Week 1  As it is defined by Webster, globalization is the development of

THE CONTEMPORARY WORLD an increasingly integrated global economy marked by

free trade, free flow of capital, and the tapping of cheaper foreign
labor markets.
 GLOBALIZATION

GLOBE = world / interconnectedness of the nations

 The term globalization is not new in the modern context. Many

researches, debates and discussions were made as to the meaning of
the word.

1930 DEFINITION
 Cuturela (2012) cited a published work, Towards New Education,
which used the term “globalization” in 1930.

Globalization designates an overview of the

human experience in education.
GLOBALIZATION = education
- Learning system
- K-12 system
- Pre-school – elementary (6yrs) – highschool (4yrs) – college (4-5)
 On the other hand, Inosemtsev (2008) distinguished globalization
as one of the most known social studies, but is still a hollow Cheaper foreign labor markets
terminology. - Countries have their own raw materials
- Unlike the Philippines
- Create our own
SOCIAL STUDIES - social phenomenon
 Raw materials
 Machine/equipment
EDUCATION/ ACADEMY  Labor/hire people
 However, after the Cold War, the term was already used to define  Space/
an interdependent world when it comes to its economical and  Permit/licenses
 Customs fees/taxes
informational dimensions.
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 Patent Society B
 Trade name/trade marks
 Quality – processes How signal?
- EXPENSIVE
- Higher price than the foreign cars
1. BURNING WOODS
Society B smells smoke = signal
= EDUCATIONAL
= ECONOMIC
= SOCIAL 2. USING DOVES AS MESSENGERS –
Robertson (1992), in his article, Globalization: Social Theory 3. Snail Mails / post master general
and Global Culture, defined globalization as the 4. Fax
5. Electronic Mails
“understanding of the world and the increased
6. SMS/Phone Calls
perception of the world as a whole.” 7. FB Messenger/Viber
- SEE the world as ONE  Better means of communications = mas marami ka nang
 In fact, Albrow and King (1990) defined globalization as “all those makakausap / mas mabilis na ang communication/mas limited
processes by which the people of the world are incorporated into a ang misunderstanding
single world society.”  Intensifies social relationship
 This only means that people around the globe live in a borderless
community.  Steger (2005) cited Freeden (2003) who pointed out that globa-
 The work of Giddens (1991) has supported this claim when he lization denotes not an ideology, but ‘a range of processes
highlighted in his definition that globalization is the process of nesting under one rather unwieldy epithet. He furthered that global
intensifying social relationships among countries around the flows occur in different physical and
world connecting separate localities in a manner in which local events mental dimensions.
are formed as a result of happenings that have occurred from afar.
There is a rapid interconnection worldwide that links among people in  Steger (2005), on the other hand, opined that globalization
the local, national and even in regional context. This should be confined to a set of complex, social
interconnectedness is created because of social and economic processes that are changing out current social condition
relationships and networks which are relevant in the global derived from the modern independence of nation-states.
interactions. (means of communication)
ANCIENT WAY OF COMMUNICATING = difference of opinions/difference ideologies
TECHNOLOGICAL ASPECT OF GLOBALIZATION
Society A: need help

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 Globalization ‘offers extensive opportunities for truly worldwide Technology = increase our knowledge and our scientific
development, but it is not progressing evenly’. journey
= globalization is open to all Library/xerox libro/bibili ng libro/interview ng elders
= BUT NOT applied equally= hindi pantay pantay
International articles/ internet webinars/meeting/ electronic
Different countries = different operations books/ youtube videos/ podcasts

= technological/more liberal (mas conservative)/ more Increase our science knowledge = advanced economy
adaptive/economic capability
First world countries (e.g. modern jeeps) / third world country 1. Academic/ educational
2. Economic
 In the 1980’s, the term “globalization” has become a common word 3. Social
manifesting advances in modern technologies that have made 4. Technological
international transactions, in both trade and finances, convenient, 5. Scientific
accessible, and easy. FIVE CORE CLAIMS OF MARKET
GLOBALISM
 IMF (2000) noted that globalization refers to an extension beyond
national borders of the same market forces that have operated for
centuries at all levels of human economic activity which includes 1. Globalization is about the liberalization and
village markets, urban industries, or financial centers. global integration of market.
= borderless society  This is absolutely anchored in the neo—liberal ideal of
self-regulating market as the normative basis for a future global
 Conversely, Hutton & Giddens, as cited by Cuturela (2009) emphasized order.
that globalization is the interplay of extraordinary technological  Free-hand = invisible hand
innovation mixed with influence of the world that gives today’s  No one controls it
changing its complexity. They expressed that the balance between  Government = allow /
science or knowledge and resources has changed in such a way that  Self-regulating = invisible hand
science and knowledge have become perhaps the most significant  Free-flowing/liberated
factor in the determination of the country/s standard of living. Truly,  Liberated = less restraint / less limitations/ less conditions
the countries with the most advanced economies are the countries with Market has its own operations
the most modern technology based on science and knowledge. Government can monitor it/ CANNOT stop it.
2. Globalization is inevitable and irreversible.
Technology = make our lives easier/luxurious/pleasurable
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 Its many positive aspects include an unprecedented expansion
 Hindi mapipigilan/ cannot be avoidance of investment and trade; the opening up to international trade
 Irrevisersible – we cannot go back of the world’s most populous regions and opportunities for
 Natural process = it’s not something that we can control more developing countries to improve their standards of living;
 People have the urge to make our lives easier = find for better ways the increasingly rapid dissemination of information,
Even if you stop it, others won’t. technological innovation, and the proliferation of skilled jobs.
 The market-globalist perspective sees globalization as the spread of
irreversible market forces driven by technological innovations that
5. Globalization furthers the spread of democracy
make the global integration of national economies inevitable.
 Markets have the capacity to use new technologies to solve social in the world.
problems  Francis Fukuyama (2000) stressed that there exists a ‘clear
correlation’ between the country’s level of economic development
3. Nobody is in charge of globalization
and successful democracy.
 Natural process
High Economy = high democracy
 This claim highlights the semantic link between ‘globalization-market’
 While globalization and capital development do not automatically
and the adjacent idea of ‘leaderlessness’.
produce democracies, ‘the level of economic development resulting
 No individual, no government or no institution has the control over
from globalization is conducive to the creation of complex civil
globalization.
societies with a powerful middle class. It is this class and societal
 Similarly, Thomas Friedman (1999:112-3) emphasized that the most
structure that facilitates democracy’.
basic truth about globalization is this: ‘No one is in charge...But the
 The former First Lady Hillary Rodham Clinton (1999) praised the
global marketplace today is an Electronic Herd of often anonymous
Eastern Europe’s economic transition towards capitalism by saying,
stock, bond, and currency traders and multinational investors,
“The emergence of new businesses and shopping centers in former
connected by screens and networks.’
communist countries should be seen as the ‘backbone of
 We are just tools that drive globalization
democracy.’
 Spreading the majority rule
4. Globalization benefits everyone.  High economy = empower the middle class = more likely to fight
 Basic urge to better our lives for democracy
 This lies at the heart of market globalism and represents a ‘good’  SPREAD THE MAJORITY = DEMOCRACY
phenomenon.
Recap:
 Economic growth and progress in today’s interdependent world is
bound up with the process of globalization.
1. Different concepts of globalization
 Globalization provides great opportunities for the future, not only for  Academic, economic, technological,
our countries, but for all others, too. social aspect
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 The woolen industry in the 13th century in
2. Five core claims of market globalism Flanders and in 14th century in Florence can also be
a. Liberalization (less restraint/control an example of a sustained economic growth through-
hout history. Those global changes have contributed
from govt) much to the economy of the world. There was the
b. Inevitable/irreversible birth of capitalism.
c. Nobody is in control of globalization HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
d. Benefits everyone Pre-Colonial Period
e. Facilitates the spread of democracy
WEEK 2: DISCUSSION  Economic System:
ADVANCING THE GLOBAL trade/barter/bullion
system
ECONOMY
No money
The discussion will primary be guided by this question: Food = food
“Why do the regions around the globe have glaring
differences when it comes to economy?”  The standards of living of
Not evenly? most of the population in the globe have remained
Economic globalization at the subsistence levels until in the middle of 18th
 Historical process that is the result of human century
innovation and technological progress.
Most advanced countries – high technologies Subsistence level = basic needs = food, clothing,
 Increasing integration of economies around the shelter
world, particularly though movement of goods,
services, and capital across borders. 1800s
 Gold Standard
 For the past centuries, the global economy has  Commitment
significantly changed. In the 11th century, the long between countries –
distance trading flourished between Venice and the currency is gold
Netherlands.

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 Gold = stable economic environment = accelerating
international trade
 However, it slowed down, since countries were afraid 1929
that their gold reserves would fluctuate.  Great depression due to
19th century world war 1
 International trading  Although it originated in
- Technological innovations in productions and the United States, the Great
transportations Depression caused drastic
- Inventions, Engines, Machineries declines in output,
- Value of paper bills and coins & Manpower severe unemployment,
- Labor and acute deflation in almost every country
- Start of Colonialism, Imperialism to exploit resources of the world. 
of other countries
- Communication
- International trade improves

World War 2
 Darkest period of economic history
World War 1  US vs Japan: Bombing of Pearl Harbor;
 Also known as Great War, in 1914, after the  Hiroshima and Nagasaki
assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of  Russia vs. Germany
Austria  Competitive devaluation: when countries
 Disruption of gold standard seek to reduce the value of their exchange rate to
 Weakened Europe make their exports cheaper and gain a
 United States became the center of the capitalized competitive advantage in world trade over
world other countries.
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 Weakened economy of the entire globe  World Trade Organization = previously
 Deflation (nasirang infrastructures, closed general agreement on tariffs and trade
businessed) chaos in international trade system Tariffs = charges/fees, export and import products

1971
Scenario: 1hr naglakad sa Cabanatuan (OLFU MEGA)  1944: Bretton woods system – US $ as an
Mainit/pinawisan international currency
Paguwi mo ng bahay =  Smithsonian agreement: the dollar was
devalued against foreign currencies by about
1944 8%, while the currencies of the surplus
countries were revalued.
 Refreshment of  Realignment of currencies and a new set of
economy pegged exchange rates.
 China rose in the economic competition
 Brettons wood
system: demolished 2009
gold standard-  Washington
changed to Consensus: a set
international of  economic
currency (US$) policy recommendations
for developing countries,
International currency and Latin America in
particular.
 International Organizations  It refers to the level of agreement between
 World Bank = previously known as the International Monetary Fund (IMF), 
international bank for reconstruction and  World Bank, and 
development U.S. Department of the Treasury on those policy
RECONSTRUCTION = broken => fix recommendations.
 International Monetary Fund  All shared the view, typically labelled neoliberal,

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that the operation of the free market and the  These development strategies are
reduction of state involvement
manifested in a shift in theoretical
(liberalization) were crucial to development in
the global South. frameworks from those centered on the
 Free market, international trade, backed up by the legacies and actors of nation-states a
international organizations
greater concern with supranational
GLOBAL institutions and transnational
CHANGES organizations.
 In Gary Gereffi’s
journal, The Global
Economy: Organization,
Governance, and
Development, he
mentioned that the global changes are attributed to how
the global economy is organized and governed
 Global changes give impact: TF1 TF2
1. flow of goods and services across national BEFORE NOW
borders,
2. how a particular country move up or down
in the international scene. = social/economic
hierarchy

 Nowadays, the various countries’ strategies on

development are influenced by the new degree on how
industries are organized.

