layout.

Result:
The plan of the building is plotted as shown in figure.
Area of the plot =……………… m2
Area of the open space = ……………… m2
Outcome:
Gain knowledge about closed traversing in the wide field

Marks Obtained: Signature of Faculty: Date:

[Link]:
STUDY OF COMPASS SURVEYING

Date :

DESCRIPTION OF THE INSTRUMENTS

A. Prismatic Compass:-

1. A magnetic needle is attached to the circular ring made up of aluminum.

2. The needle is on the pivot to orient N and S ends.
3. The line of sight is defined by object vane and eye slit both attached to the compass
bar.
4. The object vane consists of a vertical hair attached to a suitable frame while the eye
slit consist of a vertical slit above the prism unit.
5. When the object is sighted, the sight vanes will rotate with respect to the NS end of
the ring through an angle which the line makes with the magnetic meridian.
6. The reading increase in clockwise direction from 0˚ at south and to 90˚ at west end
180˚ at north end and 270˚ at east end.
7. Break- pin is placed at the base of the object vane to clamp the oscillation of the
needle while taking reading.
8. To sight the objects, which are too high or too low, a hinged mirror is placed.
9. Dark glasses are used to sight bright objects.
Adjustments of prismatic compass:-

(A) Centering:-
a) It is the process of keeping the instrument exactly over the station.
b) It is done by dropping a pebble from the centre of the bottom of the instrument.

(B) Leveling:-

a) For which the tripod is provided with ball and socket arrangement to fix the compass on
level.
b) Adjust the box in such a way that the graduated disc is swinging freely and appears to be
level.
(C) Focusing the Prism:-

a) The prism attachment is sided up or down till the readings are seen to be sharp and clear.

[Link] Compass:-

a) The object vane is similar to that of prismatic compass.

b) The eye vane consists of a simple metal vane with the fine slit without the prism.
c) The graduation ring is directly attached to the box and not with needle.
d) The object is to be sighted first with the object and eye vanes and reading is taken against
the north end of the needle by looking vertically through the top glass.
e) The card is graduated in quandrantal system having 0˚ at N and S ends & 90˚ at west and east
ends.

Parts of compass

Marks Obtained: Signature of Faculty: Date:

[Link]: COMPASS TRAVERSING – MEASURING BEARINGS & ARRIVING
INCLUDED ANGLES
Date :

Aim: Measurement of bearings of sides of traverse with prismatic compass and computation of
correct included angle.

Instruments Required: Prismatic compass, ranging rod, chain, tape, peg Tripod stand

Procedure:

1) Four ranging rods are fixed at different points i.e. A, B, C, D etc. such that it should be
mutually visible and may be measured easily.

2) Measure the distance between them. 1) At point A the prismatic compass is set on the tripod
Stand, centering and leveling is then properly done. 2) The ranging rod at B is ranged through
sighting slits and objective vane attached with horse hair and reading on prismatic compass is
noted down.

3) It is fore bearing of line AB. Then the prismatic compass is fixed at B and ranging rod at C
and A are sighted. And reading is taken as forbearing of BC and back bearing of AB.

4) Repeat the same procedure at the stations C, D etc.

Tabulation:

Inst. Line Observed bearing error Correction Corrected Included

Station bearing Local bearing angle
attraction
A AB
AD
B
BC
BA
C
CD
CB
D DA
DC

Sample Calculation: Error = observed bearing –corrected bearing

Check: =(2n-4)x900

Result:

The prismatic compass is studied and bearing of lines of traverse are Observed, the correction due
to local attraction at affected station is done and corrected bearings are written in tabular form.

Marks Obtained: Signature of Faculty: Date:

[Link]:
LEVELLING
Date :
DESCRIPTION OF THE INSTRUMENTS: -

The level: -

The instrument which is used for measuring related elevations is known as a level and consists
of the following parts.

1. A telescope to provide a line of sight.

2. A level tube to make the line sight horizontal.

3. A leveling head to bring the bubble of the level tube at the center of its run.

4. A tripod head to support the above three parts of the level.

Types of level: -

The dumpy level: -

1. This consists of a telescope rigidly fixed to its support.

2. It can neither be rotated about it longitudinal axis nor it can be removed from its support.

The wye level: -

1. The telescope is supported in Y supports and is not rigidly fixed to the supports.

2. The telescope can be removed from the supports reversed end to end and can be revolved
about its longitudinal axis.

The reversible level: -

1. The telescope can be rotated about its longitudinal axis in the sockets and also can be
withdrawn from its sockets and replaced end for end.

The tilting level: -

1. The telescope can be tilted within few degree in vertical plane by a tilting screw.

2. This designed for precise work.

Temporary adjustments of the dumpy level: -

a) Setting up the level: -

1. This includes fixing the instrument on the tripod and levelling the instrument
approximately by leg adjustment.

2. To do this release the clamp hold the instrument in the right hand and fix it on a tripod
by turning rounded the levelling head with left hand.

3. The tripod legs are adjusted so that the telescope is at a convenient height and is leveled
approximately.

b) Levelling up: -

1. This is done with the help of three-foot screws and by using plate levels.

2. The object of levelling is to make its vertical axis truly vertical.

3. First loosen the clamp screw and turn the instrument until the longitudinal axis of the
bobble tube is parallel to a joining any two levelling screws (say A and B).

4. Holding these two foot screws with the thumb and first finger of each hand turn them
uniformly so that the thumbs move either towards each other on away from each other until
the bubble comes to the center of the tube.

5. Rotate the upper plate through 90° until the axis of the plate level coincides a line joining
the third foot screw C and the midpoint of the first two screws A and B.

6. Hold the third with the thumb and find finger of the right hand and turn it until the plate
bubble is central.

7. Rotate the upper plate through 90° to its original position and repeat step 4 till the bubble is
central.

8. Rotate again through 90 and repeat step 6.

9. Repeat steps 4 and 6 till bubble remains central in both the position.

10. Rotate the instrument through 180° and in this position the bubble should remain central if
the instrument is in adjustment.

