8

English
Quarter 2- Module 4:
Formulating Assertions

AIRs - LM
English 8
Quarter 2 - Module 4: Formulating Assertions
First Edition, 2020

Copyright © 2020
La Union Schools Division
Region I

All rights reserved. No part of this module may be reproduced in any form
without written permission from the copyright owners.

Development Team of the Module

Author: Sherlyn Mae M. Sudaria

Editor: SDO La Union, Learning Resource Quality Assurance Team
Illustrator: Ernesto F. Ramos, Jr., P II

Management Team:

ATTY. Donato D. Balderas, Jr.

Schools Division Superintendent
Vivian Luz S. Pagatpatan, Ph.D
Assistant Schools Division Superintendent
German E. Flora, Ph.D, CID Chief
Virgilio C. Boado, Ph.D, EPS in Charge of LRMS
Belen C. Aquino, Ph.D, EPS in Charge of English
Michael Jason D. Morales, PDO II
Claire P. Toluyen, Librarian II
English
Quarter 2- Module 4:
Formulating Assertions
Target
Critical thinking is a very essential skill in reading. One cannot fully
understand, infer, or decode information presented in reading materials if he does
not possess this skill. It is important to be able to read critically so that you can
understand an author’s message clearly, accurately, and completely.
In critical reading, one can make judgments and interpretations of the text
you are reading, thus it leads you towards formulating your own stand or opinion.
As you go on with this module, you will be able to compare and contrast
your own opinions with those presented in the given texts. You will also be able to
appreciate the importance of being able to read critically, formulate and present
your own stand or opinion, and convince others to accept your judgment or
interpretation of the various reading texts that will be presented.
This module provides discussion about the lesson with suitable
examples and simplified activities for you to read and understand to be able to
answer correctly and improve your skills in reading and critical thinking.
Let’s start by becoming familiar with the MOST ESSENTIAL
LEARNING COMPETENCIES. These will tell you what you should know and what
you should able to do at the end of every lesson.

Learning Competency:
EN8RC-IIc-2.1.7: React to assertions made by the author in the text

Learning Objectives:
A. Identify the different types of assertion
B. Infer from the given texts to be able to formulate own opinions
C. Differentiate facts, opinions, and assertions
D. Formulate assertions from the given texts
E. Develop a sense of self-independence and honesty in reading and
answering the module

Jumpstart
Pre-Assessment

Directions: Analyze the following statements and identify what is being asked.
Write the letter of the correct answer on your notebook.
1. Which of the following refers to a forceful statement used to make a
declaration or to express strong belief on a certain topic?
A. Affirmation C. Fact
B. Assertion D. Opinion
2. Which refers to a belief, judgment, or way of thinking about a particular
topic and is not necessarily based on facts?
A. Affirmation C. Fact
B. Assertion D. Opinion
3. When is the best time to formulate literary assertion?
A. after reading a story C. before watching a play
B. before writing a poem D. after playing online games
4. The following are types of assertion EXCEPT:
A. Basic Assertion C. Emphatic Assertion
B. Core Assertion D. I-Language Assertion
5. Which among the types of assertion expresses empathy or on how a person
understands the feelings or emotions of the author?
A. Basic Assertion C. Emphatic Assertion
B. Core Assertion D. I-Language Assertion
6. What type of assertion focuses on the writer and his feelings and preference?
A. Basic Assertion C. Emphatic Assertion
B. Core Assertion D. I-Language Assertion
7. Which among the types of assertion expresses the writer’s feelings, beliefs,
and opinions directly?
A. Basic Assertion C. Emphatic Assertion
B. Core Assertion D. I-Language Assertion
8. Why do we need to formulate assertions? (Choose two answers)
A. to let the writer directly convey his idea or feeling
B. to present the conclusion of the academic research
C. to let the reader understand the background of the story
D. to convince the reader to accept the writer’s interpretation
9. What makes a strong literary assertion?
A. Every assertion must be followed by facts and evidence.
B. Every assertion must include the summary of the article.
C. Every assertion must include observation made by the novelist.
D. Every assertion must contain hypothesis proposed by the author.
10. The following are parts of the I-Language Assertion EXCEPT:
A. It contains information from other credible sources.
B. It contains specific information from the literary work.
C. It contains information on its effect or feeling of the writer.
D. It contains information on the recommendation of the writer.
Source: https://www.slideshare.net/VanessaRamones/formulating-assertions

It is good to see that you are heading to the most important part of this
module. READ and take your outmost time to UNDERSTAND the important
points about this lesson. As you go deeper the different activities and tasks,
do not forget to take a deep breath, smile and say to yourself, I can do this!
Remember that learning will bring so much fun so just enjoy!