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those a greater concern
centered on with supranational
the legacies institutions and FIRST: MACRO-LEVEL ANALYSIS
Macro
and actors of transnational Meso
nation-states organizations. Micro
utilize our Supra = inter
own people International MACRO= biggest/whole/ZOOM
own organizations/institutions
government BIGGER orgs/outside SUPRA / international institutions/orgs
own country
 The international organizations and
 regimes that establish rules and norms for the global
community.
 Developed countries and developing countries like the  International Economic and Financial Organizations
Philippines have to fully understand the impact of  Their activities promote sustainable private and
the contemporary global economy to improve public sector development primarily by:
their position in the global system. 1. Financing private sector projects located in the
developing world
 There is no singular academic field that can completely 2. Helping private companies in the developing world
explain the topic of global economy because it is mobilize financing in international financial
inherently interdisciplinary. According to Gereffi, the markets
global economy can be studied at different levels of 3. Providing advice and technical assistance to
analysis. businesses and governments.

International Monetary Fund (IMF)

 Mission: to promote global economic

growth and financial stability, encourage
international trade and reduce
poverty around the world
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 1944: as part of Bretton Woods Agreement, which countries
attempted to encourage international financial
cooperation by introducing
a system of convertible currencies at fixed  The building blocks for the global economy are the
exchange rates. countries and firms.
World Trade Organization (WTO)  The global economy is seen as the arena in which
 Created in 1995: oversees the global trade rules countries compete in different product markets.
among nations.  Competition = countries vs. countries
 Supersedes the 1947 General Agreement on
Tarrifs and Trade (GATT) created in the wake THIRD: MICRO-LEVEL ANALYSIS
of World War 2. Macro- intl orgs
 Main function: help producers of goods and Meso-countries
services, exporters, and importers protect and
manage their businesses.
Micro - Consumers

The World Bank Building blocks

 1944  The last is at the micro level.
 Has 189 member nations and  resistance to globalization by
aims to reduce poverty in the consumer groups, activists,
developing world and transnational social
 An international organization movements.
dedicated to providing financing, advice, and  Therborn (2000) expressed,
research to developing nations to aid their “There are many theories
economic advancement. related
- Two (2) goals to economic sociology incorporate the global
1. To end extreme poverty economy in their frameworks, but they differ in the
2. To promote shared prosperity in a sustainable way degree to which it is conceptualized
SECOND: MESO LEVEL ANALYSIS as a system that shapes the behavior and moti-
vation of actors inside it, or as an arena where
MIDDLE= MESO nationally determined actors meet, interact,
and influence each other. ”
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 Guidance, deans, admin officers, HR, professors,
Regions have different economy? utility workers

TRIPARTITE STRUCTURE OF
 World-System Analysis: emphasis on the unit
ECONOMIC AREAS analysis: world system rather than a
state/society/social formation
 World-systems theory: the upward or  He viewed the globe as a system – not just a society
downward mobility of nations in the core, semi  World – not synonymous with global or planetary –
periphery, and periphery is determined by a simply refers to a relatively large unit within
country’s mode of incorporation in the capitalist which there is an axial division of labor.
world-economy, and these shifts can only be  Every world/large unit is composed of core and
accurately portrayed by an in-depth analysis of periphery
the cycles of capitalist accumulation in the THREE DIVISIONS IN THE GLOBAL WORLD
longue duree of history (Wallerstein 1974,
1980, 1989; Arrighi 1994). CORE Peripheral SEMI=Peri
Region
 IMMANUEL WALLERSTEIN Capital Labor Both
 American sociologist / intensive intensive characteristics
Economic Historian Microchip/ Mining/Copra Pharma/mining
pharma
Units of measurement = US, West Philippines Greece, Portugal
length = cm, m, ft, inch Europe, K, J
Weight = kg, lbs

WORLD = society =/
SYSTEM a. CORE REGIONS/COUNTRIES
CENTER
OLFU - Innovative, capital intensive
System = staff = functions production that requires higher and more
specialized labor and professional skills
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- Microchip production or pharmaceuticals  Core regions/countries typically treat their
- US, West Europe, and some industrialized peripheries as source of raw materials and laborer
countries off Asia (Japan and South Korea) are and as market for their surplus product
core countri
CORE= ask raw materials from PERIPHERIES
b. PERIPHERAL REGIONS CORE = product
- Labor-intensive production that requires only PERIPHERIES = core= technology
low-level skills, usually involving the mere CORE = product  bebenta to own countries
extraction and/or preliminary processing of = surplus => bebenta nila sa peri/semi peri
resources = price product = MAS MATAAS
- Mining/copra production Bibilhin
Mina
Sila kumite, tayo ang nalugi
LABOR
- Most of the industrializing or non-industrialized
 The economies of core regions/countries seemingly
nations in Asia, Africa and Latin America are
grow at the expense of peripheral regions/countries
peripheral countries.
 Peripheral are permanently dependent on the core
c. SEMI-PERIPHERAL REGIONS
regions/countries as they fail to or are hindered from
- Share some characteristics of both a core and a using their natural resources for industrialization
peripheral region/country, or if they serve as a core and achieving capability in production and
to one region/country, while at the same time serving innovation that requires higher levels of labor and
as a periphery of another region/country professional skills
- Southern European countries (Spain, Greece and  The foundation for a process of industrialization
Portugal) are semi-peripheral countries and new international divisions of labor on a
global scale is attributed to the dynamics of the
capitalist world-system.
 Adam Smith, an eighteenth-century political
economist, defined “division of labor” as the
specialization of workers in different parts of
the production process, usually in factory setting.
 In a global scope, the “classic” international
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Week 3
division of labor was between the industrial
countries producing manufactured goods and
the non-industrialized economies that supplied
raw materials and agricultural products to the
industrial nations which became a market for
basic manufacturers.
 Years after World War II, trade flows have
MARKET
INTEGRATION
become far more complex, and so have the
relationships between the developed and the
developing nations of the global economy.
 CHANGES IN GLOBAL ECONOMY =>
continuous
 Economy is not just a study of numbers
(statistics on unemployed, gross domestic
product, stocks) – NOT JUST
QUANTITATIVE
 QUALITATIVE - Economy organizes all
production, consumption and trade of
goods in the society.
 The global economy’s
operation is shaped and
influenced by
governments, global or
multinational
corporations (MNCs) and global
institutions – the same sectors that laid
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the foundations of contemporary market
integration.

 Market integration occurs when

the prices among different locations or 3 SECTORS OF ECONOMIC SYSTEMS
related goods follow similar patterns over 1. Primary Sector – extracts raw materials
a long period of time. from natural environment (farming/fishing)

- SOFTDRINKS  Farming – fishing – bangus ->

(coke, sprite, royal, mountain dew, RC) market/sangitan ->

SM – 1.5 Liter Coke = 65 2. Secondary Sector – gains raw material and

1.5 Sprite – 63 transforms them into manufactured products
Royal - 65-67 (e.g. petroleum)
 Bangus  de lata – gourmet bangus
PRICES  SIMILAR PATTERN (preservatives, machine, label) 
+- 2-3pesos difference manufacture -> Grocery stores/market
 Groups of prices often move proportionally 3. Third Sector: involves more services than
to each other and when this relation is very goods.
clear among different markets, it is said that e.g. Education (universities)/ Churches –
the markets are integrated. religious beliefs
education – sell hotdogs/sell books
(book sale)
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churches – religious materials (our  Some are everywhere even though they
daily bread, daily prayer) – market themselves as American companies.
RELIGIOUS SECTOR – hold masses, (Mcdonalds) – everywhere
pray for some groups –
HOSPITALS – hospital  Others are based in US but more than half of
beds/doctors/medicines = SERVICES – its employees are working in other countries
heal their patients (e.g. General Electric)
THE RISE OF THE GLOBAL - BPO/Call center - US
CORPORATION  Global market integration cannot be
achieved without the growth of global
 The companies that extend beyond corporations.
 Modern day corporations can trace their
borders of one country are called lineage to the era of colonialism, when
multinational or transnational colonizers exploited colonies as cheap
corporations. source of raw materials or slave labor,
or as markets for surplus goods.
 They take advantage of opportunities in
different countries to manufacture, distribute,  Role of research and development ->
market, and sell their products. new products and services =>
innovative  further spreads
Philippines = fast internet connection = globalization
Country opportunity (DITTO) = introduce
my product
Part One:

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The historic rise of the global - emergence of colonialism and imperialism.
- Materials -> industrial revolution
corporation—three periods  THIRD PERIOD: refreshment of economy
 Global corporations are inseparable from - economic recovery and expansion were
the more general phenomenon of led overwhelming by
globalization itself. American corporations.
 The approach to the study of globali- World bank, world trade
zation sometimes termed “historical globalization” org, international monetary fund
locates the phenomenon itself in early patterns of – International organizations
trade and exchange - American, Japanese and
Europian Corporations post-war
 FIRST PERIOD: relationships recovery
- Interactive relationships on trade - Emergence of multinational corpo-
- Own organizational framework rations
- Inspiration of head offices, corporate
hierarchies and foreign direct investment Part Two:
- TRADE/BARTER/BULLION = relational How do global corporations
- GOLD STANDARD – function?
- First period  RELATIONAL
What constitutes a global
 SECOND PERIOD: capital and industry corporation?
- prior to the end of WW II
- increase in world capital  The contemporary global corporation
- rise to industrial revolution is simultaneously and commonly referred
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to either as a multinational They are more focused on adapting their products
corporation (MNC), a and services to each individual local market.
transnational corporation (TNC), - Products (but uncoordinated) – with
an international company, or a investment
global company. - Corp A Country A – bags to Country B
(NOT exclusively)
 TECHNICAL TERMS/COMPARISON  - Corp A Country A- sell bags to Country C
GLOBAL CORPORATION - Bags-B, Shoes -C,Clothes- D (coordinated)
 educational knowledge – in practicality - NOT –
GLOBAL CORPORATION Bags – B, C
International companies (INC) are importers Bags – B, Shoes-B (not fixed and
and exporters, typically without investment exclusively)
outside of their home country; Transnational companies (TNCs) are
- Products, but no investment more complex organizations which
- Corp A Country A– sell bags to Country B have invested in foreign operations,
- Corp B Country B? NO have a central corporate facility but
- I will only sell my bags give decision-making, research and
- PRODUCTS  NOT INVESTMENT develop (R&D) and marketing powers to
- Sell – pay to me – money each individual foreign market.
- Yes investment, products, + DRDM
Multinational companies (MNC) have MNC, INC, TNC
investment in other countries, but do not have “Global corporation” to refer to all
coordinated product offerings in each country. of these types.
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Geriffe: post war period is characterized  - trade + investing = DIGITAL / gadgets
by three structural periods:  Phones, laptops – SELL and BUY =
1. Investment-based globalization (1950- LAZADA, Shopee, Alibaba, Shein
1970);  Invest – stock market

METHODS
Global corporations
FDI
Another method of projecting this growth
2. Trade-based globalization (1970-1995); is to examine the sources and levels of
Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) most of
which was of corporate origin.