Elimination of parallax: -

1. Parallax is a condition arising when the image formed by the objective is not in the plane
of the cross hairs.

2. To get accurate sighting those should be eliminated and this is done.

3. By focusing the eyepiece for distinct vision of the cross hairs and
4. By focusing the objective to bring the image of the object in the plane of cross hairs.

Focusing the eyepiece: -

1. Direct the telescope either towards the sky or hold a sheet of white paper in front of the
objective.

2. Move the eyepiece in or out till the cross hairs appear distinct.

Focusing the objective: -

1. Direct the telescope towards the leveling staff.

2. Turn the focusing screw till the image appears clear and sharp.

3. The image formed must be in the plane of cross hairs.

DEFINITIONS
Important terms: -

The following are the important terms used during levelling.

1. Level surface: -

A level surface is any surface parallel to the mean spheroidal surface of the earth.

2. A level line: -

It is a line lying in a level surface and normal to the plumb line at all points.

3. A horizontal plane: -

A horizontal plane through a point is a plane tangential to the surface at that point.

4. A horizontal line: -

It is a line lying in the horizontal plane.

5. Vertical line: -

Vertical line any point is a line normal to the level surface through that point.

6. Vertical plane: -

A plane is a plane containing a vertical line.

7. Datum surface: -

It is any arbitrary assumed level surface form which vertical distances are measured.
8. Elevation: -

Elevation of a point is its vertical distance above or below the datum also known as
reduced level (R.L)

9. Bench mark: -

It's fixed reference point of known elevation.

10. Line of collimation: -

It is the line joining the intersection of the cross hairs to the optical center of the object
glass and its continuation also known as line of sight.

11. Axis of telescope: -

It is the line joining optical center of the object glass to the center of the eyepiece.

12. Vertical axis: -

It is the center line of the axis of rotation.

13. Back sight (B.S): -

It is a staff reading taken on a point of known elevation (i.e.) on Bench Mark or change
point, and is the first reading taken after the level is set up and leveled.

14. Fore sight (F.S): -

It is a last staff reading on a point whose elevation is to be determined as on a change

point.

15. Intermediate sight: -

It is any other intermediate staff reading taken on a point of unknown elevation from the
same set of the level.

16. Change point: -

It is a point denoting the shifting of the instrument. It is a point on which the back and
foresights are taken.
17. Station: -
It is a point whose elevation is to be determined or a point which is to be established at a
given elevation.

18. Height of instrument: -

It is the elevation of the plane of collimation when the instrument is correctly levelled.

Figure; Dumpy level

Marks Obtained: Signature of Faculty: Date:

[Link]:
FLY LEVELLING -HEIGHT OF COLLIMATION METHOD
Date :

Aim: To determine the reduce Level of the given points A,B,C,D,E and F. by fly leveling.

Apparatus required: Dumpy level, leveling staff, tripod stand, arrows, pegs.

Procedure:

1) Set up the instrument to cover maximum number of points and do the temporary
adjustment.
2) Observe the 1st staff reading on the Bench mark whose reduce level is known.
Enter1streading in the backsigth (BS) Column.
3) Take the staff reading on the bench mark, which ever are visible from this set up. Enter it is
in the intermediate sight column.
4) Before shifting the instrument take the staff reading on the change point. Enter it on Fore
sight.
5) After shifting and setting the instrument in the second instrument station and do temporary
adjustment.
6) Take the staff reading on the same change point enter it in the back sight column of the
same line
7) Then take the staff reading on the remaining given points and enter it in intermediate sight
column.
8) Compute the reduce levels of the point by Height of Collimation method
9) Do the arithmetic check if the ok, it shows the calculation is correct.
Tabulation

Reduced Level of the first point =…………….

Staff station B.S I.S F.S H.I R.L Remarks

Calculation

R.L of B.M+ B.S = H.I

H.I – F.S (or) I.S = R.L of that particular point.

Arithmetic Check:

∑B.S - ∑ F.S = Last RL – First RL

Result:

Reduced levels of the points are --------------------------------

Marks Obtained: Signature of Faculty: Date:

[Link]:
FLY LEVELLING –RISE AND FALL METHOD
Date :
Aim: To determine the reduce Level of the given points A,B,C,D,E and F. by rise and fall.
Apparatus required: Dumpy level, leveling staff, tripod stand, arrows, pegs.

Procedure:

1) Set up the instrument to cover maximum number of points and do the temporary
adjustment.
2) Observe the 1st staff reading on the Bench mark whose reduce level is known. Enter
Enter1st reading in the backsigth (BS) Column.
3) Take the staff reading on the bench mark, which ever are visible from this set up. Enter it is
in the intermediate sight column.
4) Before shifting the instrument take the staff reading on the change point. Enter it on Fore
sight.
5) After shifting and setting the instrument in the second instrument station and do temporary
adjustment.
6) Take the staff reading on the same change point enter it in the back sight column of the
same line
7) Then take the staff reading on the remaining given points and enter it in intermediate sight
column.
8) Compute the reduce levels of the point by rise and fall method.
9) In computing rise or fall, the first reading of every point should be taken as positive and
second reading of every point should be taken as the negative irrespective of the values.
Tabulation

Reduced Level of the first point =…………….

Staff station B.S I.S F.S Rise Fall R.L Remarks

Calculation

I. Find the level difference between the successive readings & enter this as rise (+ sign), fall ( -sign)
II. Then find the [Link] adding the rise and subtracting the fall with the R.L of the previous points.
Arithmetic Check:

∑B.S - ∑ F.S = =∑ Rise - ∑ Fall =Last RL – First RL

Result:

Reduced levels of the points are

Marks Obtained: Signature of Faculty: Date:

[Link]: CHECK LEVELLING

Date :
Aim: To run the check level to find the difference of the given points and also to find the
amount of closing error

Apparatus required: Dumpy level, leveling staff, tripod stand, arrows, pegs.