Discover

LESSON 1: KNOWING FACT AND OPINION

The ability to distinguish between fact and opinion helps students develop
their critical and analytical skills in both their reading and their listening. Fact
and opinion are often used in texts and speeches. It is therefore very important
that students are able to distinguish what is true from what is mere belief.
Whether on the news, in advertising, and in history books, distinguishing
between what is fact and what is opinion is crucial to becoming an independent
person with the critical abilities necessary to avoid being manipulated easily.
FACT
 a true statement that can be proved or verified; it does not change no
matter who says it
 can be proven by direct experience, testimonies of witnesses, verified
observations or the results of research

How to identify factual statement:

You need to ask the following questions to identify if it is a factual statement:
1. Can the statement be proved or demonstrated to be true?
2. Can the statement be observed in practice or operation?
3. Can you see it happen?
4. Can the statement be verified by witnesses, manuscripts, or documents?

Examples:
1. Your heart pumps blood through your body.
2. According to a study, reading can help prevent Alzheimer’s.
3. Psychologists have found that simulating a genuine smile can boost your
mood.
4. A study by NASA concluded that indoor plants remove air pollution and
allergens.
5. President Rodrigo Roa Duterte is the current president of the Philippines.

OPINION
 a view or judgment formed about something, not necessarily based on fact or
knowledge
 is a personal belief or attitude about something that isn't necessarily based
on facts

How to identify opinion:

We use two types of words to identify opinions:
1. Biased Words (bad, worse, worst, good, better, best, worthwhile, worthless, etc.)
2. Qualifiers (all, always, likely, never, might seem, possibly, probably, should, etc.)

Examples:
1. I guess, pasta is more nutritious than pizza.
2. For me, mangoes taste better than pineapples.
3. All teenagers like to waste their time in social media.
4. Traveling in Asia is more fun than traveling in Europe.
5. I prefer biking than watching movies because it is more adventurous than
just sitting on the couch while eating popcorn.

Can you already distinguish the type of these statements?

______________1. Nike shoes is more durable than Adidas.
______________2. English is more fun and interesting than Mathematics.
_______________3. Studies have demonstrated that one of the major saturated fats in
chocolate does not raise cholesterol like other hard fats–meaning
chocolate can be enjoyed in moderation.
REVIEW
In the examples given under factual statements, observe the bolded words or
phrases. These words or phrases prove that the statements are verified through
direct experiences, observations and research. As you remember, a statement must
be verified or proved first to be considered as factual.
Look closely also to the bolded words and phrases in the examples given
under opinion. These words or phrases are used to express personal belief,
preference, and point of view only.

Be ready for the next part of this module and always apply what you have
learned!

Explore

Activity
A. Directions: Using the web graphic organizer, locate the given words or
phrases inside the box that can be associated or connected to facts and
opinions. Copy the graphic organizer and write your answer in your
notebook.

Fact Opinion

verified judgment research conclusions

beliefs perceptions personal point of view
testimonies observations direct experience
B. Based from your answers in the graphic organizer, explain the
difference between facts and opinions by completing the item below.
Write your answer in your notebook.

A fact is __________________________________________________________
while an opinion is ________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________.

C. Directions: Read each statement carefully then decide whether it is a

fact or an opinion. Copy the table on your notebook then check the
column of your answer.

Statements Fact Opinion

1. I am absolutely sure that Mom’s spaghetti is the tastiest
spaghetti in the world.
2. Baguio is more fun and exciting than Boracay.
3. According to Ecology Global Network, four babies are
born every second.
4. I guess living in the province is more peaceful than
living in Metro Manila.
5. It seems to me that the president knows what he is
doing.
6. According to the U.S. Geological Survey, Japan records
the most earthquakes in the world.
7. Goods and products are cheaper in Singapore than in
Japan.
8. According to National Geographic, 73% of all beach
litter is plastic.
9. According to World Economic Forum researchers, just
10 rivers across Asia and Africa carry 90% of the plastic
that ends up in the oceans.
10. I believe that the greatest president in the USA is
Barack Obama.
11. Diabetes is one of the leading causes of death in the
world, according to the World Health Organization.
12. Zianne is more beautiful than Yvanna.
13. For me, that movie was the worst movie that I have
watched.
14. Manila is the best city in the world.
15. The Philippines takes its name from Phillip II, who
was the king of Spain during Spanish colonization of
the islands in the 16th century.