FPI- entry of your private

capital
Stocks – amazons
1ooopesos/share
1,000 shares
3.Digital globalization (1995 onwards) 2,000 pesos in your pocket – 2 shares
 Within this analysis the nature of the global 1000 shares of amazon – you own 2 shares
corporation changes accordingly, being
driven in each case by its evolving purposes Profits – amazon – stockholders
and by its extended reach and abilities
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CORPS – other CORPS, FDI (give landscape of corporate units and their
money to buy shares of other relationship to each other.
corporations)  It was estimated that some 20,000
 In 1900 only European corporations were  new corporate alliances were formed just
major investors, in the period 1996-1998 (Gilpin, 2000: 170).
 1930: joined by some American firms Producer-Driven Commodity
 1960” as the major turning point for FDI as  The investment-based period was
the major driver of extended global corporate dominated by producer-driven
development. commodity or value chains, which in
Many countries are now engaged in FDI turn tended to be dominated by
firms characterized by large amounts
 Usually referred to in terms of “out-ward” of concentrated capital focused on large-
and “in-ward” flows, supplies of FDI were scale or capital-intensive manufacturing
viewed as the major elements of global or extractive industries.
economic development, and during various - Producer/manufacturer – commodity
policy periods as “essential” for the - Gadgets – commodity - Needed by
development of what was then viewed as the ALL – LARGE SCALE –
“third” world MASS PRODUCTION
 Periods of intense FDI changed the global
corporate landscape. During the period 1985-  “Fordist”management
1990 FDI grew at an average rate of 30% a
year. One result, unsurprisingly, was the principles: a production
ideology pioneered by Henry Ford.
- practiced by US Firms
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- Supported mass production and allocated higher design, production efficiency, and quality—
wages among labourers. and ultimately on the ability of these corporate
- Mass produced -> more workers/more tasks -> structures to maintain their accustomed returns
higher wages on investment.
- Commodity = produce more cellphones = more TCWD – reinventions/evolutions in the
labourers – high wages market/production principles
- Mass consumption considerations were US -> JAPAN
integrated in order to sustain economic growth  The result was a progressive “reinventing”
of the American business model, especially
 The emergence of Japan as a major producer the industrial model—a challenge that
nation, especially of automobiles and consumer would dominate the curricula of U.S.
electronics from the 1970’s on, brought onto the business schools for over two decades.
scene new models of effective production focused Part Three:
especially on quality and regimes of flexible
production— a move that was echoed within
What is different about this phase of
European firms rejoining the global commodity global corporate development?
chains.
- Not enough that we produce MORE/MASS =  Globalization is always in the process
QUALITY product  Economic system – difference per eras,
- Flexible production
 These activities were experienced by U.S. firms US/Europe
as unwelcome challenges to their previously
virtually unchallenged positions on product  The so-called “developing economies”,

20
 and especially those of Brazil, India and
China—the so-called BRICS economies, by which corporate concentration takes
have become the most dynamic sector of place.
global corporate growth, represented in part  Capital flows in general over the past
by their significant FDI over the three decade and a half have begun to change
decades. from the dominant North-North/North-
South dynamic to one in which South-
 The relative size, growth and range of South and South-North capital flows
activity of global corporations from the are significant with most of the South-
emerging economies suggest that they are on North capital flows coming from China
a trajectory that will soon situate them firmly and India.
within those of the historically more
developed economies. US company – Chinese
NOW: reverse
 The number of global corporations from the Examples include China’s
emerging market economies listed in the Lenovo corporation’s purchase of
Fortune Global 500, which ranks IBM’s PC business and India’s
corporations by revenue, rose from 47 firms investment in various historically
in 2005 to 95 in 2010. British firms including Jaguar Land
Rover (Economist, 2011).
 These companies have also become active in
the broad pattern of global mergers and Overturning of trends in
acquisitions (M&A), a primary vehicle global corporations
21
output Lack of support to
Increased North-South investments during local corporations
………..
this period allowed global North corporations
to rebound quickly from their profit losses
and restore income growth. The relative
robust nature of the emerging economies has
continued to attract FDI and to create
conditions leading to the rapid expansion of
their nationally based global corporations
(UNCTAD, 2011: 26).

Positive Negative Week 4-5

Better allocation
of resources
Promotes self-
interested agendas of
THE GLOBAL
Lower prices of
corporations INTERSTATE SYSTEM
products
Influence politics of - Independent
More the other countries political
employment communities, each
worldwide- more Allows workers to of which possesses
career advancement be exploited – some big a government and
corps actually pay low asserts sovereignty
Higher product – regularized in relation to a
22
particular portion of the earth’s surface and a - is an “imagined community” and does not go
particular segment of the human population beyond a given official boundary”/ Filipino -
- a community of persons more or less numerous - This refers to large group of people who share
permanently occupying a definite portion of common characteristics such as
territory, having a government of its own to which language, traditions and ethnicity.
the great body of inhabitants renders obedience,
and enjoying freedom from external control ü STATE:
- Political concept
- Elements - Refers to a country and its government.
1. People – mass of population living within the Population, territory, sovereignty, government
state INTERSTATE
2. Territory – fixed portion of the surface of the - A system of competing and allying
earth inhabited by the people of the state states
3. Government – agency through which the will - These states are in interaction with
of the state is formulated, expressed and carried out one another in a set of shifting
4. Sovereignty – the supreme power of the state alliance and wars and changes in
to command and enforce obedience – relative power
of states upsets any temporary set of alliances,
leading to restructuring of balance of power
NATION-STATE TREATY OF WESTPHALIA
- relatively modern phenomenon in the human
history whereby it composes of two non-
interchangeable terms
ü NATION:
- Cultural concept

23
- It was a set of agreements signed between May and before the French Revolution and Napoleonic
October 1648 to end the Thirty-Years’ war Wars.
between the major continental powers of Europe. It
is a brutal religious war between Catholics and
Protestants.
- The Treaty Signers: Holy Roman Empire, Spain,
France, Sweden and the Dutch Republic designed a
system that would avert was in the future by
recognizing that the treaty signers exercise NEOLIBERALISM
complete control over their domestic affairs and
swear not to meddle in each other’s affairs and
- A political approach that favors free-market
capitalism, deregulation, and reduction in
provide stability for the nations of Europe.
government spending.
- Intensification of the influence and dominance
CONCERT OF EUROPE of capital
- Values market exchange capable of acting
as a guide to all human action
- Emphasizes the significance of contractual
relations in the marketplace
- Social good will be achieved by maximizing
the reach and frequency market transactions

• Alliance of “great powers” of the United

Kingdom, Austria, Russia and Prussia that ECONOMIC SOVEREIGNTY
sought to restore the world of monarchial, - The power of national governments to make
hereditary and religious privileges of the time decisions independently of those made by other
governments - economy
24
- Sovereignty-power to enforce/command

EFFECTS OF GLOBALIZATION IN LOCAL

GOVERNMENS
- As the world becomes more interconnected
- a doctrine and/or a political movement
through politics, trade and communications,
that seeks to make the nation the basis
the role of states and governments are also
of a political structure especially a state.
shifting
- It is a sense of national consciousness
that generally exalts one’s own nation
Dilemma for Local Governments
- A local government would like to attract major above others and focuses on the
global investors in their community by setting up, promotion of interests.
for instance, their manufacturing firm in their area. - National interest
This could generate jobs for local people and - Programs, operations, proposed projects –
generate income for local businesses national interest
- However, it will entail convert tracks of
agricultural lands into industrial zones (farmers
INTERNATIONALISM- INTERNATIONAL
will be displaced) - desire for greater cooperation and unity among
states and people.
- A political principle that places the interests of the
Nationalism vs. entire world above those of individual nations
and argues for cooperation among nations for
Internationalism common good
1. Hemegonic Internationalism
NATIONALISM
25
 The dominance of one country over a nation-  Working class nations unite to protect
state themselves from exploits, abuses, and
 Country vs country oppressions done by the capitalist class
 Colonialism  WORKING CLASS SHOULD
 Powerful country dominates weaker country UNITED
2. Liberal Internationalism
 Cluster of ideas derived from the belief that
international progress is possible, Liberalist Socialist
where progress is defined as movement Internationalism Internationalism
toward increasing levels of harmonious
cooperation between political communities.
 Nation-states should give up some of their
GLOBAL
freedom to establish a continuously growing
global system working together to prevent
GOVERNANCE
lawlessness in the world.
 Each country sacrifices
 International Criminal Court – terrorism,
heinous crimes
3. Revolutionary Internationalism
 Conflict in the society are due to international
factors and alliances
 E.g. alliances of Axis vs Allied Power Imagine you are a global governor or the
(WW2)
world’s president.
4. Socialist Internationalism – social conflict What priority problem would you want to
resolve in your first 12 months in office?
26
Global Problems for Solution?
GLOBAL GOVERNANCE
- Collective efforts to identify, understand, and
address worldwide problems that go beyond
the problem-solving capacities of states (Weiss,
2010)
- The capacity within the international system to - Non-state Actors: international bodies
provide government-like services and public - UN is designed to make enforcement of
goods in the absence of a world government. international law, security, human rights, economic
a. Poverty development, and social progress easier for
b. Environmental Pollution countries around the world
c. Economic Crisis
d. Organized Crime and Terrorism – (ICC) - UN is tasked to promote international
e. Pandemic cooperation and to create and maintain
f. Climate Change international order
- Global governance shifted from the traditional - 192 member states
territorial sovereign states of nation states to a - Facilitator of global governance
more loose structures warranting international - Has regional Commissions which is composed of
cooperation movement and response. officials from different countries that is in charge
- In response, several non state bodies came about of marking certain laws promulgate certain rights
including the United Nations with the ultimate for economic and social development
goal of international action
UNITED NATIONS 4 main purpose of the un charter
To act as facilitator – COOPERATION - peace
27
1. Maintaining worldwide peace and security independence of any state or behave in a manner
2. Developing relations inconsistent with the purposes of the United Nations
among nations
4. The UN shall not intervene in matters which are
essentially within the jurisdiction of any state
3. Fostering cooperation except when it is acting to enforce peace.
between nations in
order to solve economic
social cultural or
humanitarian
international problems
4. Providing a forum for bringing countries
together to meet the UN's purposes and
goals
BASIC PRINCIPLES – guide their
member states
1. All member states
are sovereign and Pointers
Globalization - is the development of an
equal
increasingly integrated global economy marked by
2. In all international free trade, free flow of capital, and the tapping of
relations no cheaper foreign labor markets. • In globalization,
member shall use there are global barriers that prevent or make
force or threaten difficult the movement of things (e.g. government
force against control, customs, tariffs, taxes and charges).
3. the territory and political These barriers represent the solidity in
globalization Why is it called solidity? It is a
28
metaphor: solid materials are hard, fixed, and not interconnected Impact of globalization: 1. We are
free-flowing. • On the other hand, globalization now able to exchange goods and services between
also increases the ease of movement of people, different countries - International Trade 2. We now
things, information, and places in the have existing system for international finances,
contemporary world. This is called liquidity in such as formation of currency exchange rates and
globalization. Liquidity is a metaphor: liquids are monetary policy MARKET INTEGRATION Process
free-flowing and can easily take up the shape of of interconnectedness of different markets Shown
their container (just like in globalization) • The by the fact that the prices of related goods now
movement of people, things, places, and follow similar pattern in movement (remember our
information brought by the growing “porosity” of example: soda prices) Separate markets for the
global limitations is now free, which represents the same product become one single market There are
“flow” of globalization Metaphor: flow = movement different types of integration 1. Vertical integration
(example, flow of traffic is the movement of the – the possibility to exercise control over both
cars in the road) THEORIES IN GLOBALIZATION quality and quantity of the product from the
1. Homogeneity: Keyword: homo = SAME/ONE beginning of the production process until the
Because of globalization, it becomes easier to product is ready for the consumer Keyword:
input the same culture, economy and political control in from start to end stages of production 2.
orientation to different societies. As a result, it Horizontal integration - some marketing agencies
creates common practices, the same economies, combine (e.g. merger) to form a union; a business
and similar forms of government. 2. Cultural strategy where one company takes over another
Hybridization: Keyword: HYBRID (new/improved that operates at the same level in an industry. -
kind)/ BLEND The process by which a cultural Keyword: same level - Why? if a company acquires
element blends into another culture by modifying another company of the same industry, then there
the element to fit cultural norms E.g. some of the will be less competition. 3. Backward Integration –
cultural practices of Korea/Japan are now fitting companies try to control over their supply chains
into our own culture, making a new “hybrid” of and try to obtain raw materials directly;
culture (such as in occasions and events, we now eliminating the suppliers - Keyword: raw
introduce Korean and Japanese foods) GLOBAL materials/eliminate supplier - Why is it called
ECONOMY The economic activities of different backward? Process of Supply Chain 1 st step: Get
nations are now becoming integrated and raw material (from company A, your supplier) 2 nd
29
step: Manufacture product (your own company) 3 country. 2. Tariffs/Taxes/Custom Fees This is not
rd step: Distribute (your own company) If you a total ban in the products, but only an imposition
want to earn more and have less expenses, you of charges in every import/export of products.
can eliminate Company A just acquire your own Benefits of Global Economy: 1. Free trade is an
raw materials. In that case, you go back to the excellent method for countries to exchange goods
first step of the supply chain and do it by your and services. It also allows countries to specialize
own. Thus, it is called BACKWARD integration 4. in the production of those goods in which they
Forward Integration: a firm assumes another have a comparative advantage. 2. The
function of marketing that is closer to the specialization of goods production in most
consumption function - Keyword: direct, countries has led to advantageous economic
consumption level (meaning, the stage where you factors such as lower average costs and lower
now directly sell the product to the consumers) - prices for customers. Factors of Global Economy
Why is it called forward? Process of Supply Chain 1. Natural Resources – countries with more
(continuation) 3 rd step: Distribute the product natural resources can acquire more raw materials
(For example, you don’t want to sell your product 2. Infrastructures – countries with more advanced
because you’re not an experienced salesman. So infrastructures can have more production and
you look for someone who will sell your product) 4 distribute more products Effect of Global Economy
th step: Retail through Salesman A If you have a Based on the production and exchange of goods
retail agent (someone who sells your product), you and services, restrictions on the import and export
need to pay Commission to that seller, hence your of goods and services can potentially hamper the
profit will be less. If you now REMOVE your retail economic stability of countries that choose to
agent, and instead build your OWN STORE, you impose too many. e.g. If Philippines will impose
move forward, straight to the consumers. That is high taxes on the traded goods, then it will affect
why when you move closer to the consumers, it is our economic stability (less trade, less profit)
called FORWARD INTEGRATION. 5. Balanced Types of Economic System 1. Capitalism - An
Vertical Integration - the combination of economic and political system in which a
forwarding and backward integration Global country's a trade and industry are controlled by
Economic Barriers 1. Embargo – TOTAL BAN of private owners for profit, rather than by the state -
products or commercial trade Government- keywords: private owners e.g. Jollibee is not
instituted prevention of exports to a certain owned by the state but by a private corporation 2.
30
Socialism is an economic system where the ways
of making money (factories, offices, etc.) are owned
by a society as a whole, meaning the value made
belongs to everyone in that society, instead of a
group of private owners. - Keywords: society is the
owner