Procedure: -

1. Setup the instrument at P to cover the maximum points.

2. Do all the initial adjustments.
3. Direct the telescope towards the first point and enter the reading as B.S.
4. Enter the reading of the last visible point from the instrument stations as F.S. and ofall
other points as I.S.
5. Shift the instrument to Q, set up and level it correctly.
6. Don't change the position until the fore staff reading is taken on the staff held at the last
required point.
7. Do the same procedure in the reverse direction and close with the first point.

TABULATIONS:

Staff Reading Height of

R.L. (m) Remarks
Instrument (m)
Points B.S (m) I.S (m) F.S.(m)

Result: -
Closing error =
R.L for the given points = ______.

Marks Obtained: Signature of Faculty: Date:

[Link]:
STUDY OF THEODOLITE
Date :
Aim:
To study about the Temporary and Permanent adjustments of a Theodolite.

Instrument used:

Theodolite

ADJUSTMENTS OF THEODOLITE

The Theodolite should be properly adjusted to obtain accurate observations. The adjustments are
mainly of two types. They are as follows:

1. Permanent adjustments and

2. Temporary adjustments.

1. Permanent adjustments

The permanent adjustments are to be done to maintain the required standard relationship between
the fundamental lines (axes) of a Theodolite. The fundamental lines are as follows:

a. Vertical axis

b. Horizontal axis or trunnion axis

c. Line of collimation or line of sight

d. Axis of plate level

e. Axis of altitude level.

Required relations between the fundamental lines (axes)

i) The axis of plate level must be perpendicular to the vertical axis.

ii) The line of collimation must be perpendicular to the horizontal axis

iii) The horizontal axis must be perpendicular to the vertical axis.

iv) The axis of the altitude level must be parallel to the line of collimation.

v) The vernier reading of vertical circle must read zero when the line of collimation is horizontal.

The permanent adjustments of a Theodolite are:

 Adjustment of plate level.

 Adjustment of line of sight
 Adjustment of horizontal axis
 Adjustment of altitude bubble and vertical index frame.
2. Temporary adjustments

The adjustments which are carried out at every setting of the instrument before the observations
are referred as temporary adjustments. There are three types of temporary adjustments as
follows.

a. Setting up

b. Levelling up

c. Elimination of parallax.

a) Setting up

This adjustment includes the following two operations.

i. Centering the Theodolite over the instrument station.

ii. Approximate leveling of Theodolite with the help of the tripod legs only.

Centering

It is the operation by which the vertical axis of the theodolite represented by a plumb line is
made to pass through the mark of instrument station on the ground.
Approximate levelling
The approximate leveling may be done with the reference to a small circular bubble provided on
the tribrach or by eye judgements.

b) Levelling up

The operation of making the vertical axis truly vertical is known as leveling of the Theodolite.
After the centering and approximate leveling an accurate leveling is to be done with the help of
foot screws.

i) First the telescope is to be kept parallel to any of the two foot screws as in the figure.

ii) The bubble of plate level is to be brought to the centre of its run by turning the foot screws
either inwards or outwards simultaneously.

iii) Then the telescope is to be turned through 90°, so that it lies over the third foot screw (i.e
perpendicular to the first position)

iv) The bubble is to be brought to the centre of its run by turning the third foot screw either
clockwise or anticlockwise.

v) Then the telescope is brought back to its original position (position at (i)) and the position of
bubble is checked whether it remains in the center or not.
vi) If the bubble is not in centre the above operations are repeated till the bubble retain at centre
in both the positions.

c) Elimination of parallax.

An apparent change in the position of an object caused by the change in position of the
observer’s eye is known as parallax. This can be eliminated in two steps.

i) Focusing the eye piece for distinct vision of the cross hairs.

ii) Focusing the objective to bring the image of the object in the plane of cross hairs.

i) Focusing the eye piece

The telescope is to be pointed towards the sky or a sheet of white paper is to be hold in front of
the objective.

The eye piece is to be moved in or out by rotating it gradually until the appearance of cross hairs
becomes sharp and distinct.

ii) Focusing the objective

Telescope is to be directed towards the object. Focusing screw is to be turned until the
appearance of the object becomes sharp and clear.

Marks Obtained: Signature of Faculty: Date:

[Link]: MEASUREMENT OF HORIZONTAL ANGLES

BY REITERATION METHOD
Date :

Aim
To measure the horizontal angle by Reiteraion method with the use of Theodolite.

Apparatus used
Theodolite,
Ranging rods,
Pegs or Arrows.

PROCEDURE
1. .Theodolite is set over an instrument station (O) exactly and all the temporary adjustments are
done. Vertical circle is placed left to the observer (face left observation).
2. Vernier A is set to Zero with the help of upper clamp screw and tangent screws. Readings of
Vernier A and B are noted.
3. Upper clamp is clamped. Lower clamp is loosened and the telescope is turned towards “P”. Lower
clamp is clamped and the point “P” is bisected exactly using tangent screws.

4. Upper clamp is loosened and the telescope is turned clockwise to bisect R. Lower clamp is
clamped and R is bisected exactly using tangent screws. Both the verniers are read and noted.
5. The same procedure is repeated for all other points.
6. The face is changed and all the above steps are repeated. (Face right observations).
7. Reading from Q is subtracted by reading R to get included angle QOR. Reading from R is
subtracted by reading S to get included angle ROS.
8. The same procedure is followed to get readings of all other included angles.
Measurement of Horizontal Angle (Reiteration Method)
Instru Sight Face: Swing: Face: Swing: Average
ment to Horizont
Station A B Mean Horizontal A B Mean Horizontal al angle
angle angle
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
′ ″ ′ ″ ′ ″ ′ ″ ′ ″ ′ ″ ′ ″ ′ ″ ′ ″
Result
The horizontal angle between the points
i) Face Left ii) Face Right

POQ = POQ =
QOR = QOR =
ROS = ROS =
SOP = SOP =

Marks Obtained: Signature of Faculty: Date:

[Link]: MEASUREMENT OF HORIZONTAL ANGLES

Date : BY REPETITION METHOD

Aim: To measure the horizontal angle by Repetition method with the use of Theodolite.