D. Infer from the given situations below to come up with the best opinion
that fits every situation presented. Write the letter of your choice in
your notebook.

1. Christian is an exchange student from the Philippines and will be

staying in Singapore for three months. In his literature class, his
professor assigned him to read Singaporean short stories, poems,
plays, novels, and watch classic Singaporean films. In your opinion,
what could be the professor’s aim in giving this task to Christian?
A. I think, the professor needs Christian to do his literary criticisms for him.
B. For me, the professor only thinks of very appropriate activities for the
exchange student program.
C. I strongly believe that the professor wants Christian to make a report
about his experiences while in Singapore.
D. In my own opinion, the professor just want Christian to appreciate
Singaporean culture and its diversity better.

2. As the Supreme Student Government president, you’re asked by the

school principal to help prepare a welcome booth for the Singaporean
sponsors of the school. The principal wants to have a film viewing as
part of the booth. In your opinion, what should you do to ensure that
the film would be the most appropriate for the booth?

A. I think, I should ask some film critics about the film that I will choose.
B. I guess, I should watch the film to check if it does contain basic
Singaporean values and culture.
C. I believe, the best thing to do is to write a film review about it and submit
it to the principal for examination.
D. I should make sure that the film does reflect Singaporean values and
culture through reading some reviews about the film.

3. Sam is going to prepare a film review for their cultural club. He doesn’t
know what should be observed in writing the review. In your point of
view, what do you think is the best thing to recommend to Sam?

A. I think, he should watch the film first then write the review.
B. I believe, it is better if he would search for a definite format of a film
review.
C. I guess, he should find and study a film review format, watch the movie,
and then write the review.
D. For me, he should find some people who have watched the film already to
help him write his review.

4. In your literature class, your performance task is to make an

adaptation of Mahabharata. For you to be able to show the adaptation
clearly and effectively, what do you think is the possible output you
could have for this project?
A. I guess, I should prepare a drama presentation of Mahabharata.
B. I believe, the best thing to do is to have a photocopy of the story.
C. I am absolutely sure that the best thing to do is to write a slogan about the
story.
D. I think, the best possible output that I could do is to make my own version
of the story.
5. Daphnie is a researcher from the Department of Tourism. She is tasked
to gather information about Asians’ ways of living, style of dressing
up, eating, expressing their faith, courtship and beliefs. She wants the
public especially the non-Asians to be familiar with those things so
that they could understand them better. In your perspective, what
should be the focus of her research?
A. I think, she should focus on Asia’s economics
B. For me, she should focus on researching about Asia’s history.
C. It seems to me that she should focus on researching about Asia’s politics.
D. I strongly believe that she should focus on digging about Asian’s customs
and traditions.
6. Sandra is going to Malaysia for a student-exchange program. She
wants to know the culture of Malaysia before she goes there. In your
own opinion, how can Sandra know some Malaysian traditions,
beliefs, and heritage in a literary perspective?

A. I believe, watching some Malaysian news programs can help her learn
more about Malaysian traditions in a literary perspective.
B. I believe that reading some travel brochure from Malaysia will help her
learn more about Malaysian traditions in a literary perspective.
C. For me, doing research on the political structure of Malaysia can help her
be knowledgeable about Malaysian traditions in a literary perspective.
D. I think, reading Malaysian short stories, poems, and plays can help her
broaden her knowledge about Malaysian traditions in a literary
perspective.
7. John has been reading many Malaysian stories and had watched some
Malaysian movies lately. One day, a Malaysian student visited their
place and he had the chance to mingle with him. Though it’s John’s
first time to meet the Malaysian, he knew what to do to make him feel
at home. In your own opinion, how do you think did John manage to do
that?

A. I guess, it is because Filipinos are known to be hospitable, just like John.

B. For me, it is because John is naturally friendly, so he knows how to deal
with people.
C. In my own perspective, John tried his best to mingle with him because he
wants to ask a favor from the Malaysian.
D. I strongly believe that it is because John has already learned the
traditions, beliefs and culture of Malaysians from his readings.

