THERMAL PROPERTIES OF MATTER–I NEET-PHYSICS-VOL- III

THERMAL PROPERTIES OF MATTER-I

SYNOPSIS Ø The Celsius ( °C ) , Fahrenheit ( ° F) , Kelvin (K),
Reaumur (R), Rankine (Ra) are commonly used
Heat and Temperature thermometric scales.
Heat: Different Thermometric Scales:
Ø Heat is a form of energy which produces the Thermometric LFP UFP Total No.of
sensation of hotness. scale divisions
Ø Heat is the thermal energy of the body. Celsius scale 0°C 100°C 100
Ø Heat flows from bodies at high temperature to Fahrenheit scale 32°F 212° F 180
bodies at low temperature. Kelvin scale (or) 273.15 K 373.15 K 100
Concept of Temperature: Absolute scale
Ø Temperature is a physical quantity which measures Reaumur scale 0° R 80°R 80
the degree of hotness or coldness of a body. Ø On any thermometric scale
Ø Temperature determines the direction of flow of Reading-LFP
heat between two bodies in thermal contact with = constant
each other until both acquire same temperature. UFP-LFP
Ø When two bodies are at same temperature X−L
(or) = constant.
then they are said to be in thermal equilibrium U−L
with each other. Relation Between Temperatures of Different
Ø In thermal equilibrium the heat in the two bodies Scales:
may or may not be equal. C− 0 F − 32 K − 273 R −0
Ø Temperature is the macroscopic property of a body Ø = = = (or)
100 − 0 212 − 32 373 − 273 80 − 0
or a system.
Ø Temperature is a scalar quantity. C F − 32 K − 273 R
= = = (or)
Measurement of Temperature 100 180 100 80
Ø Measurement of temperature requires: C F − 32 K − 273 R
(a) the construction of an instrument (i.e., = = =
5 9 5 4
thermometer) Ø Temperature difference on different scales is
(b) the calibration of the thermometer. ∆C ∆F ∆K ∆R
Ø Construction of thermometer depends on some = = =
physical property of matter (such as pressure, 5 9 5 4
Ø Common reading on Celsius and Fahrenheit scales
volume, emf, resistance etc) that changes with
temperature. is −40° i.e. −40° C = −40°F .
Ø Calibration of the thermometer depends on fixing C F − 32 X X − 32
certain points on the thermometer. Since, = ⇒ =
5 9 5 9
Ø The fixed points are ( ice point) the temperature of
X = −40° .
the melting point of ice and (steam point) the
temperature of the boiling point of water under Ø Temperature of the core of the sun is 107 K while
normal atmospheric pressure. of its surface 6000 K. Normal temperature of
Thermometric Scales: human body is 310.15K ( = 37 C = 98.6 F )
0 o

Ø The distance between the LFP and UFP of a

while NTP implies 273.15K ( = 0 C = 32 F ) .
0 o
thermometer is called the fundamental interval.
Fundamental interval = ( UFP ) − ( LFP) . Faulty Thermometer:
Ø The fundamental interval is divided into equal parts. Ø If the reading on a faulty thermometer is ‘X’ and its
These parts are given arbitrary numerical values of lower and upper fixed points are L and U
temperature known as thermometric scale. respectively then
Ø correct reading on Celsius scale is
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C−0 X −L 1 9
= t C = tC + 32
100 U−L
2 5
Ø Correct reading on Fahrenheit scale is
F − 32 X − L 320
180
=
U −L
or tC = − = −24.6 0 C
13
K − 273 X − L WE-4: An accurate Celsius thermometer and a
Ø Correct reading on Kelvin scale is 100 = U − L .
faulty Fahrenheit thermometer register 60°
Ø Error in measurement by faulty thermometer and 141° respectively when placed in the same
= measured value - true value constant temperature enclosure. What is the
Correction = - Error error in the Fahrenheit thermometer?
WE-1:The graph between two temperature scales C F − 32 60 F − 32
A and B is shown in Fig. Between upper fixed Sol : From = ⇒ = ⇒F =1400 F
point and lower fixed point there are 150 5 9 5 9
equal divisions on scale A and 100 on scale B. Error = 141- 140 = 10 F ; Correction = −10 F
The relation between the temperatures in two Types of Thermometers:
scales is given by ____ Primary standard thermometers
0 (gas thermometers)
Temperature ( A)
Constant volume Constant pressure Gravimetric thermometers
0 (Compensated Air Thermometer)
180 Secondary Thermometers