Apparatus used: Theodolite, ranging rods, pegs or Arrows.

PROCEDURE

1. Theodolite is set over an instrument station (O) exactly and all the temporary adjustments are
done. Vertical circle is placed left to the observer (face left observation).

2. Vernier A is set to Zero with the help of upper clamp screw and tangent screws. Readings of
Vernier A and B are noted.

3. Upper clamp is clamped. Lower clamp is loosened and the telescope is turned towards “A”.
Lower clamp is clamped and the point “A” is bisected exactly using tangent screws.

4. Both the vernier A and B are read and noted (Must be equal to 0° and 180°
respectively).Upper clamp is unclamped and the telescope is turned clockwise and “B” is
bisected.

5. Upper clamp is clamped and “B” is bisected exactly using tangent screws. Both the verniers
are read. Mean of the readings provide an approximate included angle of AOB.
6. The reading of vernier A gives directly the angle AOB, and 180° is subtracted by the reading
of vernier B. The mean value of two readings gives the angle AOB with one face.

7. Lower clamp is unclamped and the telescope is turned anticlockwise to sight A again. Lower
clamp is clamped and A is bisected exactly using tangent screws.

8. Upper clamp is loosened and the telescope is turned clockwise and B is bisected. Upper clamp
is clamped and B is bisected exactly using tangent screws. The vernier now read twice the value
of angle AOB.

9. Last two steps (7&8) are repeated once again to get the thrice value of angle AOB.

10. Finally obtained reading is divided by 3 to get the mean value of angle AOB.

11. The face is changed and the whole process is repeated. (Face right observations).

12. Average value of two horizontal angles obtained with face left and face right observations is
determined.
Measurement of Horizontal Angle (Reiteration Method)
Instru Sight Face: Swing: Face: Swing: Average
ment to Horizon
Station A B Mean Horizontal A B Mean Horizontal tal angle
angle angle
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
′ ″ ′ ″ ′ ″ ′ ″ ′ ″ ′ ″ ′ ″ ′ ″ ′ ″
Result:

The horizontal angle measured at O between A and B. i.e AOB

a) With face left:-
b) With face right:-
c) Average:-
=

Marks Obtained: Signature of Faculty: Date:

[Link]:
MEASUREMENT OF VERTICAL ANGLE
Date :
Aim:
To Measure the vertical angle between A and B
Instruments required:
1. Theodolite
2. Ranging rods
3. Arrows& tape

Diagram:

Procedure:

1. Theodolite is set up, centered and leveled with reference to the plate bubble.

2. Telescope is placed horizontally by setting the reading of 0°0’0”in the verniers of D and C

3. Levelling process is carried out with the help of foot screws and the altitude bubble is brought

4. Vertical circle clamp is loosened and the telescope is directed upwards to bisect P.

5. Vertical circle clamp is clamped and the point P is exactly bisected using vertical tangent

6. Both the verniers of C and D are read and noted. Mean of the two verniers provide the vertical

7. Face is changed and all the above steps are repeated to get one more vertical angle HOP.

8. Average of the vertical angles taken to get an accurate vertical angle

:
Observation:
Face Left :
Instrument station Sight to A B Horizontal angle

º º

Face Right :
Instrument station Sight to A B Horizontal angle
º º

Result:
The Vertical angle between P and H is = …………………………………

Outcome:
Gain knowledge about closed traversing in the wide field

Marks Obtained: Signature of Faculty: Date:

[Link]:
TANGENTIAL TACHEOMETRY
Date :

Aim:

To determine the gradient of the line joining t he given staff stations A and B and to find the
RL of station B.

Instruments Required : Theodolite, Tape, Peg, Target Levelling staff

Procedure:

1. Set up the instrument approximately between the given objects and do the initial
adjustments.
2. Direct the telescope towards the staff at A and note the central hair reading h o .
Find the vertical angles by bisecting the staff a t two points in the target leveling
staff. The vertical angles may be both at elevation or both at depression or one
elevation and one depression.
3. Now turn the horizontal plate clock -wise and sight towards B. Note the horizontal
angle  .
4. Take the vertical ang les at B and find the target distance S .

Take

RL of BM at A = 100.000m
S = __________m (Target distance )
1 & 2 = Vertical angle to upper and lower targets respectively.
h 1 = Height of lower target above foot of ranging rod
h 0 = Height of instrument above datum line
V = Level difference between A and B = D tan 2
R.L of H.I = R.L. of B.M. + h 0
R.L. of B = R.L. of H.I + V - h 1
Let X = Horizontal distance between A and B
Then, from the above figure,
2 2 2
X = D1 + D2 – 2D1D2 cos
S1 S2
where D 1 = and D2 = ,  = horizontal angle bet’ A and B
tan  1  tan  2 tan  1  tan  2
V
Gradient between A and B =
X
Practical Applications:

1. This method is adopted in obstacles such as steep & broken ground, deep ravines, stretches
of water or swamp and so on, which makes chaining difficult or impossible.
2. This method is adopted when the theodolite is not provided with a stadia diaphragm.
3. This method is also used when the staff is too far from the instrument and it is difficult to read
the staff.

TANGENTIAL TACHEOMETRY– TABULAR COLUMN

Staff reading (central hair) at A = h o =__________________ m

Face : Left Swing : Left

Vertical angle Horizontal angle
Sight C D Mean A B Mean
Inst at Position of vane
to
 ' " ' "  ' "  ' " ' "  ' "
P A Top vane
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Bottom vane
B Top vane
Bottom vane
Face : Right Swing : Right
P A Top vane
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Bottom vane
B Top vane
Bottom vane

Result :

1) The horizontal distance between A and B ( X)=

2) The horizontal angle between A and B ( )=
3) The RL of B =
4) The gradient of the line joining A and B =

Marks Obtained: Signature of Faculty: Date:

[Link]:
TRIGONOMETRY- SINGLE PLANE METHOD
Date :

Aim:
To determine the elevation of an inaccessible object (Tower)

Instruments required : Theodolite, Levelling Staff, Ranging rod, Tape

Procedure :
1. Set up the theodolite at P , level it carefully and observe the angle of elevation 1 .
2. Set the vertical vernier to zero, and note the central hair reading on a staff held
vertically on a B.M. Let it be S 1 .
3. Transit the telescope, so that the line of sight is reversed.
4. Mark a point R in the line of sight at a convenient distance “d ”. Measure it
accurately.
5. Sh ift the theodolite to the point R, centre it and level it. Observe the angle of
elevation 2 .
6. Set the vernier C to zero and take again a B.M. reading (central hair) as S 2 .