8. You are a member of ASEAN Culture Society, a non-government

organization that aims to promote the rich culture of the Southeast
Asian region. Your organization wants you to help find a movie that
will promote the culture of Malaysia for a film showing activity. Which
of the following do you think is the best that you should you do for
your organization?

A. I think, I should give my organization a list of the box-office hit movies

from Malaysia.
B. I think, I should develop a survey asking students about their preferred
theme for a movie.
C. I guess, I should find a Malaysian folktale and its movie adaptation and
write a movie review about it.
D. I guess, I should find a Malaysian film director and ask his/her advice
about a movie adaptation of a folktale.
9. You are the feature editor of Philippine Daily News. You are tasked to
make a write up about the Muslims. You want the public especially
the Christians to be familiar with their customs because it will guide
them to understand Muslims better. What do you think should be the
focus of your article?
A. I think, I should focus on writing about Muslims’ politics.
B. I guess, I should focus on writing about Muslims’ history.
C. I think, I should focus on writing about Muslims’ economics.
D. I guess, I should focus on writing about Muslims’ customs and traditions.

10. You interviewed a Korean about the ways of coping with the
challenges of modernity. The Korean answered all of your questions
with a degree of certainty. How do you think will you preserve all the
Korean’s answers so that you can use these answers in the making
of a feature article?
A. I think, I will just take down important details and make sure that I will
write very fast.
B. I guess, I will just remember everything so that I will not disturb or
distract the interviewee.
C. I think, I will just stop him from answering from time to time so that I can
write down everything in a notebook.
D. I guess, I will just ask the Korean’s permission if I can record the entire
interview through a video or voice recorder.

What an exceptional job! You are done with the different tasks on
Facts and Formulating Opinions. Apply all the learning you have in
answering your other modules. It would really help you a lot!
Now, take a rest and relax for you deserve it. Be ready for more
tasks ahead. Go for it!

Discover

LESSON 2: FORMULATING ASSERTIONS

Becoming a good critical reader means that you are able to logically evaluate
the claims of the writer. Any writer would want the reader to consider—and
possibly agree with—the claims that he or she puts forward. In expository
writing, assertions become the primary channel for a reader to agree or approve to
a claim. Assertions are declarative sentences that claim something is true about
something else. Simply put, it is a sentence that is either true or false.

ASSERTION
 It is a statement used to make a declaration or to express strong belief on a
particular topic, often without evidence.
 It is an approach or technique involving a strong declaration, a forceful or
confident and positive statement regarding a belief or a fact. Often, it is
without proof or any support. Its purpose is to express ideas or feelings
directly.
 It’s not necessarily factually correct, but the person making the assertion
forcefully states their belief as if it were true.

Purpose of Formulating Assertions:

 It is for the writer to express directly an idea or feeling and to convince the
reader to accept the writer’s interpretation of a particular literary work.
Things to Consider Before Formulating Assertions in Literature:
1. Assertions can only be written or formulated after reading a poem, story,
and even after watching a play.
2. One must comprehensively or completely read or watch the literary work or
text.
3. He must take down the part of the text where he agrees, or he is opposed to,
followed by his explanation of it.
4. It is best to collect evidence from the same or other literary authors that
have the same assertion as with the writer.

Let us use the short literary text below as basis in formulating different types of
assertion:

Before the arrival of the Spaniards, the culture and values of the Filipinos are
still in tacked. Precolonial Philippines has their own form of government and social
structure. Every local community is composed of small kingdom or tribe headed by
a chieftain called the “rajah” or “datu”. Social structure also exists and is composed
of three classes namely- the “maharlika” or freeman, “timawa” or the middle class
and the “alipin” or the slaves. Judicial, legislative and executive systems, also
known as the branches of the government, are also present during precolonialism.
The “datu” formulates the law, “village elders” help the datu in deciding and
promulgating laws and the “umalohokan” or town crier is the one who disseminates
new law or ordinaces.
Philippines is also known as sea travelers with the use of their “balangay” or
Butuan boat. They also had smooth foreign relation because of the trading of
minerals and goods. Literacy rate is also high because of the existence of the
“baybayin” or the ancient writing method. All of these advances were abolished as
the Spaniards fully colonized the country.