Week 7
Same appearance – internal design/external
appearance – menus –
Cultural homogeneity – one/same
Blending of culture – different nations now
have cultures that are the same
Starbucks culture
31
DOOR of Starbucks – DIVIDE – Line that
separates the rich world from the poor world /
commoners
350pesos – could have fed one family already

Different world in there – rich / elite world

200 peso coffee
150 worth of cake
RICH COMMUNITY

DOOR

The global divide

Brandt Line
- It is a divisionary line which simply separates
1. the rich countries in the North
2. from the poor countries in the South
- It crosses North and Central America North
Another different world out there of Africa and India and then it goes towards
32
the South placing Australia and New Zealand - The term “Third World” was coined by states
above the line. hoping to navigate between the two poles of the
Cold War and ultimately gave birth to the non-
Global Divide – imaginary line that aligned movement.
separates the globally rich countries from the
poor ones 3 categorizations
1. 1st world –
 rich and developed countries &
democratic
 rich + democratic = RD

2. 2nd world –
- rich and developed, not democratic
History of the Divide - R+N = RN
- The idea of categorizing countries by their economic - Socialist/communist societies =
developmental status began during the Cold War with the - Socialist – everything is owned by the state
classifications of East and West
- No concept of private ownership

3. 3rd world –
- Not the first world, not 2nd world
- - Democratic but non-rich = developing
 The Soviet Union and China represented the East e.g. Philippines
 The United States and their allies represented the West - Non-democratic but non-rich
33
- Australia and NZ – rich countries – even
- As some Second World countries joined though they are in the southern part ->
the First World, and others joined the Third their economy dictates that they will be
World, a new and simpler classification was categorized as a northern country
needed.
- The first world became the North and the
third world became the South
- 1st world and 3rd world
- North and South

The North-South Divide

- The North South divide is a social Northern Hemisphere
economic and political categorization of
✗ Rich, Industrialized, Wealthy Nations
countries
✗  Democratic Capitalist Countries
- Not really geographic – SOCIAL, ECONOMIC,
Southern Hemisphere
POLITICAL
This categorization ignores the geographic ✗ Developing Nations – still in the process of
position of countries with some countries in developing
the southern hemisphere such as Australia ✗ Non-Democratic Countries
and New Zealand being labeled as part of  Issue – not really accurate
the North  Third world – developing+ non
democratic OR
34
developing + democratic (e.g. companies
Philippines) textiles cotton
lumber clothing production
 Southern Hemisphere vs Third World
machinery
- SH: developing+ nondemoc leather and
- 3rd world – developing + democ/non wooden goods
-democ Populatio(7.7 covers the Covers 3/4
Billion) one quarter of of the total
total population population
Differences ¼ of the
Global Global population Majority –
North South Less population poor
Richer and Developing population
more nations (still Wealth (280 controlling controlling
developed in the trillion $) the 80% total the 20% total
region process) income of the income of the
95% has 5% has world world
enough food enough food Richest country:
Qatar ($124,930
and shelter and shelter
per capita)
subsistence Per capita – GDP
divided by its
Economy industries Source for the populations
and major raw materials Bigger income /
businesses, of the North less populations =
commerce and Agricultural – bigger per capital
finance fish - Standard of have developed foreign
e.g. big Living economies and exchange
35
account for depends on
over 90% of all primary
Reasons of the divide
manufacturing products 1. Colonialism
exports to the
industries in the
North
- Colonialism = big schools, big
world
economic opportunities
Agriculture only 50% of characterized
the labor force with a very high - Exploit your resources
is engaged in rate of people - Better or worse
working in rural
agriculture areas; - Affect your economy
58% of the
labor force is
engaged in 2. Trade
agriculture - Capacities to trade
- More liberal – more restrictive
 People in the global South countries - More free – more income
concentrate on agricultural Week 8
production because since their
incomes are low, their priorities are Asian Regionalism
for food, clothing and shelter and
also due to the primitive nature of
technologies poor organization and
limited physical and human capital
inputs

36
Regionalism
 To regionalize - divide into smaller
segments
 strengthened collective identity in a
conglomerate of nations occupying a
particular geographic area or aiming at
shared goals
- The center of gravity of the global economy  increase in economic exchanges in
is shifting to Asia.
particular area.
- The region’s economy is already similar in
size to those of Europe and North America, Regionalism vs Globalization
and its influence in the world continues to
increase. Globalization Regionalism
- Asia is now so important to the world Nature promotes divides an area
economy that it must also play a larger role integration of into smaller
economies segments
in global economic leadership.
across state
- Asia’s economies are increasingly
borders
connected through trade, financial
transactions, direct investment, technology, Market allows many monopolies are
corporations to more likely to
labor and tourist flows, and other economic trade on an develop where
relationships. international the entry of new
level producers is
- allows prevented or
37
free highly restricted to aid countries other areas
market -Less flow of stricken by ASEAN
- liquidity market disasters -Emergency fund
-Against new yolanda for our member-
producers typhoon states
e.g. GRAB CAR, -Economic crisis
no uber Technolo globalization advanced
NO UBER -gical has driven great technology is
No competition advances in rarely available
Advances
Cultural acceleration to does not support technology in one country or
multiculturalism multiculturalism industrial region
and through free -Same area- revolution limited
Societal and inexpensive same goals- technology
relations movement of same Concepts of Regionalism
people culture/ancestry
Asian culture –  Hettne (1996) suggested that
different family-oriented regionalism as a concept has varying
nations – culture degrees.
different Collectivist vs 1. Region as geographical unit
culture Individualist
 A region can be interpreted
(career-oriented)
as a place-- as a physical
Aid / globalized a regionalized
environment
international area does not
Help/ communities get involved in  E.g. Asia as a region (based on the
Assistance are more willing the affairs of land and water boundaries
38
surrounding it)  the North Atlantic treaty

2. Region as social system

 As a conglomerate of people
occupying a particular place space and
possessing a unique dynamic of organization was formed to protect
interaction Europe from the threat of the Soviet
 E.g. Asia - shared ancestry, language, Union and as a response the Soviet
and culture Union created the Warsaw Pact
3. Region as organized cooperation
 As a group of nations who agree to b. Economic crisis
take part and form a formal  The ASEAN countries along with
organization China Japan and South Korea
 (Association of Southeast Asian established an emergency fund that
nations) or ASEAN stabilized Asian economies after the
(Brunei, Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, rippling effects of the Thai
the Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, and Vietnam.)
 Why do countries form regional economies collapse
association ? c. Resources
a. Military defense  The organization of the petroleum
exporting countries rose in power
39
 The largest and most populated continent
when they took over the domestic in the world
production and controlled crude oil  It is comprised of distinct regions such as
prices across the globe the Central Asia, East Asia, South Asia,
Southeast Asia and Middle East. 1
d. Protection of Independence
 The countries under the non
alignment movement refused to side
1
Central Asia is politically divided into five
with the (capitalists) Western countries: Tajikistan, Uzbekistan,
Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan, and Kyrgyzstan.
Europe and North America or the
communists (Eastern Europe)  East Asia is politically divided into eight
 Interstate system – system of countries and regions: China, Mongolia,
allying and competing states North Korea, South Korea, Japan, Hong
Kong, Taiwan, and Macau.
 South Asia is politically divided into nine
autonomous countries: Sri Lanka,
Bangladesh, India, Afghanistan, Pakistan,
Asia Bhutan, Nepal, Iran, and the Maldives.
40
Religion
Economy
 In the contemporary world, Asia has
become an economic force characterized
by reduced poverty and fast pace
economic developments (e.g. Japan,
China in terms of import of basic raw
Asia is being the home of influential materials such as iron)
cultural philosophical and religious  India and china have also become a
movements such as Hinduism Judaism major source of international migrant
Christianity Buddhism the Taoism and labor
other Oriental philosophies and  India China and Philippines are
religions generally originated from an three recipient states of migrant
Asian country and have proliferated remittances
around the globe.  Hello Love Goodbye? Kathryn
bernardo + Alden
 Southeast Asia is politically divided into 11 - Plights (issues) faced by
countries: Brunei, Cambodia, Indonesia,
migrant workers
Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Philippines,
 DOLE – POEA – organizations
Singapore, Thailand, Timor Leste, and
Vietnam.
to migrant workers
41
Culture Factors leading to a greater Asian
 Asia has been the source of wide Integration
variety of cultural phenomena that 1. TRADE
have spread outward to the - We all want or need something from
Western countries and the rest of the another part of the world, including
world global trade facilities
- WORLD SYSTEMS THEORY – role
- Division of labor (manufacturing – raw
materials)
- Reciprocity – I give you this, you give
me that
2. SIMILAR CULTURE
- Music – arts  more integrated