Instrument axis a t P is higher than R: (S 1 > S 2 )

h1 = D tan 1
h2 = (d + D ) tan 2
S = Average of S2 – Average of S1
h1 – h2 = S

d tan  2  S
D=
tan 1  tan  2

R.L. of tip of the tower Q = R.L. of B.M. + S1 + h1

Instrument axis at R is higher than P: (S 2 >S 1 )

d tan  2  S
D= ; h1 = D tan 1; h2 = (d + D ) tan 2
tan 1  tan  2

RL of the tip of the tower (Q) = RL of BM + S2 + h 2

Difference in elevation between Q and P = RL of the tip of the tower – 100.00 =

Practical Applications:

1. To determine the elevation of inaccessible objects like church piers, temple towers,
te lecommunication towers, high rise buildings etc.
2. This method is done when the elevated object & the instrument station both lie in the
same vertical plane.
3. Double plane method is done when the elevated object & the instrument station both
lie in different vertical planes.

TRIGONOMETRY- SINGLE PLANE METHOD

Face : Left Swing : Left

Vertical angle Staff reading
Sight C D Mean on BM
Inst at Remarks
to  ' " ' "  ' " (Central
Hair)
P Tower
Q Tower
Face : Right Swing : Right
P Tower
Q Tower

Result:

1) Elevation (RL) of the apex of inaccessible object = ________________m

2) Difference in elevation between top of the tower and RL of inst. axis at P (h 1) =
3) Difference in elevation between top of the tower and RL of inst. axis at R (h 2 )=

Marks Obtained: Signature of Faculty: Date:

[Link]: STADIA TACHEOMETRY

Date : DETERMINATION OF TACHEOMETRIC CONSTANTS

Aim:
To determine the Tacheometric constants.

Instruments required:
Tacheometer with stand, Levelling Staff, Ranging rods, tape

General:
An ordinary transit theodolite fitted with stadia hair is known as Tacheometer. This method
completely eliminated the use of tape or chain an d is very rapid and convenient.

Procedure:
1. Set up the instrument at A.
2. Measure a line AB, 30 metres long on a fairly level ground and fix arrows at 10m
intervals.
3. Note down the stadia hair readings (top, middle, bottom), by placing the staff
over the arrow stations (PQR)
4. Keep the vertical circle to read zero during observations.
5. Calculate the other staff intercepts in the same manner.

Calculation:
Stadia intercept: S = Difference of top and bottom hair readings
Let S 1 , is the staff intercept corresponding to distance D1 and S 2 corresponding to D2 . By
using tachometric equation.
f
D= S + (f+d), since vertical angle is zero.
i
f
where = Multiplying constant denoted by k.
i
and (f+d) = Additive constant denoted by C.
Then D = kS + C
Now we have,
D1 = CS1 + k
D2 = CS2 + k
Solving the above two equations to get the values for C and k.
Similarly find out the values for C and k by other set of readings.
The average values of the C and k, will be the Tacheometric Constants.

Practical Applications:

1. Usually the constants C and k are supplied by the manufacturer of the instrument. But in order
to check the correctness of the values supplied by the manufacturer or to detect any change in
the values of the constants, they are to be determined very often in the field.
10 20 30

TACHEOMETRIC CONSTANTS

Inst. at Staff Horizontal Stadia hair readings Stadia

station distance intercept
Top Middle Bottom

A P 10m

Q 10m

R 10m

Result :

Tacheometric additive constant C =

Tacheometric Multiplying Constant k =

Marks Obtained: Signature of Faculty: Date:

[Link]: DETERMINATION OF HEIGHTS AND DISTANCE
BY STADIA TACHEOMETRY
Date :

Aim : To determine the length of the traverse legs and to find the area enclosed by the traverse.

Instrument required: Tacheometer with tripod,Levelling staff

Formula

Tacheometric equation: D = Ks+C

Where,
K = Multiplying constant
C = Additive constant
s = staff intercept
D = distance of peg points

C2 = a2 +b2 – 2ab cos θ

Area = (1/2) ab sin C

PROCEDURE

1. The instrument is kept at O from which observation can be taken to all the given points and
the temporary arrangements are made.
2. Levelling staff is kept at various points and after keeping the line of sight horizontal, staff
intercepts are taken.
3. Horizontal angles subtended by these stations with the instrument are also observed.
4. With these set of readings, area & the lengths are computed.

Instrument Sight to Stadia horizontal readings Horizontal angles

Station Top Bottom
AOB =
A
BOC =
B
COD =
O C
DOE =
D
EOA =
E
Figure: PRINCIPLE OF STADIA METHOD
Reading on vernier Angle on vernier Mean angle
Instrum Station Mean angle Correct
Observation Angle of Correction
ent bisected A B A B of vernier ed angle
observation
Station
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
A ′ ″ ′ ″ ′ ″ ′ ″ ′ ″ ′ ″ ′ ″ ′ ″
Face : Left AOB = AOB
B AOB
Swing : =
C Right
BOC
D
O COD BOC =
E BOC
A DOE =

EOA COD =
A Face : AOB COD
Right =
B
O Swing : BOC DOE =
C Right
COD
D
DOE
E DOE EOA = =
A
EOA

EOA
=
Result:
1. The length of traverse legs:
AB =
BC =
CD =
DE =
ED =

2. The area of closed traverse is _________

Marks Obtained: Signature of Faculty: Date:

[Link]:
MEASUREMENT OF VERTICAL ANGLES
Date :
Aim
To measure the vertical angle between two objects with the use of Theodolite.