Types of Assertion:
1. Basic Assertion- is a statement used to express the writer’s feelings, beliefs,
and opinions directly
Example:
The Philippines has an advanced civilization before the colonization of
Spain. Form and branches of government, social structure and the existence
of ancient writing are some of the evidence that proves the advancement of
the precolonial period.
Explanation:
The first sentence is considered as the basic assertion. The second
sentence contains evidence that support the assertion.

2. Emphatic Assertion- is a statement used to express empathy or on how a

person understands the feelings and emotions of the literary author
 It is usually composed of two parts:
a. The first part is a statement that recognizes the situation or even the
feelings of the characters on the text being read.
b. The second statement is where the writer states his stand about the
situation.
Example:
I know that the Philippines, before pre-Spanish colonization, has their
system of writing called the “baybayin”. This alone proves that the Filipinos
are literate as opposed to the Spaniards’ claim.

Explanation:
The first statement recognizes the situation based on the text being
read. The second statement contains the writer’s stand or opinion on the
situation presented.

3. I-Language Assertion- is a statement used to express the feeling and

preference of the writer
-it focuses on the writer and is using the pronoun “I”
-this type of assertion is recommended if the author wants to express
negative feelings and opinion
 It is composed of three parts:
a. The first part contains the accurate information from the literary work,
especially the topic the writer disagrees with. (When you…)
b. The second part includes the effect or feeling of the writer towards the
topic. (It affects/ I feel…)
c. The last part includes the preference or recommendation of the writer.
(Therefore, I prefer/ I want…)
Example:
(1)Upon reading that the ancient Filipino civilization is divided into
three social classes namely the “maharlika”, “timawa”, and “alipin”, (2) I feel
proud because of the civilization’s social advancement and at the same time sad
because of the promulgation of social differentiation. With this finding, (3) I
want to do further research on the existence of these social classes’ stigma.
Explanation:
The example given is divided into three parts that includes the feelings
and preference of the writer.

Explore
Activity
A. Directions: Below are some assertions we encounter or use in our
personal and professional lives. Organize the following assertions in a
table according to their type. Copy the table below then write the
statements on their correct placement.

1. “When you are late to a meeting, I become irritable because I feel as if

you do not value our work enough to be on time. Therefore, I would like
you to arrive on time for our meetings.”
2. “I would like you to wait until I have finished speaking.”
3. “I recognize you are busy with multiple projects, but I still need a
response to my email by Thursday.”
4. “I would like to finish this email before we have our conversation.”
5. "When you shout, the effect is I am unable to work with you and I feel
angry. Therefore, I would like for you to stop shouting and tell me what
you want."
6. “I imagine you may be feeling frustrated with the lack of deadlines for
this project, but I want us to get everything right before we set an
endpoint.”
7. I would like to go to a movie tonight.”
8. “When you didn’t buy the groceries like you said you would, I couldn’t
cook the dinner for my parents. I feel hurt and angry with you. Next time,
I’d like you to follow through when you agree to do something like that.”
9. “I know you’ve been very busy, and I want to feel that our friendship is
important to you. I want you to make time for me and for us.”
10. “I can see that you are upset and not in the mood to talk right now; I
would very much like to talk it over when you are ready.

Basic Assertion Emphatic Assertion I-Language Assertion

Deepen
YOUR FINAL TASK
A. Formulate your own assertions from the given literary text below.
Compose two (2) assertions for each type then write your answer on
your notebook.

Example:
A lot of people, especially young people, go through the day without
having breakfast. Many people believe that it is not necessary, or they say
that they don’t have time for that, and begin their day with no meal. I
believe that everyone should eat breakfast before going to their activities.

 Type of Assertion:
Emphatic Assertion
 Assertion: I recognize that a lot of people are very busy early in the morning
especially the young people but I still believe that breakfast is the most
essential meal of the day and that we shouldn’t skip it.

Before the coming of the Spanish colonizers, the people of the

Philippine archipelago had already attained a semi communal and semi
slave social system in many parts and also a feudal system in certain parts,
especially in Mindanao and Sulu, where such a feudal faith as Islam had
already taken roots.
The barangay was the typical community in the whole archipelago. It
was the basic political and economic unit independent of similar others.
Each embraced a few hundreds of people and a small territory. Each was
headed by a chieftain called the “rajah” or “datu”.
The social structure comprised a petty nobility, the ruling class which
has started to accumulate land that is owned privately or administered in
the name of the clan community; an intermediate class of freemen called
the “maharlikas” who had enough land for their livelihood or who rendered
special service to the rulers and who did not have to work in the fields; and
the ruled classes that included the “timawas”, the serf who shared the
crops with the petty nobility, and also the slaves and semi slaves who
worked without having any definite share in the harvest. There were two
kinds of slaves then: the “aliping namamahay”, those who had their own
quarters and those who lived in their masters’ house and the “aliping
sagigilid”, one acquired status of a serf or slave by inheritance, failure to
pay debts and tribute, commission of crimes and captivity in wars between
barangays.