3. COMMON GOALS
- The Asian region recognizes the mutual
benefit of a slow integration and that is to
occur accelerate the economic growth,
social progress, cultural development and
promote peace
KPOP – Media Culture 4. SIMILAR SECURITY NEEDS
42
- To contend with foreign supported Improve your technology 
terrorist groups find ways to save the
Challenges to Regionalism environment
1. Energy and environmental concerns
© Challenge - Rapid economic
2. Migration
growth for Asia has led to © Challenge: The combination
reliance on economic imports of rapidly growing populations in
 create environmental much of the developing world
concerns increasingly porous national
borders (free movement) and
© Solution - Asian states need
disparities and economic growth
to empower science and
rates have sports a dramatic
technology so that its citizens
increase in international
can eventually discover or
migration - population
create sustainable energy
Illegal migrants
sources
- Solar energy © Solution: like Malaysia, other
asian countries need to deploy

43
troops and naval vessels to limit © Solution: asian states must
the arrival of migrants enable stricter laws on national
3. Organized crime and security
threats from non state
4. Shifts in balance of power
actors
© Challenge: Through the © Challenge: Depending
increasing ease of economic integration gives
communication and rise to regional economic
transportation flows and blocks that competes for
growing permeability of power and influence
national borders, organized - Allies -> competitors
crime networks terrorism,
drugs and weapon traffickers © Solution: Asian countries
and even human smugglers face need to work together as one
fewer constraints under activity region instead of competing
for power, and rise again
44
against western economic • Globalization- a set of multiple, uneven
and sometimes overlapping historical
dominance processes, including economics, politics,
Debt – utang and culture, that have combined with the
- Higher debt – all your income => evolution of media technology to create
payment debt the conditions under which the globe
- Economy not improving = stagnant itself can now be understood as “an
imagined community”.
GLOBAL NORTH • Media
-United States, Canada,Western Europe • Communication channels through which
outermost regions of the European we disseminate news, music, movies,
Union education, promotional messages and
-Developed parts of Asia, Australia and other data
New Zealand • Includes physical and online
GLOBAL SOUTH newspapers, magazines, television,
- Africa, Latin America, Developing radio, billboards, telephone, internet,
Asia (Ph) including the Middle East billboards.
Week 9 • Media Culture
Global Media Cultures • Culture created under the influence of
Globalization and Media mass media.

45
• Impact on society’s information (7117 languages spoken today)
consumption and intellectual guidance • It allowed sharing of information across
• Major factor in the formation of culture – the lifeline of globalization
mainstream culture • Language became the most important tool
• The two concepts have been partners as humans explore the world and experience
throughout the whole of human history. different cultures.
• “Globalization and media have created • It led to markets, trade and cross-continental
the conditions through which many trade.
2. Script
people can now imagine themselves as
 Writing is humankind’s principal technology
part of one world.”
for collecting, manipulating, storing,
retrieving, communication, and
Evolution of Media and disseminating information.
Globalization  Language was important but imperfect,
• To understand further the study of distance became a strain for oral
globalization and media, it is important to communication.
appreciate five periods of the evolution of  Script allowed human to communicate over
media and globalization. a larger space and much longer times.
1. Oral Communication  It allowed for the written and permanent
• Human speech is the oldest and most codification of economic, cultural, religious,
enduring. and political practice.
• Language allowed human to cooperate.
46
2. It encouraged the challenge of political and
religious authority because of its
ability to circulate competing views.
4. Electronic Media
 The vast reach of these media continues to
open up new vistas in the economic,
political, and cultural processes of
3. The Printing Press globalization.
 A device that allows for the mas production  Radio- quickly became a global medium,
of uniform printed matter reaching distant regions.
 It started the “information revolution”.  Television- considered as the most powerful
 It transformed social institutions such as and pervasive mass medium. It brought
schools, churches, governments and more. together the visual and aural power of the
 Print encouraged the challenge of political film with the accesibility of radion.
and religious authorities because of its ability
to circulate competing views.
 Elizabeth Eisenstein (1979) surveyed the
influences of the printing press.
1. It changed the nature of knowledge. It
preserved and standardized 5. Digital Media
knowledge.  Digital Media are often electronic media
that rely on digital code.
47
 Many of our earlier media such as phones
and TVs are now considered digital media.
 In the realm of politic computer allowed “Is it possible for globalization to occur
citizens to access information from around without media?”
the world.
 People are able to adopt and adapt new The global Village
practices like fashion, sports, music, food Global Imaginary and Global Village
and many others through access of • Media have linked the globe with stories,
information provided by computers. images, myths and metaphors.
 They also exchange ideas, establish • Global Imaginary- the globe itself as
relations and linkages through the use of imagined community.
Skype, Google, Chat, Zoom and other • Global Village
platforms.
 Marshall McLuhan
 Media have connected the world
in ways that create a global village.
 As McLuhan predicted media and
globalization have connected the
world. However, the “global
village have brought no collective
harmony or peace. Why do think
so?
48
Media and Economic Globalization
• Media fosters the conditions for global
capitalism.
• “Economic and cultural globalization
arguably would be impossible without
a global commercial media system to
Media and Cultural
promote global markets and to
encourage consumer values” – Globalization
Robert Mc Chesney • Media on one level are the carriers of
Media and Political Globalization culture.
• Though media corporations are • It generates numerous and on-going
themselves powerful political actors, interactions
individual journalists are subject to • Globalization will bring about and
intimidations as more actors contend for increasing blending or mixture of
power. cultures.
• In the age of political globalization: What is the role of media in the
government shape and manipulate the blending or mixture of culture?
news. Is this also true for Philippines? Popular Music and Globalization
• Media complicate politics…how? • Technologies of transport, of
information and mediation,
49
including social media platforms, affected by media messages emanating from
have made possible the circulation of the Western industrialized countries.
cultural commodities such as music. • In the early stage of cultural imperialism,
researchers focused their efforts mostly on
• Circulation of cultural commodities
nation-states as primary actors in international
relations. They imputed rich, industrialized,
are consumed to gain cultural capital and Western nation-states with intentions and
and social status. actions by which they export their cultural
• Goods and commodities became a products and impose their sociocultural
catalyst that set globalization. values on poorer and weaker nations in the
Cultural Imperialism and the Global developing world.
Media Debate • This argument was supported by a number of
studies demonstrating that the flow of news
Cultural Imperialism
and entertainment was biased in favor of
The exercise of domination
industrialized countries.
in cultural relationships in which the values,
• This bias was clear both in terms of
practices, and meanings of a powerful
quantity, because most media flows were
foreign culture are imposed upon one or more
exported by Western countries and
native cultures
imported by developing nations, and in
• In international communication theory and
terms of quality, because developing nations
research, cultural imperialism theory argued
received scant and prejudicial coverage in
that audiences across the globe are heavily
Western media.

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Media, Globalization, and Hybridization • Media and information technologies play an
• The analytical shift from cultural important role in the process of globalization.
imperialism to globalization. • Although the media are undeniably one of the
• First, the end of the Cold War as a global engines of cultural globalization, the size and
framework for ideological, geopolitical, intensity of the effect of the media on the
and economic competition calls for a globalization of culture is a contested issue
rethinking of the analytical categories revolving around the following question:
and paradigms of thought. • Did the mass media trigger and create the
• In this complex era, the nation-state is no globalization of culture?
longer the sale or dominant player, since • Or is the globalization of culture an old
transnational transactions occur on sub phenomenon that has only been intensified
national, national, and supranational levels. and made more obvious with the advent of
• Conceptually, globalization appears to capture transnational media technologies?
this complexity better than cultural
imperialism.
• In fact, the globalization of culture has become
a conceptual magnet attracting research and
theorizing efforts from a variety of disciplines
and interdisciplinary formations such as
anthropology, comparative literature, cultural
studies, communication and media studies,
geography, and sociology.
Globalization & Religion
51
WEEK 1O
Learning Outcomes:
1. Explain how globalization affects religious
practices and beliefs
2. Analyze the relationship between religion and
global conflict and global peace
RELIGION
 System of socially shared symbols, beliefs
and rituals, that is directed toward a sacred
supernatural realm and addresses the
ultimate meaning of existence.

DICHOTOMY
 There are many different religions, each with  Globalization is the historical process by
a different set of beliefs. which all the world's people increasingly
Buddhism– no deities/eternal God; focuses on spiritual liberation (Nirvana: come to live in a single social unit. It
world of no suffering)
Taoism - humans and animals should live in balance with the Tao, or the implicates religion in several ways.
universe. Taoists believe in spiritual immortality, where the spirit of the body
joins the universe after death.  From religious or theological perspective,
Religion & Globalization globalization calls forth religious response
and interpretation.

52
 Yet religion and religions have also played new status
important roles in bringing about and produces.
characterizing globalization. Main duty is to Main duty is to live a
Globalism Religion seal trade deals, virtuous, sinless life such
Places value on Concerned with the raise profits of that he is assured of a
material wealth sacred/ less concerned private place in the other world.
with wealth and all that enterprises.
comes along with it.
Abides by Follows divine
human-made commandments. INTERDEPENDENCE
laws.  Far from being secularized, the
contemporary world is furiously religious
fervor occurring in one form or another in all
Yardstick of assumes that there is the major religious traditions, and in many
success: how possibility of places in imaginative synthesis, of one or
much of human communication between more world religions with indigenous faith.
action can lead to humans and the  Not purely secular
the highest transcendent/supernatura  It is also affected by religious beliefs and
material l realm practices
satisfaction and
subsequent Effect of Religion to Global Governance
wisdom that the
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 Religions are the foundations of modern political conflicts and movements of social
republics. reform.

Government – religious basis

 Religion is not the aggressive force that
Good for all steps or slows down globalization; It is a
Passing a law – public good (ideally) proactive force that gives communities a
Voting – benefits all – listen to the new and powerful basis of identity.
majority
 E.g. Malaysian government places religion at Effect of Globalization to Religion
the center of the political system
 Constitution: “Islam is the religion of  Through globalization, religion continues
the federation”, and the ruler of each to grow from places to places
state is also the “head of religion of  Globalization involves the networking
Islam” and expansion of one’s local products,
beliefs and practices, often through
 Migration of faith across the globe as being a technology.
major feature of the world throughout the  Religion has entered the information
20th century age and has globalized at accelerating
 Jose Casanova: Historically, religion has rates through technological
always been at the center of all great advancement.