Vt A = 1500
Expansion Resistance Radiation
(liquid) Thermometers Pyrometers
Thermometers
300
VtB = 100
0
Principle of Thermometry :
O 0
100 Temperature ( B)
0 If X is a property that varies linearly with
temperature T as X = a T + b, where
t A − 30 t B − 0 ‘a’ and ‘b’ are constants then
Sol : When t B = 0, t A = 300 ∴ =
150 100  X −X 
t =  t 0  ×100°C is general equation
WE-2: What is the temperature for which the  X100 − X0 
reading on Kelvin and Fahrenheit scales
used to measure temperature t.
are same ?
Sol : On the Kelvin and Fahrenheit scales or X t = X 0 (1 + α t )
K - 273.15 F - 32 Measurement of Temperature Based
= (if X=K=F) on Triple point
100 180
Ø If the value of thermometric property at 0K,
X - 273.15 X - 32
= 273.16K and TK K is 0, XTr and X respectively
100 180 TK X X
9 Ø = , i.e., TK = ( 273.16 ) K
X = (255.38) = 574.6 273.16 XTr XTr
4 Ø When a constant volume gas thermometer is used
\ 574.6 K = 574.6°F.. to measure temperature of a body then
WE-3:At what temperature is the Fahrenheit P
scale reading equal to half that on the T K = ( 273.16 ) K
PTr
Celsius scale ?
9 1 Where PTr is pressure of a given amount of gas at
Sol :As t F = tC + 32 and t F = t C , triple point of water and P is the pressure at a
5 2
temperature which is to be determined
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WE-5: Two absolute scales X and Y have triple WE-9:The resistance of a platinum resistance
points of water defined to be 300 X and 450Y. thermometer is found to be 11.0 ohm when
How are TX and TY related to each other ? dipped in a triple point cell. When it is dipped
Sol : Here, temperature 300 on absolute scale in a bath,resistance is found to be 28.887 ohm.
X=273.16K (Triple point of water) Find the temperature of the bath in 0C on
∴ Value of temperature TX on absolute platinum scale.
273.16 Sol. In terms of triple point of water,
scale X = TX é R ùú
300
TK = ê273.16 K
Similarly, value of temperature TY on absolute scale êë RTr úû
273.16
Y = 28.887
so TK = 273.16 ´ = 717.32 K
TY
450
Since both these values are equal, 11.0
273.16 273.16 2 Now as TC = TK - 273.15
TX = TY ∴TX = TY
300 450 3 TC = 717.32 - 273.15 = 444.17 0 C
WE-6:The readings corresponding to the ice point WE-10:Graph shows the relation between
and steam point for a constant pressure gas Centigrade and Fahrenheit scales of
thermometer are 500 cc, and 545 cc. If the temperature . Find slope in each graph?
reading corresponding to room temperature Sol.
be 510 cc, find the room temperature? Case (i) :
Sol. Given : V0=500cc; V100=545cc. and Vt =510 cc. F
 Vt − V0   510 − 500 
Using, t =  V  × 100 =   100
 100 − V0 
0

 545 − 500  212 F

= 22.22o C
WE-7: A constant volume gas thermometer shows 9
Slope =
pressure readings of 50 cm and 90 cm of 5
mercury at 00C and 1000C respectively.What 320 F
is the temperature on gas scale when the
pressure reading is 60 cm of mercury ? 0
-17.78 C O 100C
0
C
Sol. Given that P0=50cm of Hg,P100=90 cm of Hg A plot of Fahrenheit temperature (F) versus
Pt = 60 cm of Hg Celsius temperature (C)
Pt - P0 60 - 50
t= ´100 = ´100 = 250 C 9
P100 - P0 90 - 50 F = C + 32
5
(Q y = mx + c )
WE-8:The resistance of a platinum wire is 15Ω Slope of the graph m =9/5
at 200 C. This wire is put in a hot furnace and C F − 32 5 160
the resistance of the wire is found to be 40Ω . Case (ii):
5
=
9
;C = F −
9 9
(Q y = mx + c )
Find the temperature of the hot furnace if Slope of the graph , m = 5/9
temperature coefficient of resistance of
C
platinum is 3.6 × 10−3 0C −1
5
R2 (1 + α t 2 ) Slope =
Sol. Rt = R0 (1 + αt) ⇒ R = (1 + α t )
9
1 1
F
40 (1 + α t2 ) O 0
= ⇒ 40 − 15 = α (15t2 − 40t1 ) 32F
15 (1 + α t1 ) 0
-17.78C
25
15t2 = + 40 × 20 ≈ 7745
3.6 ×10− 3 A plot of Celsius temperature (C) versus
7745 Fahrenheit temperature (F)
⇒ t2 = ≈ 5160 C
15
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Thermal Expansion of Solids: Coefficient of Linear Expansion:

Ø Thermal expansion of solids is different for isotropic Ø The ratio of increase in length of a solid per degree
and anisotropic solids. rise in temperature to its original length is called
Ø Thermal expansion is same in all directions of coefficient of linear expansion ( ∝ )
isotropic solids. l 2 − l1
α = / 0C
Ø Metals, amorphous solids like glass and crystals l1 × (t 2 − t 1 )
like rock salt are the examples of isotropic solids. 1  dl  0
Ø Thermal expansion is different in different directions α in differential form α = l 0  dt  / C

of anisotropic solids.
length of the solid after heating
Ø Many of the crystals such as crystalline CaCO3 ,
l 2 = l 1 1 + α ( t 2 − t1 ) 
Galena are the examples of anisotropic solids.
Ø Solid substances such as cast iron, silver iodine, The coefficient of linear expansion of a solid depends
silica glass, rubber, leather, ice, lead etc., contract on the nature of the material and scale of
on heating. temperature. (it is independent on dimension of
Ø The interatomic force of attraction depends on the material )
distance between atoms. Ø The linear expansion of a solid l2 -l1 =e= l1 α (t2 - t 1 )
Ø On heating solids expand due to increase in Ø It depends on three factors.
interatomic spacing, which is a result of a) Its original length (l1 )
asymmetrical lattice vibrations. b) The nature of the material (α )
Ø The molecules possess both KE and PE. So the c) Change in temperature (t2 - t1 )
KE and PE of molecules increase when the body Ø Increase in length ∆l = lα∆ t
is heated. ∆l
Ø The increase in KE may be in the form of Ø Fractional change in length = α∆t
l
a) translational KE b) vibrational KE
∆l
c) rotational KE Percentage change in length ×100 = α ∆t ×100
Ø In solids the increase in KE is in vibratory KE and l
rotatory KE. Ø For anisotropic solids, if αx, αy and α z are
Ø The increase of KE results in rise in temperature. coefficients of linear expansions along x, y and z
Potential Energy Curve: directions respectively then the average coefficient
Ø Due to the presence of intermolecular attraction,
the molecules possess PE. αx + α y + α z
of linear expansion is α =
Ø At a particular distance of separation the force of 3
attraction is maximum, potential energy is minimum Ø Numerical value of coefficient of linear expansion
and stability is maximum. of a solid is α C when the temperature is measured
Ø The atoms are in a specific state of vibration, at a
particular distance of separation (ro ) and makes in Celsius scale and its value is α F when the
solid to have a definite size. temperature is measured in Fahrenheit scale then
Ø The graph between the interatomic distance and
5 9
potential energy is a curve called potential energy a) α F =   α C (or) α C =   α F
9 5
curve.
E b) α F < α C .
Ø A composite rod is made by joining two rods of
different materials and of same cross section. If
r l1 , l2 are their initial lengths at t1 °C , then
0
E2 (a) the increase in length of composite rod at t 2 °C
r2
is given by ∆l = ( l1α1 + l 2 α2 )( t2 − t1 )
E1 T1
r1 b) The effective coefficient of linear expansion of
E0 T0 l1α 1 + l2 α 2
r0 the composite rod is given by α = l1 + l2 .
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Ø If two metal rods of coefficients of linear expansions Coefficient of Areal (or) Superficial expansion:
α1 and α 2 have same length at t1 °C and t2 °C The ratio of increase in its area per degree rise in
respectively, then the common temperature at which temperature to its original area is called coefficient
they have again the same length is of areal expansion ( β ).
α1t1 − α 2 t2
t=
α1 − α 2 A2 − A1
β= / 0C
Ø If two rods of same length l having different A1 × (t 2 − t1 )
coefficients of linear expansion α1 and α 2
( α1 > α2 ) are at the same temperature t1 °C then Final area A2 = A1 [1 + β (t2 -t1 )]
a) difference in their lengths at higher temperature
Ø Change in area ∆A = Aβ∆t .
t2 °C is given by ∆l = x = (α1 −α2) l ( t2 − t1 )
∆A
Variation of moment of inertia of the body Ø Fractional change in area = β∆t
A
with temperature
Ø With increase of the temperature radius increases ∆A
Percentage change in area ×100 = β∆t ×100
and moment of inertia increases(if α is positive). A
Ø When the temperature of body increases from T Ø The diameter of a metal ring is ‘D’ and the coefficient
to T + ∆T its moment of inertia increases from I of areal expansion is β . If the temperature of the
to I + ∆I , fractional change in M.I. of the body is ring is increased by ∆t then
∆I a) The increase in area of the ring
= 2α ∆ T
I πD2β∆t
Ø A sphere of coefficient of linear expansion α , mass ∆A = Aβ∆t = πR 2β∆t =
4