 Type of Assertion: Basic Assertion

1. Assertion:______________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
2. Assertion:______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________

 Type of Assertion: Emphatic Assertion

3. Assertion:______________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
4. Assertion:______________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________

 Type of Assertion: I-Language Assertion

5. Assertion:______________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
6. Assertion:______________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________

It’s time to have a good time for you did an absolute amazing job! I am proud
of you for keeping your passion and patience just to finish all the tasks in this
Module. Continue exploring the exciting world of formulating assertions where
you can freely express your opinions, stands, and ideas in a stylistic and creative
way.
Now, loosen up. Grab some cold drink and a delicious treat for today’s
accomplishment. You deserve a break!
Gauge

A. Direction: Complete the sentence below with 2-3 simple sentences.

Write your answer in your notebook.

I have learned that

______________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________.

I have realized that

______________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________.
LESSON 2: FORMULATING ASSERTIONS
TASK 1
1. I-Language Assertion
2. Basic Assertion
3. Emphatic Assertion
4. Basic Assertion
5. I-Language Assertion
6. Emphatic Assertion
7. Basic Assertion
8. I-Language Assertion
9. Emphatic Assertion
10. Emphatic Assertion
TASK 2
*Students have different answers.
FINAL TASK
*Students have different answers.
Pres Assessment
1. B 6. D
2. D 7. A
3. A 8. A & D
4. B 9. A
5. C 10. A
LESSON 1: KNOWING FACTS AND OPINIONS
A. FACTS: OPINIONS:
1.Verified 1. Beliefs
2.Testimonies 2. Judgments
3.Observations 3. Perceptions
4.Research 4. Personal point of view
5.Direct experience 5. Conclusions
B. 1. A fact is a statement that is proved and verified by testimonies, observations, research
and direct experiences while an opinion is a statement based on personal point of view,
beliefs, judgments, perceptions and conclusions.
C. 1. Opinion 6. Fact 11. Fact
2. Opinion 7. Opinion 12. Opinion
3. Fact 8. Fact 13. Opinion
4. Opinion 9. Fact 14. Opinion
5. Opinion 10. Opinion 15. Fact
D. 1. D 6. D
2. B 7. D
3. C 8. B
4. D 9. D
5. D 10. D
KEY ANSWERS
REFERENCES
1https://www.depednegor.net/uploads/8/3/5/2/8352879/english_teachers_guide.

pdf
2https://www.slideshare.net/VanessaRamones/formulating-assertions

3https://www.slideshare.net/lakshmibvn/critical-reading-and-writing-9194333

4 https://www.literacyideas.com/teaching-fact-and-opinion
5https://ohiostate.pressbooks.pub/choosingsources/chapter/fact-or-
opinion/#:~:text=Fact%20%E2%80%93%20Facts%20are%20useful%20to,State
s%20was%20established%20in%201776.
6 https://literarydevices.net/assertion/

7 https://counseling.olemiss.edu/common-student-concerns/assertiveness/
8 https://bestlifeonline.com/world-facts/
9 https://www.englishbix.com/examples-of-fact-and-opinion-statement/
10https://ubwp.buffalo.edu/ccvillage/wp-

content/uploads/sites/74/2017/06/assert-hand02.pdf
11 https://www.elcomblus.com/identifying-assertions/

12https://www.supersummary.com/assertion/#:~:text=Types%20of%20Assertio

n,-
There%20are%20five&text=For%20example%3A%20%E2%80%9CI%20would%2
0like,other%20person's%20position%20or%20feelings.
13https://slideplayer.com/slide/6224803/20/images/2/What+is+critical+reading+

and+why+is+it+important.jpg
https://www.slideshare.net/janinademetria/pre-
14

colonialperiod#:~:text=Pre%20%E2%80%93%20Colonial%20Culture%20During
%20the,of%20education%20and%20religious%20belief.