Apparatus Used ; Theodolite, ranging rods, pegs or Arrows.

Point P

Point H

PROCEDURE

1. Theodolite is set up, centered and leveled with reference to the plate bubble.

2. Telescope is placed horizontally by setting the reading of 0°0’0”in the verniers of C and D.

3. Levelling process is carried out with the help of foot screws and the altitude bubble is brought
in its central run.

4. Vertical circle clamp is loosened and the telescope is directed upwards to bisect P.

5. Vertical circle clamp is clamped and the point P is exactly bisected using vertical tangent
screws.

6. Both the verniers of C and D are read and noted. Mean of the two verniers provide the vertical
angle HOP.

7. Face is changed and all the above steps are repeated to get one more vertical angle HOP.

8. Average of the vertical angles taken to get an accurate vertical angle.

9. The same procedure may be adopted to determine the angle of depression HOR by directing
the telescope downwards.
Measurement of Vertical Angle
Instrume Sight Face: Swing: Face: Swing: Average
nt to Vertical
Station A B Mean Vertical A B Mean Vertical angle
angle angle
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
′ ″ ′ ″ ′ ″ ′ ″ ′ ″ ′ ″ ′ ″ ′ ″ ′ ″
Result

1. The observed angle of Elevation is --------------------

2. The observed angle of Depression is --------------------

Marks Obtained: Signature of Faculty: Date:

[Link]: DETERMINATION OF HEIGHTS AND DISTANCE
BY TANGENTIAL TACHEOMETRY
Date :

Aim
To determine the reduced level of the object by using tangential tacheometry.

Instrument required

Tacheometer with tripod

Levelling staff

Formula

1. For Both angles of elevation

D = S/(tan α1- tan α2)

V = D tan α2
RL of Q = HI+ V-r

2. For both angles of depression

D = S /(tan α2 – tan α1)

V = D tan α2
RL of Q = HI- V-r

3. For one angle of elevation and one depression

D = S /(tan α2 + tan α1)

V = D tan α2
RL of Q = HI- V-r

PROCEDURE

1. The instrument is set up at station P and temporary adjustments are made.

2. A Staff reading is taken on the BM with a horizontal line of sight.
3. The telescope is transited. Upper tangent is sighted on the staff held at station Q and the angle
of elevation α1 is noted.
4. The telescope is depressed. The lower tangent is sighted on the same staff and the angle α2 is
noted.
5. The staff intercept between the two tangents is noted.
6. Using the relevant formula, the RL of the given point.
Mean
Reading on vernier Angle on vernier Mean angle
Instru angle of Stadia Stadia Height of
Object Observation of
ment vernier readings Intercept instrument
C D C D observation
Station
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
0 0 0 0 0 0
P ′ ″ ′ ″ ′ ″ ′ ″ ′ ″ ′ ″ m m m
Face : Left
Swing :
Q Right

O P Face :
Right
Swing :
Q Right

RL of BM = ____________ m
Result:

1. The RL of a given object = ___________ m

2. Distance between the instrument station and staff station = ______________m

Marks Obtained: Signature of Faculty: Date:

[Link]:
STUDY OF ELECTRIC TOTAL STATION
Date :
Aim: .
To study the general introduction of total station survey
Introduction:

A total station is an electric/optical instrument used in modern surveying. It is also used

by archaeologists to record excavations as well as by police, crime scene investigators, private
accident deconstructionists and insurance companies to take measurements of scenes.
Furthermore, they can make computations with angle and distance measurements and
display the result in real times.

They are used for;

Topographic Surveys

Hydrographic surveys

Cadastral surveys

Construction surveys

The total station is an electric Theodolite (transit) integrated with electric distance meter (EDM)
to read distance from the instrument to a particular spatial entity. Some models include internal
electric data storage to record distance, horizontal angles, and vertical angle measured, while
other models are equipped to write these measurements to an external data collector, which is a
hand-held computer.

Angles and distance are measured from total station to points under survey, and the coordinates
(X,Y and Z or northing, easting and elevation) of surveyed points relative to the total station
position are calculated using trigonometry and triangulation.

Data can be downloading from the total station to a computer and application software used to
compute results and generate a map of the surveyed area.

Most modern total station instruments measure angles by means of electro-optical scanning of
extremely precise digital bar-code etched on rotating glass cylinders or disc within the
instrument. The best quality total stations are capable angles to 0.5 arc-second. Inexpensive
“construction grade” total station generally measure angles to 5 or 10 arc-second.

Measurements of distance is accomplished with a modulated microwave or infrared carrier

signal, generated by a small solid- state emitter within the instrument’s optical path, and reflected
by prism reflector or object under survey. The modulation pattern in the returning signal is read
and interpreted by the onboard computer in the total station. The distance is determined by
emitting and receiving multiple frequencies, and determining the integer number of wavelengths
to the target for each frequency. Most total stations use purpose-built glass porro’s prism
reflectors for the EDM signal, and can measure distance to a few kilometers. The typical total
station can measures to about 3 millimeters 1/1000th of a foot.

Reflector less total stations can measure distances to any object that is reasonably light in color,
to a few hundred meters.

Characteristics of Total Station Instrument:

They combine three basic components:

1. an electric distance measuring

2. an electric angle measuring components
3. a computer or microprocessor

These devices can automatically measure horizontal and vertical angles, as well as slope distance
from the single setup.

Parts of a total station instrument

The upper part of total station instrument (alidade) includes

1. Telescope

2. Graduated circle

3. All other elements necessary for measuring angle and distances.

Functions performed by total station instruments
1. In additional to providing guidance to the operator, microprocessors of total stations can
perform many different types of computations;
2. Averaging of multiple angle and distance measurements
3. Correcting electronically measured distances for prism constants, atmospheric pressure
and temperature.
4. Making curvature and refraction corrections to elevations determined by trigonometric
leveling.
5. Reducing slope distances to their horizontal and vertical components.