54
 Tools of uniting people all over the world  Religion transnationalism= “religion going
on religious basis. global”.
1. Internet sites.
2. Social networks.
3. Cell phone apps. Religion, Global Conflict & Peace
Our daily bread – straight from the  Religious ideas, values, symbols and rites
heart – relate to deep issues of existence, it should
Zoom/meet - not be surprising when religion enters the
4. Charity fund picture in times of crisis.
5. Movies.  In the view of international conflict, religion
6. Religious schools has been regarded as new source of clash
7. Books. – theology between and among people with different
and similar beliefs.
 It is now possible for any religion to spread
beyond national borders, allowing even
small religious movements to engage in
overseas activities and leading to new
unseen religious developments

 Globalization has freed communities from

the constraints of the nation-state.
Extremist/extremisms- fight/war/kill
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Pluralism – religion – accept different the deadliest attacks on American soil
religions since Pearl Harbor in 1941.
9-11 Attack  On September 11, 2001, 19 Saudi
 The Al-Qaeda terrorist network Arabian Muslims representing al-
espoused a form of Islamic extremism Qaeda hijacked four commercial
that was militant and reinforced hatred airplanes, two of which crashed into
of the United States and the West in New York City’s Twin Towers and one
general. Both America’s involvement in crashed into the Pentagon in
the Gulf War and the support for Israel Washington, D.C. The Twin Towers
led al-Qaeda leader Osama bin Laden collapsed and part of the Pentagon was
and others in 1998 to issue a fatwa, a destroyed.
verdict based on Islamic law, for  Approximately 3,000 people died that
Muslims everywhere to kill Americans day. Rushing to the scene of the attacks,
and American allies. 400 police officers and firefighters were
Interstate system – competing and killed. All 19 terrorists died.
allying states  Immediately afterwards, U.S.
 After attacks on U.S. embassies in two government officials named bin Laden
major East African cities that same year, and the al-Qaeda organization prime
the FBI placed bin Laden on the Ten suspects. Bin Laden initially denied
Most Wanted Fugitives list. The next responsibility but later admitted to
planned attack would become one of coordinating the attacks.

56
 As a militant Islamist group, the suicide  On the one hand some political leaders—
mission on September 11 was seen as along with many scholars of comparative
a religious one by the airplane hijackers. religion—have assured us that religion has
The handwritten instructions read, had nothing to do with these vicious acts,
"You should ask God for guidance, you and that religion’s innocent images have
should ask God for help.... Continue to been used in perverse ways by evil and
recite the [Koran]. Purify your heart essentially irreligious political actors.
and clean it from all earthly matters."  On the other hand, there are the radio talk
The instructions continued, "The time show hosts and even a few social scientists
of fun and waste has gone. The time of who affirm that religion, especially Islam,
judgment has arrived...You will be has had everything to do with it—and not
entering paradise. You will be entering just ordinary religion, but a perverse strain
the happiest life, everlasting life." of fundamentalism that has infected normal
 Despite the religious motives for the religion and caused it to go bad.
terrorist attacks, Muslims themselves Global Conflict and Peace
generally do not approve of the  The era of globalization brought with
terrorist attacks nor the methods it 3 enormous problems, namely:
espoused by Islamic extremist groups 1. Identity
like al-Qaeda. 2. Accountability
3. Security
What is the role of religion in this global crisis?  Religion provides answer to these problems
1. It provides a sense of identity
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2. Traditional religious leadership

provides a sense of accountability.

3. Religion offers a sense of security.
 Religious affiliation and conviction
often motivates religious communities
to advocate particular peace-related
government policies. Religious communities
also directly oppose repression and promote
peace and reconciliation. Week 11:
 Religious leaders and institutions can
mediate in conflict situations, serve as a Global Cities
communication link between opposing sides, Plane ticket – where destination?
and provide training in peacemaking – Alaska, Japan, Iceland, Korea, Rome, Paris
methodologies.
- Tourism
- Work outside the country?
- Economy, means of living, working
conditions (wages) Japan – blue-collared
jobs
White – office
Blue – manual labor
What is a Global City?
58
 The idea emerged in the social science SCALE
literature in the 1980’s, shortly after the High paying jobs
concept of globalization. ---------------------------------------low-paying
 It has a central place in understanding jobs
contemporary spatial patterns of
globalization  The lifestyle and needs of the well-off
 It means power, sophistication, wealth, professional classes bring into the global city
and influence. an army of low-paid workers who deliver
 The ideas and values of the metropolis personal and labor-intensive services like
shape the world. cleaning, child-care, delivery, restaurants and
 Embodies both the good and the bad eateries, catering, maintenance, transport,
effects of globalization. hotels, domestic help and retail.

Bank manager – SG
Imperialism – media western culture Manage 100 branches over the country
shapes the world Busy – career
Family of 2 children
 According to Sassen (1991), global cities Full=time mother
are characterized by occupational and Hire yaya / DH household tasks –
income polarization, with the highly paid cook
professional class on the one end and  Sassen (2005) introduces global cities
providers of low-paid services on the as global command centers of the world
other. economy.
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Cosmopolitanism
 SPECIAL Spatial – SPACES -
 It is the phenomenon most readily associated
globalization occurs in physical spaces
with the global city.
- What makes it move is the fact that
 Large, diverse cities attract people, material
it is based on specific locations.
and cultural products from all over the world.
- Business – location – school church,
accessible  Cosmopolitan Magazine
- Jollibee – loob ng barrio – - Front page – model/Hollywood actress
ACCESSIBILITY – location - Products being advertised – expensive
- Global Cities – industries – located products – skin care, products (laneige,
in the high end locations mac, lacoste)
- New York/Paris  SINGLE WORLD – different products
/material/people/culture all over the world
 The idea of cosmopolitanism invokes
pleasant images of travel, exploration, and
‘worldly’ pursuits enjoyed by those who
have benefited from globalization.
 Everyday life is significantly shaped by
commercial culture, retail and shopping as
well as cross cultural variety of food,
fashion, entertainment and various other
consumables and artifacts.

60
- Treatment to foreigners – new residents
5. People enjoy security of tenure in affordable
housing
6. People live in communities that are safe and
environment that are clean
7. The cities are governed through inclusive local
democratic processes.
Japanese Mori Foundation’s Global
Livable City Power City Index
 It measures the global power of cities using the
 “livable” – capable of being lived into – combination of six (6) criteria:
 City – not just to work there, not just to tour,
not just for pleasure- but to permanently live
CAREEL
there 1. Economy
 Global Cities are livable cities because:  Gross Domestic Products
1. They provide jobs that pay an adequate wage  Headquarters in shanghai, china, may
2. They provide basic services, including safe have a smaller stock market than New
water and adequate sanitation York and Tokyo, but it plays a critical
3. People have access to educational opportunities role in the global economic supply
and health care chain ever since it became the
manufacturing center of the world.
4. People are not at risk of forced eviction
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2. Research and Development 2. The GPCI reveals the strengths and weaknesses
3. Cultural Interaction of each city and at the same time uncovers problems that
- Discrimination need to be overcome.
4. Livability
5. Environment Key Findings of the GPCI-2017
 In the GPCI-2017 comprehensive ranking, the
- Sustainable activities? Degradation
top five cities of London (No. 1),
6. Accessibility New York (No. 2),
- Location Tokyo (No. 3),
- Exceptions : not all northern countries – Paris (No. 4), and
global city, not all southern countries Singapore (No. 5)
- XXX Northern hemisphere -- all maintain their respective positions from
- (e.g. southern hemisphere: Adelaide last year. These cities have remained in the top 5
Australia, Singapore) for nine consecutive years.
Features of The Global Power City  By region, the European cities on the whole
Index (GPCI) score highly in Livability and Environment.
 The cities of Asia, which rank highly overall,
1. As opposed to limiting the ranking to particular earn strong scores in Economy.
areas of research such as “Finance” and “Livability,” the Downsides of the Global City
GPCI focuses on a wide variety of functions in • High costs – cost of living
order to assess and rank the global potential and • Alienation/Isolation -
comprehensive power of a city. • Impersonality -
• Discrimination against migrants of certain
kinds
 Environmental degradation – factories – production
62
 Terrorist Attacks  1. policy development
LAW/POLICY – audience – majority
80% - teenagers
law – education, health, family planning, career,
jobs
TARGET AUDIENCE

 Market
females – products –
senior citizens – mini skirts/ gadgets
complicated –
audience – products to produce – need

week 12 What is the current globe population?

 7.8 Billion
Global Demography
What is Demographics? Definition of Terms
 Demographics is the study of a population based 1. Birth Rate – the number of birth per 1000
on factors such as age, race, and sex. people per unit of time (usually year)
 POPULATION
 Governments, corporations, and nongovernment Birth Rate = (Total live births/ Total population) x
organizations use demographics to learn more 1000
about a population's characteristics for many
purposes, including policy development and 5,000 / 100,000
economic market research. 0.05 x 1000

63
50 / annum per year
2. Mortality Rate: the percentage of people who
die relative to the country’s population (annual)

Death Rate = Total death/ Total population x 1000


3. Life Expectancy - the average number of
years which a person of that age may expect to live
according to the mortality pattern prevalent in that
country.
 “60 is the new 40”
 life begins at 40
 The life expectancy of people is rising

4. Fertility Rate: total number of children borne

by a woman at a point of time during her child-
bearing age (15 to 45 years).
 Family size depends upon
a. Duration of marriage
b. Education of people
c. Contraception method
d. Socio economic status

64
5. Median Age: the age that divides a population  Developing countries like India and the
into two numerically equally-sized groups – half Philippines had higher dependency ratios than
the people are younger and half are older. the West in 1900
GITNA dependents > working group
5 people
 A great increase in dependency ratio was caused
1 by the decline in infant and child mortality and
2 high levels of fertility, with its peak around
3 1970.
4 bumaba mortality – tumataas fertility – 1-14y/o
5 bata ang populasyon

 It is a single index that summarized the age

distribution of a population
 21.7 – 1970
 30 – 2019
6. Age Dependency Ratio – the ratio of
dependents (people younger than 15 or older than
64) to the working group
20 people
15-64 – working group – presumed working
15 non working
group 5 working
1-14y/o, 65-onwards – presumed dependents
15/5

3:1

65
Theories of 120 sacks of rice / month
240 people
population growth and 1 person =/ 1 sack of rice
decline 240 people – 240 sacks
Malthusian Theory – 2 persons = 1 sack of rice
pessimistic 240 people / 120 sacks of rice
 Overpopulation - massive poverty 2 people = 1 sack of rice
 Thomas Malthus theorized 1 person – 1/2sack
pessimistically that population is year 10
uncontrollable 1000 sack of rice
 Malthus argued that population is 10,000 people
growing faster than the amount of resources === overpopulation – little resources
we could produce. -massive poverty – HUNGER =
 At some point, population would
outgrow resources (food) Demographic Transition Model
year 1  1 stage – overpop = poverty
100 sacks of rice / month  changes per stage
100 people  This model predicts that as a
country develops, high birth rates and
1 person/ 1 sack of rice high death rates will fall
year 2
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 This model also predicts that  Birth BR - Low DR - increase
countries will pass through periods of population
industrialization and urbanization on  Characterized by improved health
the way to reduce birth and death rates care, sanitation and increased food
supplies, leading to a rapid fall in
death rates.
 Birth rates are still high, so there is a
rapid increase in population numbers.