m and radius r is spinning about an axis through its
πD 2α
diameter with an angular velocity ω1 . If the = ∆ t (Q β = 2 α )
2
temperature of the sphere increases by ∆t then its Coefficient of volume expansion:
new angular velocity is ω2 . Ø The ratio of increase in its volume per degree rise
As angular momentum remains constant. in temperature to its original volume is called
Iω = constant coefficient of volume expansion γ .
∆ω ∆I V 2 − V1 0
I ∆ω + ω∆ I = 0 ⇒ =− γ = / C ; V =V [1 + γ (t -t )]
V1 (t 2 − t1 ) 2 1 2 1
ω I
∆I V −V
Final temperature t 2 = V γ + t1 .
2 1
For small changes in temperature, = 2α ∆T ⇒ Ø
1
I
ω2 − ω1 Ø Change in volume ∆V = γV1 ( t2 − t1 ) .
= −2α∆t
ω1 ∆V
Ø Fractional change in volume = γ∆ t
V
ω2 = ω1 (1 − 2α∆t ) .
∆V
Ø The diameter of a metal ring is ‘D’ and the coefficient Ø percentage change in volume ×100 = γ∆ t× 100
V
of linear expansion is α . If the temperature of the Ø Volume expansion of a body is independent of its
ring is increased by ∆t then the increase in cavities.
circumference of the ring Relation among α , β , γ :
∆C = Cα∆ t = 2πrα∆t = 2π   α∆t = πDα∆t
D
Ø β = 2α , γ = 3α
2
Ø α : β : γ = α : 2α :3α = 1 : 2 : 3
Increase in circumference = π Dα∆t
α β γ
Ø = =
1 2 3
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Variation of density of substance with Ø Pyrex glass is used to prepare test tubes for heating
temperature purpose because its linear expansion coefficient is
Ø When a solid is heated its volume increases and small. ( α = 3x10-6 0 C-1)
hence its density decreases, as mass remains Ø Silica glass (quartz) is used for making bulbs of
constant. thermometer because of low linear expansion
If ρ 1 and ρ 2 are densities of a solid at t1 0 C and coefficient. ( α = 0.5 x10-6 0 C-1)
t2 0 C, and as m1 =m2 ; ρ 1 V1 = ρ 2 V2 Ø Invar is an alloy of Iron, Nickel and Carbon . Invar
ρ 1 V1 = ρ 2 V1 [1+ γ (t2 -t1 )] has very low linear expansion coefficient, so used
ρ 1 = ρ 2 [ 1+ γ (t2 - t1 )] in wrist watches, pendulum clocks and standard
If t and ρ 0 are densities at t0 C and 00 C.
ρ scales.
Ø A hole is drilled at the centre of a metallic plate.
ρ0 When plate is heated, the diameter of hole
ρt= (or) ρ t =ρo (1+?t) -1
.
(1+?t) increases.
Ø When two holes are drilled on a metal plate and
ρt ≈ ρo (1-?t) heated the distance between the holes increases.
Ø For anisotropic materials γ is the sum of linear Ø When a solid and hollow spheres with same outer
coefficients in three mutually perpendicular radius made up of same metal are heated to same
directions. temperature then both expand equally.
γ = αx + α y + α z . Ø Platinum is used to seal glass because their
coefficients of expansion are almost same.
For isotropic solids γ = 3α
Applications: Same Expansion In Different Rods:
Ø Between the rails a gap is left to allow for their If two rods of different materials have the same
difference between their lengths at all temperatures
expansion in summer. If l is the length of the rail
only when their linear expansions are equal.
and ∆t is the change in temperature then the gap
∆l1 = ∆l 2 ; l1α1∆t = l 2α 2∆t
is given by ∆ l = l α ∆ t
Ø l1 α 2
Then l1α1 = l 2α 2 , l = α
A wire of length l is bent in the form of a ring with
a small gap of length x 1 at t1 0 C. On heating the 2 1
ring to t2 0 C the gap increases to x 2 in length. The if the constant difference in their lengths is x then
coefficient of linear expansion of wire xα 2 xα1
l1 = l2 =
x −x α1 ~ α 2 x = l 2 ~ l1
, ,
α= 2 1 α1 ~ α 2
x1 ( t 2 − t1 ) Bimetallic Strip:
Ø Gap behaves like the material for all thermal
expansions. t t l
Ø Telephone wires are loosely connected between
the poles in summer, to allow for their contraction t
in winter. r1 t
Ø Concrete roads are laid in sections and gaps are r2
provided between them to allow for expansion. R
l θ
Ø Pipes used to convey steam from boiler must have
loops to prevent cracking of pipes due to thermal
expansion.
Ø Huge iron griders used in the construction of
bridges and buildings are allowed to rest on rollers
on either side providing scope for expansion. where t is thickness of each strip
Hence the damage to the structure can be avoided. Ø Bimetallic strip works on the principle that different
Ø When a drop of water falls on a hot glass chimney, metals expand differently for the same rise in
the portion of the spot where the water falls, temperature.
contracts and the remaining portion expands.So, Ø If a bimetallic strip made of brass and iron is heated
brass bends on convex side (α b > αi )
the glass chimney breaks (brittle nature of the glass
also).
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Ø If it is cooled brass bends on concave side. Pendulum Clocks:

Ø Radius of curvature of a bimetallic strip. Variation of Time Period of Pendulum Clocks :
dl l − l
( or ) θ = = 2 1 ; l = l (α 2 − α1 )∆T
l
θ= l0
R dr r2 − r1 R 2t T0 = 2π
g
2t
∴ R=
(α 2 − α1) ∆T (Qα 2 > α1 ) If temperature is increased by ∆ t,
l 0 (1 + α ∆t)
t = thickness of each metal strip used. T = 2π
Ø Bimetallic strip can be used as temperature sensor g
in thermometers and fire alarms. (by using Binomial expansion)
Ø As an automatic switch or circuit breaker in electric
α
iron, refrigerators, incubators, thermostats, flash T = T0 (1 + ∆t )
lights etc. 2
Ø As a balance wheel in wrist watches. α
⇒ ∆T = T − T0 = T0 ∆t
Measuring Tapes: 2
Ø Measuring tapes are made of invar steel because ∆T = increase i n time period.
of its least coefficient of linear expansion. Ø Pendulum clocks looses time in summer and gains
Ø Measuring tapes made of metals show correct time in winter
reading only at a temperature at which they are
1
constructed or calibrated. The loss or gain per day = a ? t × 86400 Sec.
Ø When a metal scale expand it shows less value than 2
true value and vice versa Compensated pendulum length is always constant
at all temperatures, so it shows correct time at all
Ø If lm is the measured reading of the length of a
temperatures.
body at t 20C and lc is the correct length of the
Grid Iron Pendulum:
body at calibration temperature t1 °C then The total expansion of brass rods should be equal
lc = lm 1+ ( αS −αb ) ( t2 − t1 ) to that of steel rods . ∆l1 = ∆l 2
t 2 > t1 
where αS , αb are the coefficients of linear n1l1α 1 = n2l 2α 2
expansions of the scale and the body respectively. Thermal Stress:
Ø A metal scale calibrated at particular temperature Ø It is developed due to prevention of expansion of
does not give the correct measurement at any other a solid when it is heated.
temperature. Ø A rod of length l0 clamped between two fixed walls.
Ø When scale expands correction to be made For ∆t Change in temperature
∆l = lα∆ t Correct reading = l + ∆l (t2 > t1 ) Young’s modulus
Ø When scale contract correction to be made F / A Fl0 F
Y= = =
∆l = lα∆ t Correct reading = l − ∆l (t2 < t1 ) ∆l / l0 A∆l Aα ∆t Q
( ∆ l = l 0α ∆ t )
l= measured value
% error in the measurement = α∆t ×100 or
F
= Y α ∆t
Ø If a cube of coefficient of cubical expansion γ is A
heated, then the pressure to be applied on it to Ø Thermal force F = YAα∆t .
prevent its expansion is P then ∆V =V γ ∆t Thermal force is independent of length of rod.
P P Ø Thermal stress = Yα ∆t
K= = Ø
∆V γ∆t ⇒ P = K γ ∆t
For same thermal stress in two different rods
heated through the same rise in temperature,
V
Ylα1 = Y2α 2
⇒ P = 3 K α ( t 2 − t1 )
Ø Two rods of different metals having the same area
where K is bulk modulus of cross section A are placed between the two