Uses of Total Station:

• The total station instrument is mounted on a tripod and is levelled by operating

levelling screws. Within a small range instrument is capable of adjusting itself to the
level position. Then vertical and horizontal reference directions are indexed using
onboardkeys.

• When target is sighted, horizontal and vertical angles as well as sloping distances are
measured and by pressing appropriate keys they are recorded along with pointnumber
Result:

Thus the working of Total station is studied.

Marks Obtained: Signature of Faculty: Date:

[Link]:
MEASURING HORIZONTAL AND VERTICAL ANGLES
Date :
Aim:
Measure the area of given boundary points by using Total Station.
Apparatus Required:
1. Total Station and tripod
2. Prism and prism rod
3. Arrows

Diagram:
Procedure:
1. Set the instrument at the station point which the point covers all boundary points.
2. Do the temporary adjustments in the instrument and level it properly.
3. Set the prism height and enter the prism height value in Total Station.
4. Consider all boundary points in closed traverse.
5. Select the area measurement option and bisect the boundary points with the help of prism.
6. Take readings from all boundary points and directly found the area from Total Station.

Result:
The area of the given field = -------------- measured by Total Station.

Outcome:
Gain the ability to use modern survey equipment to measure angle and distance.

Marks Obtained: Signature of Faculty: Date:

[Link]:
TRAVERSING USING TOTAL STATION
Date :
Aim:
To do a closed traversing for at least five points using Total Station.
Equipment:
1. Total Station
2. Tripod
3. Prism and Pole
4. Arrows
5. Field Book

Procedure:
1. Identify the points on the ground for traversing and mark them arrows.
2. Choose a control point for using it as first station point such that at least
one control point for back-sight is visible
3. Set up the instrument on the point chosen in step 2.
4. Press MENU
5. Press F1 (Programs)
6. Press F1 (Survey).
7. For Setting up the job as you know the coordinates of two control points
on the paper follow the following steps.
8. Press F1 (Set Job).
9. Press F1 (New) .
10. Enter the New Job Name by pressing F1 (Input).
11. Give the name of the job by using the Function key F1 to F4.
12. Press F4 (OK).
13. Press F2 (Set Station) .
14. In front of the station give the number of the station by giving the
number of the station where you are standing.
15. Press F2 (FIND).
16. Press F4 (ENH).
17. Enter the Easting, Northing and Elevation of the point where you are
standing.
18. Press F4 (OK).
19. In front of hi (height of the Instrument) Enter the Instrument height by
measuring it.
20. Press F3 (Set Orientation).
21. Press F2 (Coordinates).
22. In front of BS (Back Sight) Enter the number of the back sight point to
which you are aligning.
23. Press F4 (ENH).
24. Press F4 (OK).
25. Press PAGE.
26. Press F4 until you have DISTIn front of F1.
27. The value in front of gives the relative error in the station shifting.
28. Press F2 (REC).
29. Press F4 (NO).
30. Press F4 (Start).
31. Take foresight on first traverse point enter point ID and record its
coordinates. (This point will be the next instrument station)
32. Shift the instrument to first traverse point and follow the standard
procedure to obtain the coordinates of second traverse point.
33. Continue until you finish all traverse points.
34. Check whether there is any closing error. If it is there apply corrections to
the coordinate and plot the traverse.
(If you are using advanced instruments closing error will be shown automatically in
traverse report and traverse can be adjusted on board)

Result :
Record the coordinates obtained for each point in your field book. If there is a
closing error apply correction to all the coordinates. Plot the survey on a drawing
sheet using the corrected coordinates.

Comments/Inference:
Write your comments and observations on the result obtained.

Applications:
In control surveys and topographical surveys it is required to do traversing. In
control surveys, using the existing control points it is required to establish new
control points. In topographical surveys using the existing control points and also
by establishing new control points it is required obtain the coordinates of various
details like buildings, roads and other features.

Marks Obtained: Signature of Faculty: Date:

[Link]:
DETERMINATION OF AREA USING TOTAL STATION
Date :
Aim:
To determine area of a piece of land using Total Station.
Equipment :
1. Total Station
2. Tripod
3. Prism and Pole
4. Arrows
5. Field Book

Procedure :
1) Using arrows mark the corners of the land whose area is to be found.
2) Choose a point for the Total station set up such that from this point all the
points marked in step 1 are visible and set up the station on this point.
3) Press MENU.
4) Press F1 (Programs).
5) Press PAGE.

6) Press F2 (Area).

7) The First three steps (F1, F2 and F3) for station setup and orientation (refer
to Step1 and Step 2).
8) Press F4 (Start).
The points whose area is to be found can be either in the memory or can be shot
directly in the field.
9) In front of Point ID Enter the number of the first point, then sight the point
by keeping the reflector on that point. Press F1 (ALL) or press the trigger.
10) Repeat step 9 for the remaining points in a proper sequence until you have
shot all the points. Once you have shot all the point you can see the area
displayed on the screen automatically.

Result :
The area of the given piece of land is, A =

Comments/Inference:
Write your comments and observations on the result obtained.

Applications :
In cadastral surveys it is required to make a plan of land showing all its boundaries
and also obtain its area. This information about the land is useful for land
development and selling and purchase of land.

Marks Obtained: Signature of Faculty: Date:

[Link]: DISTANCE, GRADIENT AND DIFFERENCE OF
HEIGHT BETWEEN TWO INACCESSIBLE
POINTS USING TOTAL STATION.
Date :

Aim:
To obtain the distance, gradient and difference of height between two in
accessible points using the Total Station.

Equipment:
1. Total Station
2. Tripod
3. Prism and Pole
4. Field Book

Procedure :
The Tie Distance Program is used to find the horizontal distance between two
points by measurement in the field.
1. Identify the two points for measuring the distance.
2. Choose a point for the Total station set up such that from this point the
two points marked in step 1 are visible and set up the station on this
point.
3. Press MENU.
4. Press PAGE.