 Starting POINT
 High BR – High DR
 Characterized by high birth rates
and high fluctuating death rates resulting
in small population growth  Lower BR – same DR
 Plagues, diseases, and poor nutrition  increase population – Not abrupt -
keep mortality high.  Characterized by decreased growth
rate of a population.
 Birth rates begin to fall

67
 Industrialization, urbanization, and number of annual births exceeded 2 per
improved living standards lead to less 100 women (or approximately 1% of the
desire for large families total population size). An estimated 78.3
million Americans were born during this
period.
 The hardships and uncertainties of
the Great Depression and World War II
led many couples to delay marriage and
 many married couples to delay having
Starting to children.
fall – Lower BR + Lower DR
 The war’s end, followed by a
 Characterized by the completion of sustained period of economic prosperity
the transition to a low growth rate with (the 1950s and early 1960s), was
low birth and death rates accompanied by a surge in population.
 The birth rate may fluctuate in
special circumstances, such as in the
post-war “baby boom”.
 The term "baby boom" is often used
to refer specifically to the post–World
War II (1946–1964) baby boom in the
United States and Europe. In the US the
68
 completion Implication of Overpopulation
 Lowest BR – Lower DR
Good news
 Characterized by a lower birth than
death rate  Better economy
 This is happening in some Europen  higher labor – population
countries and Japan  Efficient utilization of
 It is not known if this trend will also resources
extend in some areas overpopulated in ONE
Summary AREA
ONE CITY
allocate resources
distribute – transportation
x

 Medical, agricultural and

industrial growth – more labor –
more opportunities
 Better labour force
69
 Good working age population
 Productive Ten largest countries in the world today:
 Greater investment in capital
formation
The perils of overpopulation
 Shortage of food and land
 maximum carrying capacity of
the earth
 food production must increase to
70%
 Environmental problems
 Unemployment
 Poverty and low standard of
living
 Inflation
 Conflict and war when resources
ran out

70
2. Monaco — 2 km²/0.78 mi²
3. Nauru — 20 km²/8.1 mi²
4. Tuvalu — 30 km²/11.6 mi²
5. San Marino — 60 km²/24 mi²
6. Liechtenstein — 160 km²/62 mi²
7. Marshall Islands — 180 km²/70 mi²
8. Saint Kitts and Nevis — 260 km²/101
mi²
9. Maldives — 300 km²/116 mi²
10. Malta — 320 km²/122 mi²
Largest Cities in the World
1- Tokyo, Japan Population: 37,339,804
2. Delhi, India Population: 31,181,376
3- Shanghai, China Population: 27,795,702
4- Sao Paulo, Brazil Population: 22,237,472
5- Mexico City, Mexico Population: 21,918,936
6- Dhaka, Bangladesh Population: 21,741,090
7- Cairo, Egypt Population: 21,322,750
8- Beijing, China Population: 20,896,820
Ten smallest countries in the world today: 9- Mumbai, India Population: 20,667,656
Total Area in km²/mi² - 2021) 10- Osaka, Japan Population: 19,110,616
1. Vatican City — 0.49 km²/0.17 mi²
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boundary 1: Philippines
boundary 2: south korea

the movement of people from one place to

another with the purpose of changing their residence,
either temporary or permanently.

week13 Internal migration

- internal – within the
Global Migration country
The students are expected to: is the movement of people
from one area such as a province,
 Analyze the political, economic, cultural, a district, or municipality to
another within one country.
 and social factors underlying the global
movements of people BUBBLE
 Display first-hand knowledge of the NCR + bubble
experiences of the OFW’s
Global Migration: Gapan nueva ecija – boundary – checkpoint –
Definitions and Types Bulacan – boundary

Migration
means crossing the boundary of a political or International migration
administrative unit for a certain minimum period (Boyle - outside your country
et al. 1998). - state to state
72
- is the crossing the frontiers which separate one of
the world’s approximately 200 states from - political – education – changes – adjustments -
another.
 Many scholars argue that International migrants
internal and international
migration are part of the same process; they Temporary labor migrants
should be analyzed together. who migrate for a limited period of time in order
 to work and send remittances to families in the country
 of origin.

border crossing NOT migration

– tourism/business Highly-skilled and business migrants
people with qualifications such as the managers,
executives, professionals, technicians, and the like, who
 The great majority of border crossings do move within the internal labor markets of transnational
not imply migration: most travelers are tourists corporations and international organizations.
or business visitors who have no intention
of staying in the country for good. Irregular migrants
 International migration arises in a world divided also known as the undocumented or illegal
up into nation-states, in which remaining in migrants.
the country of birth is still seen as norm They enter the country in search for employment
and moving to another country as a deviation. with no necessary documents and permits.
 Migration tends to be regarded as problematic.
It has to be controlled and curbed, for it may Refugees
bring unpredictable changes. - those who are
73
unable or unwilling - -not because of persecution
to return to their - just to seek for protection
country because of
a ‘well-founded fear Forced migration
of persecution ( GENERAL )
on account of race, religion, - not voluntary
nationality, membership in a particular - refugees – asylum
social group or political opinion.’ – R-RN-SP seekers – all kinds of
- someone who has been recognised forced movements
under the 1951 Convention relating to in a broader sense, this includes not only
the status of refugees to be a refugee. refugees and asylum seekers but also people
forced to move by environmental catastrophes or
development
projects like
new factories,
roads or dams.

- The definition of ‘refugee’ does not cover other Some reasons for forced migration
individuals or groups of people who leave their  Drought - A single drought can spell disaster for
country only because of war or other civil communities whose lives and livelihoods rely on
disturbance, famine, natural disasters or in regular, successful harvests. In a number of
order to seek a better life. African countries where Concern works
Asylum seekers — including Somalia, Kenya, and Ethiopia
- those who move across borders in search of — droughts have become increasingly
protection. severe, leaving millions of citizens without
74
the ability to grow food. They rely on this - fertility rate >
food to feed themselves, their livestock, and  According to neo-classical economic theory, the
their livelihoods. main cause of migration is individual’s efforts to
Family members maximize their income by moving from low-wage
also known as family reunion or family to high-wage economies.
reunification migrants.  Migration decisions are made not just by
Return migrants individuals- they often represent family strategies
those who return to their countries of to maximize income and survival chances.
origin after a period in another country. Two Factors of Migration:
CAUSES OF MIGRATION 1. Push Factor
1. Disparity in levels of income - any human or nature factors that encourage
- employment – compare salary here and in or force people to leave a settlement or residence.
other countries a. Social push factor
- greener pasture b. Political push factor
2. Employment c. Economic push factor
- lack of jobs d. Environmental push factor
- 5 vacancy – 100 applicants – 95 of you – O problem = push you out of the country
3. Social well-being 2. Pull Factor
- social issues  any human or nature factors that attract
4. Differences in demographic patterns with regard people to live in a new residential area or
to fertility, mortality, age-structure, and labor- location
force growth a. Social pull factor
- global demography b. Political pull factor
- working group > dependents c. Economic pull factor
- dependents > working group d. Environmental pull factor
75
 your residence gives you enough - attractive  The significance of migration as a major factor in
offer outside that pulls you to it societal change lies in the fact that it is
concentrated in certain countries and regions.
The Volume of Contemporary  Migration affects certain areas within both the
Migration sending and the receiving countries more than
 The United Nations figures show that the others.
global migrant stock (the number of  Migration needs to take place in an orderly way to
people resident in a place outside their safeguard the human rights of migrants.
country of birth) grew from 75 million in  Labor Code – POEA/ DOLE - LAWS to protect
1965 to 120 million in 1990. migrants
 The 1990 figure was roughly equal to 2%
of the world’s population.
 The number of migrants grew slightly faster
than world population as a whole, but the
annual growth rate of 1.9% for the whole period
increasing to 2.6% from 1985-1990 was not
dramatic.
 International migrants remain a fairly small
minority. Internal migration, conversely, is much
larger,
 For instance the number of internal migrants in
India in 1981 was some 200 million, more than Week 14
double the number of international migrants in Sustainable Development
the whole world at that time. The students are expected to:

76
 Compare and contrast stability from - global crisis
sustainability. - war – famine – conflicts

Stability
 Identify and analyze challenges towards
sustainable development.
 Generate insights on sustainable development • STABLE/STABILITY – firm foundation/unchanging/
initiatives and efforts. - STABILITY
Sustainable Economic Systems  Firmness in position, permanence and
resistance to change are the words associated
 The global economy became the sphere of
with stability.
extreme uncertainty and risk during the first
 The International Monetary Fund, 2012
decade of the twenty-first century.
defines it as ‘avoiding large swings in economic
 uncertainty – economy, politics, religious
activity, high inflation, and excessive volatility
beliefs, population,
in exchange rates and financial markets.’
 Collapsing financial markets, rising
 avoiding swings – sudden/abrupt movement
unemployment, deeper inequalities, a shrinking
 controlled movement
middle class, extreme indebtedness, and inability
 x stagnancy / firm / resistance to sudden
of governments to force through reforms were
change
just some of the symptoms of crisis around the
• This refers to indexes that describe the
globe.
economy in short term categories.
 Ulrich Beck, a German sociologist, has predicted
• Knoop (2009) expressed that within a few
these things to happen years back, and has coined
years, every economy moves through periods of
the term, “risk society” (Beck, 1986).
rapid growth with rising demand, higher inflation
and dropping unemployment, followed by
MALTHUSIAN THEORY OF POPULATION
depression with reversal phenomena.
- Overpopulation  massive poverty
• Excessive highs and lows should be avoided.
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• These crises were mainly attributed to major
political mistakes, but were particularly alarming
• WAR - with their contagion effects.
There was a Great • Since 2007, many countries had been trying
Depression that happened to restore stabilization.
in 1929, when the
economy collapsed in a
dramatic way after long
Sustainability
• It considers the long-term capacities of a
years of post-war
system to exist, not its short term resistance to
prosperity and overproduction.
change
• The global crisis in the 1970’s opened the gates of
• ‘development that meets the needs of the
new economic ideas.
present without compromising the ability of future
• Monetarism –
generations to meet their own needs’
premised on the idea that
 New ideas in technology and organization
stabilization
made it possible to overtake the steady
could be produced by
state of zero growth and induce
control of amount of
development without increasing resources.
money in circulation.
THOMAS MALTHUS
- control money – circulation – stability
Overpopulation -> Massive poverty
100 sacks of rice – 100 families
• The 1990’s still experienced world economy
150 sacks of rice – 200 families
collapses such as the Asian financial crisis in 1987, the
• Paul Romer and Robert Lucas in 1980’s
Russian crisis followed by the disaster in Argentina that
started in 1999. proposed a new theory called the New
Growth Theory: the endogenous factors
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like human capital and education were
recognized as crucial for growth. giving a fish all the
time – no longer
labour - sustainable
education – crucial growth teach the person to
• In the 19th century, the issue of sustainability fish – livelihood –
considered mainly social conditions in early industrial source of income –
capitalism. sustain him
• Modern debate on sustainability focused mainly
on environmental questions. b. economic security when unemployed, ill,
• Rising awareness of the sustainability problem in disabled, or otherwise unable to secure a
environmental issues and resources translated also into livelihood
international cooperation. Environmental Aspect
• Sustainable Development is the harmonious  Must maintain a stable
integration of: resource base avoiding over-
 a sound and viable economy exploitation of renewable
 responsible governance – politics/administration resources systems and
 social cohesion – culture/integration depleting non-renewable
 ecological integrity – environmental protection resources.
 trees- renewable – take time
 Adopting environmental management weapons
Economical Aspect in policy and decision
 Must be able to produce goods and services on a
making
continuing basis
a. adequate livelihood or productive assets – Technological Aspect
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 Promoting proper management of wastes and
residuals
 Adopting environment-friendly technologies Institutional Aspect
 lights – solar lamps  beyond you – bigger you
 improving institutional
Political Aspect capacity/capability to
manage sustainable
 Empowering the development
people
 Maintaining peace  Most countries in the world have accepted
and order that sustainable development is an
essential development pathway and are
Social Aspect busy incorporating its principles into their
own policies and programmes
 Must achieve:
 INSTITUTIONALIZE SUSTAINABLE DEV’T 
a. distributional
POLICIES AND PROGRAMS
equity
 The United Nations has taken sustainable
– allocation of
development very seriously and it has established
resources -
specialist units to deal with the issue and to
b. adequate provisions
identify opportunities and activities to support this
of social services
development theory
 Gender equity
 The challenge now is to mainstream sustainable
 Political
development thinking and to find sensible and
accountability
simple solutions to our challenges
 Participation