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massive walls as shown in the fig. The first rod has h2 = height of barometer at t 20C where the
a length l1 , coefficient of linear expansion α 1 and
measurement is made.
Young’s modulus Y1 . The corresponding quantities γ Hg = real coefficient of expansion of mercury
for second rod are l2 ,α 2 & Y2 . The α s = Coefficient of linear expansion of scale
temperature of both rods is now raised by t 0C . WE-11: What length of brass and iron at 0 0 C must
be used if the difference between their lengths
is always 0.2m? The values of α for brass and
iron are 18 ×10−6 /0 C and
Y1 α1 Y2 α2 12 × 10−6 / 0 C respectively.(2014 E) ( 2013 M)
l2α 2
Total length prevented from expansion Sol : l1α1 = l2α 2 and l2 − l1 = x ; l1 = α
1
F × l1 F × l2
∆l1 + ∆l2 = +
Y1 × A Y2 × A l2α 2  α − α2 
l2 − l1 = x = l 2 − = l2  1 
α1  α1 
At (l1α1 ) + (l2α 2 )
Thermal force =F =
 l1 l2  xα1 0.2 × 12 × 10−6
 +  l2 = = = 0.40m
 Y1 Y2  α1 − α 2 (18 −12) × 10−6
 Fl 
Q ∆l = lα t =  xα 2 0.2 ×18 × 10−6
 YA  l1 = = = 0.60m
α 1 − α 2 (18 − 12 ) ×10− 6
F t ( l1α1 ) + ( l 2α 2 ) 
Thermal stress = = WE-12:A blacksmith fixes iron ring on the rim of
A  l1 l 2 
 +  the wooden wheel of bullock cart. The
 Y1 Y2  diameter of the rim and the iron ring are
Ø Lengths of individual rods due to thermal stress: 5.243 m and 5.231 m respectively at 27 0 C .
Length of the first rod = Original length + increase The temperature to which the ring should be
in length due to rise in temperature - decrease in heated so as to fit the rim on the wheel
length due to thermal force
(α iron
= 1.20 ×10−5 / 0 C ) ?
 Fl1 
l1 = l1 + l1α1t −  AY  Sol :Given t1 = 27 0 C ; l1 = 5.231 m ; l2 = 5.243 m
1

 1
 Fl2  l2 = l1 1 + α1 ( t 2 − t1 ) 
Length of the second rod l21 = l2 + l2α 2 t −  AY 
 
5.243 = 5.231  1+ 1.20 × 10−5 ( t 2 − 27 ) 
2

Ø Junction displacement = difference in lengths of

any one of the rods after heating and before heating. or t 2 = 2180 C
Fl1 Fl
∴ x = l1α1t − (or) ∴ x = l2α 2t − 2 WE-13:An aluminium measuring rod, which is
AY1 AY2 correct at 50 C measures the length of a line
Barometer With Brass Scale: as 80 cm at 450 C . If thermal coefficient of
Ø Relation between faulty and actual barometric linear expansion of aluminium is 2.50×10−5 / 0 C .
heights is given by The correct length of the line is
h 2 =h1[1+(γ Hg -α s ) (t 2 -t 1)] Sol : L2 = L1 + L1α ∆t