5. Press F1 (Tie Distance).

6. The First three steps (F1, F2 and F3) for station setup and orientation (refer
to Step1 and Step 2).
7. Press F4 (Start).
8. There are two type of distance Polygonal and Radial.
9. The Polygonal is the point-to-point distance where as the Radial is used
for finding the distance from a single point being kept fixed.
10. When the Points are not in memory and you want to operate the program
by taking the measurements right in the field,

11. In front of the point enter the number of the point and Press F3 (ALL).
12. In front of the point2 Enter the number of the second point again sight it
and press F3 (ALL).
13. Now you can see the results displayed on the screen.

Result :
The distance (d), gradient (s) and difference of height (h) between two in
accessible points are, d = ,s= ,h=

Comments/Inference:
Write your comments and observations on the result obtained.

Applications:
In topographical surveys, some times features like buildings etc. are not
accessible. Therefore a surveyor should be familiar with the technique of obtaining
the horizontal distance, difference in height and hence the gradient between two
inaccessible points.

Marks Obtained: Signature of Faculty: Date:

VIVA QUESTIONS

1. What is the fundamental difference between surveying and leveling?

In surveying the measurements are taken in horizontal plane, but in leveling they are taken in the
vertical plane.

2. What is the fundamental difference between plane surveying and geodetic surveying?
In Plane surveying, the curvature of the earth is not considered. But in Geodetic surveying, the
curvature of the earth is considered.

3. What do you mean by terms “topographical map” and cadastral map?

A map which shows the natural features of a country such as rivers, hills, roads, railways,
villages, towns, etc. is known as topographical map, and one which shows the boundaries of
estates, fields, houses, etc. is known as a cadastral map.

4. What is the main principle of surveying?

The fundamental principle of surveying is to work from the whole to the part.

5. How is a chain folded and unfolded?

In order to fold the chain, a chainman moves forward by pulling the chain at the middle so that
two halves come side by side. Then he places the pair of links on his left hand with his right hand
until the two brass handles appear at the top.
To unfold the chain: A chain man holds the two brass handles in his left hand and throws the
bunch with his right hand. Then one chain man stands at a station holding one handle and
another chainman moves forward by holding the other handle.

6. In a chaining operation, who is the leader and who is the follower?

The chain man at the forward end of the chain who drags the chain is known as the leader and
the one at the rear end of the chain is known as the follower.

7. While chaining a line, if you have to measure through a steep sloping ground, what
method should you apply?
The stepping method.

8. Two stations are not intervisible due to intervening high ground. How will you range the
line?
The ranging is to be done by the reciprocal method.
9. What do you mean by normal tension?
The tension at which the measured distance is equal to the correct distance (i.e; when sag
correction is neutralized by pull correction) is known as normal tension.

10. What do you mean by RF?

The ratio of the distance on the drawing to the corresponding actual length of the object is known
as RF.

11. What is the difference between plain scale and diagonal scale?
The plain scale represents two successive units. The diagonal scale represents three successive
units.

12. What is hypotenuse allowance?

When one chain length is measured on slopping ground then it shows a shorter distance on the
horizontal distance is known as the hypotenusal allowance.

13. How many ranging rods are required to range a line?

At least three ranging rods required for direct ranging and at least four for indirect ranging.

14. What is the length of one link in a 20m chain?

The 20m chain is divided in to 100 links. So, one link is 0.2m. i.e; 20cm. long.

15. What is the Principle of chain surveying?

The Principle of chain surveying is triangulation.

16. What do you mean by triangulation?

The method of dividing an area into a number of triangles is known as triangulation.

17. Why is the triangle preferred to the quadrilateral?

The triangle is preferred just it is a simple figure which can be drawn by just knowing the lengths
of its sides.

18. What is the disadvantage of using ill – conditioned triangles?

The apex point of an ill conditioned triangle is not well defined and sharp. This may cause some
confusion while marking the actual point correctly on the map.

19. What is reconnaissance survey?

The preliminary inspection of the area to be surveyed is known as reconnaissance survey.
20. What is an index sketch?
During reconnaissance survey a neat hand sketch is prepared showing the frame work of the
survey. This sketch is known as index sketch.

21. What is base line of survey?

Base line is the back bone of the survey. The frame work of the survey is prepared on this line.

22. How is the north line of the chain survey map fixed?
The north line of the chain survey map is fixed by taking the magnetic bearings of the base line
by prismatic compass.

23. Suppose you are asked to conduct a chain survey in a crowded town what would you
say?
In chain survey, whole area is to be divided into a number of triangles. But the formation of
triangles is not possible in a crowded area. So I would reject the proposal.

24. What should be the maximum length of the offset?

The maximum length of the offset should be within the length of the tape used. Generally it
should not be more than 15m.

25. How is a station marked on the ground?

The station is marked on the ground by a wooden peg and with a cross on the station point.

26. What is the need of a reference sketch?

If the station peg is removed by some one the station can be located accurately with the help of
measurements shown in reference sketch.

27. How will you set up a perpendicular with the help of only a chain and tape?
By forming triangle in the ratio [Link] using the chain and tape.

28. Who are the leader and follower when a line is being chained?
The chain man at the forward end of the chain who drags the chain is known as the leader. The
one at the rear end of the chain is known as the follower.

29. Why does the field book open lengthwise?

If the field book is opened lengthwise, it becomes easy to maintain the continuation of a chain
line.
30. Why is the scale always drawn in the map?
The paper on which the map is drawn may shrink or expand due to various reasons. If the scale is
plotted on the map, then it is also reduced or enlarged proportionately. So the distance on the
map measured by this scale remains unaltered.

31. What is it necessary to provide tallies in a chain?

Tallies are provided in a chain for the facility to counting some fractional length of the chain,
when the full chain length is not required.

32. What do you mean by the term ideal triangle?

An equilateral triangle is said to be ideal.