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 MAINSTREAM – NORM - 2. straws (pasta)
3. segregating trash
4. continue using eco bags – embrace
Structural Changes 5. recycling
 Avoiding the use of environmentally-harmful raw 6. planting trees
materials, processes and products 7. promoting reusable products
 Gradual substitution of Non-renewable resources 8. enhancing diversity
with Renewable resources
 Cleaner Technologies of Production GCASH? Gcash Forest
 Recycle and Reuse Technologies
 Biotechnological Applications of Renewable 10k energy – use to buy trees
Resources
 Resource Optimization
 Corporate Social Responsibility – embed in
 your employees – lessen carbon footprint –
carpool
 Mass awareness campaigns to involve people
 Proper Evaluation of options toward the
sustainable development considering all
aspects
 intensive research/planning –
INDIVIDUAL INITIATIVES
small steps Global Food Security
1. avoiding plastic straws – metal – edible
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Week 15 The Challenge of An Evolving Concept of Food Security
Feeding the World
Learning Outcomes:
The students are expected to:

 Discuss the meaning of global food

security and its four pillars ■The prevalence of food insecurity is
 Critique key trends in global food manifested by the presence of hunger and
security malnourishment.
 Propose concrete actions to address
problems and challenges on global food
security Starbucks – global divide
pagpasok – well-fed –
Introduction labas – bata/matanda – namamalimos
Global food security has become
one of the challenges of the ■Food security is associated with the
21st century. availability of food at the local, national and
 increase of global food prices global levels (McDonald, 2010).
 vulnerability of food systems to ■1974 UN World Food Conference defined
a number of demographic, socio- food security as the ‘availability at all times of
economic, environmental adequate world food supplies of basic
and policy-related factors. foodstuffs to sustain a steady expansion of food
population – food supply consumption and to offset
– insecurity fluctuations in production and prices'
palay – ulan/bumagyo - adequate – just enough/sufficient
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(doesn’t have to be excessive)
- sustained – not hampered /not barred/
x buffet double rice x over-fed

FIRST Paradigm Shift - limited focus -

availability/supply
 the academic and policy discourse on food
security witnessed a shift away from the
rather limiting focus on food availability
Paradigm Shifts and supply as the core concerns of food
■ Maxwell (1996) mentioned that security.
in subsequent decades, three  availability - as long as food is available
distinct paradigm shifts took place to – then there is food security
significantly influence the food security discourse
and international agenda.

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THIRD Paradigm Shift- access to preferable
Second Paradigm Shift – livelihood security food
 highlighted the importance of  A shift away from a purely calorie-counting
livelihood security as a key approach to food security, to one that
household priority and component incorporates
of food security, shaping subjective measures of what it means to be
decisions around whether or not  food-secure, including access to
to go hungry in the short term. food that is preferable
 it is not enough that we have foods = (Maxwell, 1988,1996:158-60.)
availability is not enough
 daily supply - long term security - sustain MEAL PLAN – bf, snacks,
 food availability - livelihood lunch, snacks, dinner –
1500 number of calories
 Meal plan? 1500/day =
quantitative approach
 SHIFTED
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TOQUALITATIVE/SUBJECTIVE accessibility – get hold of it WHEN NEEDED –
APPROACH = qualitative utilization – distributed properly / used –
approach  understanding stability – long-term – emergencies –
what your body prefers not subject to whims/abuse by the
protein gov’t – reliability
NEW DEF’N – third paradigm shifts Global Food Security- Key Trends
 Food security exists when all people, at all
times, have physical, social, and economic
access to sufficient, safe, and nutritious
food that meets their dietary needs and
food preferences for an active and healthy
life (FAO, 2002).
 STANDARDIZING DIET – SUBJECTIVE –
WHAT DOES YOUR BODY NEED
Four Pillars of Food Security

Four key pillars of

Rising Food Prices and Poverty
Food
Security • In the mid 2000’s, global food prices began
to climb.
Availability

Utilization

Stability
Access

availability – resources exist – supply-

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• The prices of key staples such as wheat, rice, • The demographic trends in Asia
maize, and soy bean as well as edible oils all have serious implications for food
soared. systems in the region and elsewhere.
• The impact of food prices spikes has been  India and China, for example, are
most devastating to those who are in the poverty
level. the fastest growing countries in the Asian
150-160pesos manok region.
10pesos/day • As the youth move from rural areas to urban
poverty level – 10pesos – allotted water / soap areas to look for better livelihoods, there are fewer
• The growth of the world population is people of working age left behind to produce the
proportionate to the demand for food and rising growing quantities of food required to meet rising
incomes and growing per capita food demand in urban areas.
consumption. • The mass movement of people from rural to
urban areas has also been accompanied by a rapid
and ongoing expansion of cities and slums in parts
of Asia.
• Slums are characterized by lack of access to
clean drinking water, inadequate sanitation and
waste disposal mechanism, making resident
population highly vulnerable
Population Growth and Urbanization to quick-spreading diseases and chronic
• The increase of demands for
food insecurity (CISS, 2013).
food comes from developing countries
in Asia and Africa.
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• However, not all developing countries have
experienced this phenomenon of nutrition
transition equally.
• In India, for example, the consumption of
meat continues to lag behind when compared to
Brazil and China for
people at similar income levels.

Rising Incomes and Changing Diets

• As incomes in developing
countries continue to grow, more and
more people are able to access
food in greater quantities.
• There is a substitution phase in which the Bio-fuel Production, Land Use
cereals are replaced by more energy-rich foods
such as meat and those with a high concentration
Change and Access to Land
of vegetable oils and sugar. • The global surge in bio-fuel
• Global consumption of meat increased by production was triggered in 2004-2005.
around 62 per cent between 1963 and 2005. • It happened when the United States
• Much of the growth of meat consumption and the European Union adopted
took place in Asia in general and in China in a number of policies and incentives
particular. to boost bio-fuel consumption
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(USAID, 2009). AAUS
• Biofuels are seen to be significant in • Agriculture is highly-sensitive to
reducing dependence of fossil fuels in a number of climate, and food production is
countries around the globe. affected directly by variations in
• First generation biofuels are produced from agro-ecological conditions for
plant starch, oils, animal fats and sugars. growing crops.
 Bio-ethanol, for example, is produced from • Overall studies show that the
food crops such as sugarcane, maize, wheat, impacts of climate change will be mixed and
sugar beets and sweet sorghum, and is uneven across regions.
currently the most widely used form of • For countries located at lower
biofuel. latitudes, the productivity of major
 ph - access to land crops like rice, wheat, and maize, is projected to
drop with just small increases in local average
temperature. This is particularly the case for
countries that are located in seasonally dry and
tropical regions.
• Climate change will bring the developing
countries ‘high costs and few benefits’ (Stern,
E. Climate Change 2006:vii).
• Climate change affects all four • Both sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia,
dimensions of food security: food with the highest levels of hunger and
availability, food accessibility, food malnourishment worldwide, are set to suffer from
utilization, and food systems stability.
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the negative impacts of climate change on crop 5. Work to defeat climate change
production. - to avoid gap time
- maulan – affect food production
- ways – land management
6. agricultural training
- farmers
- citizens - control our nutrition

Week 16

ACTIONS TO ADDRESS PROBLEMS AND

CHALLENGES ON GLOBAL FOOD SECURITY
1. Reduce food waste – equal
utilization/distribution
2. Improve existing infrastructural programs- Global Citizenship
Market.
3. Improve trade policies LEARNING OUTCOMES:
- foreigners / big family corporation
The students are expected to:
- farmers – education/ inform / equip • Articulate a personal
- include all people – expand trading system definition of global citizenship.
• Appreciate the ethical
4. Promote diversification obligation of global citizenship.
- other sources -
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Filipino Citizens – Russians do that to avoid future conflict with this
- rights – person.
- obligations
3. In some ASIAN COUNTRIES such as China,
1. to vote -
2. follow our law Korea or Japan, a sign of approval and appreciation
ignorantia legis non of someone’s cooking is to slurp the soup loudly.
excusat
3. respect the Ph Flag 4. If you are looking for a job in IRELAND,
4. national anthem - the UK or the US, remember not to add personal
data in your CV (date of birth, sex, marital status or
even a profile picture!). Equal opportunity
legislation in these countries requires employers to
recruit based on merit alone, and
emitting these data enables organisations to choose
candidates fairly!

1. In a country like GERMANY, you will

see people knocking on their table rather than
clapping to applaud at the end of a master class or a
really good meeting. In Beer-land clapping is
reserved for theater and concerts!
2. In RUSSIA you will discover that you receive a
light stamp if you accidentally step on someone’s
foot. Why? The first thought that will come to your
mind is that it’s due to revenge. Far from this, Citizenship, defined
 membership in a
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political community/ are visiting, has nothing to do
legal membership in a with increasing international
sovereign state understanding and may have
harmful effects on the environment
 Aristotle: to be truly human, one had to
and local culture
be an active citizen - pleasure, leisure – not
 embraces rights and duties: political understanding culture – IG
participation, right to vote, etc. - publicity – media
Global Citizenship: a Concept • However, there are travels that are
seen as means of promoting
 no fixed definition international understanding
 Human beings always form communities  exchange students:
based on shared identity, articulate The image of wandering scholar is still
shared values, build governance part of a cosmopolitan view of the world of
structures. learning.
 Globalization made it possible for the  It is also encouraged by governments to
local to be interconnected with the globe. promote friendly relations between
- countries.
 Global Citizenship: identity
with a “global community”
above identity with nation.
• Mass tourism, which often
shields people from the society they
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to democratization both in
remaining communist regimes
such as China and in other

authoritarian states.

Global Civil Society

 Definition: Vast assemblage of groups
operating across borders and beyond the
reach of governments. 

 Autonomous social groups: the

teamwork or group of
independent workers encouraged
to manage their own work and Values & Responsibility of a
working practices.
Global Community of People Sharing
 freely exercising our rights the Same Global Identity
as professionals – advocacy
 The existence of autonomous Human Rights: moral principles or norms
social groups and institutions has that describe certain standards of human
been seen as essential behaviour and are regularly protected in
municipal and international law.
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- most basic right - religion – peace / conflict
- privacy – - rights exercise – without creating conflicts
- respect – discrimination – live freely Elimination of Weapons of Mass Destruction
Environmental Protection - violence
Religious Pluralism - disputes – without resorting violence
- respect to all religion – all religions - Arbitration Committees -
are equally valid Humanitarian Assistance
- right to not practice religion - Yolanda – aided by countries
Gender Equity - aid /assist countries that are in need
- m/f Preservation of Cultural Diversity
- man/woman - cultural relativism – all cultures valid
- LGBTQ - - know culture of others – study – try to
Sustainable Worldwide Economic preserve them
Growth  Global
- economic – produce – livelihood – secure Citizenship is
Poverty Alleviation both an
- donate – international
- education - and personal
- science – medicine - concept
Prevention of Conflicts between Countries  Global citizenship is key to 21st-century
and People learning and can help citizens be developed
- avoid war politically, economically, and socio-culturally.
- avoid violence
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 Global citizenship is instilled by different
entities and personalities:
 from our home to our school, to the media, to
the international associations
 helps young people develop core
competencies.
- future generation
- lead the country, raise your children,
teach the future generation

There is an emerging world community

to which we all belong.
Prepared by: MELVA M. BIHASA LPT

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