h1 = height of barometer at t10C where the scale is L2 = 80 + ( 2.50 ×10−5 ) (80 )( 40) = 80.08cm
marked.
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WE-14: An iron rod of length 50cm is joined at an inertia of the wheel and C is the torsional
end to copper rod of length 100cm at 200 C. rigidity of its spring. The wrist watch keeps
Find the length of the system at 1000 C and accurate time at 250 C. How many seconds
average coefficient of linear expansion of the would it gain a day at –250 C if the balance
system. wheel made of Aluminium ?
( airon = 12 ´10-6 / 0 C and acopper = 17´10-6 / 0 C.) ( Given, α Al =25.5 × 10–6 / 0 C )
Sol. Increase in length of composite rod is
Q I = MK 2 
1 C 1 C
Sol : f = =
∆l = ∆ l1 + ∆l 2 = ( α1l1 + α 2l2 )∆ t 2π I 2π k M
1 1 df − dT − dk
= (12 ×10−6 × 50 + 17 ×10 −6 ×100) × (100 − 20) f ∝ ; f ∝ ⇒ f = T = k
T k
= 0.192cm
Length of the composite rod at 1000 C is l + ∆l dk dT
As = α dt ⇒ = +α dt
= 150.192 cm k T
Average linear expansion co-efficient Number of seconds gained/day
∆l 0.192 dT = ( 8.64 ×10 4 ) (α dT ) =110.2 s/day
α avg = = = 1 6 × 10 − 6 / 0 C
l ∆ t 150 × 8 0 WE-18: A clock with a metallic pendulum is
WE-15: Density of gold is 19.30 g/cm3 at 200 C. 5seconds fast each day at a temperature of
Compute the density of gold at 90 0 C by 15o C and 10 seconds slow each day at a
adding steam to it. (α = 14.2 ×10 −6 / 0 C )
temperature of 30o C. Find coefficient of
linear expansion for the metal.
ρ 2 V1 V1 Sol. The time lost or gained per day is
Sol : ρ = V = V (1 + 3α∆T ) = (1 + 3α ∆T )
−1

1
1 2 1
∆t = 2 α∆T × 86400 [as 1 day = 86400 s.]
ρ2
= (1 − 3α ∆T ) or
If graduation temperature of clock is T0 then gain
or
ρ1 in time at 150 C is

ρ2 = ρ1 (1 − 3α∆T )
1
5 = (α ) (T0 -15) × 86400 ........( i )
2
( ×10 −6 ) ( 70 ) = 19.24 g / cm3
= (19.30 ) 1 − 314.2 At 30o C clock is loosing time thus
WE-16: Uniform pressure P is exerted on all sides 1
10 = α (30 – T0 ) 86400 ...... (ii)
2
of a solid cube of bulk modulus, B and volume
coefficient of expansion γ , at temperature t 0 C. Dividing equation (ii) by (i), we get
By what amount should the temperature of 2 (T0 – 15) = (30 – T0 ) or T0 = 20o C
cube be raised in order to bring its volume Thus from equation (i)
back to the value it had before the pressure 1
5=
2
α [20 – 15] 86400
was applied ?
P VP α = 2.31 × 10–5 / o C
Sol :As B= , ∆V = ....(i)
∆V /V B
WE-19:A steel bar of cross sectional area 1 cm 2 and
If ∆T is the required increase in
50 cm long at 300 C fits into the space between
temperature, ∆V = γ V ∆T ....(ii) two fixed supports. If the bar s now heated to
From eqns. (i) and (ii), 2800 C, what force will it exert against the
VP P supports ? ( a for steel = 11 × 10–6 /0 C and
γ V ∆T = or ∆T = γ B Young's modulus for steel = 2 × 10111 N/m2 )
B
WE-17 :The balance wheel of a mechanical wrist Sol :Force exerted on the supports
watch has a frequency of oscillation given by =Stress × Area of cross section = Y a A (t 2 - t1 ).
1 = 2 × 10111 × 11 × 10–6 × 10–4 × 250 = 55000N.
f = C / I , where I is the moment of
2π
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WE-20: A mass of 2kg is suspended from a fixed

point by a wire of length 3m and diameter L L
0.5 mm. Initially the wire is just unstretched,
the mass resting on a fixed support. By how
much must the temperature fall if the mass is
α1Y1 α2Y 2
to be entirely supported by the wire (Given Y
for wire = 206 G Pa, α =11 × 10–6 /0 C)
Sol :Contraction due to cooling is equal to the Sol :Since, each rod is prevented from expansion
stretching produced by the weight ‘mg’. so,they are under compression and mechanical
mgL 2 × 9.8 × 3 strain.The strain in each rod is zero.
∴∆L = =
AY π ( 0.25 )2 ×10−6 × 206× 10 9
e1 F e2 F e1 e2
Now the contraction due to cooling = α1∆ T − = α 2 ∆T − = =0
l AY1 ; l AY2 ; l l
= Lα∆t =3 × 11 1 × 10–6 × ∆t
solving ∆t = 44 0 C F F
WE-21:A metallic rod of length l cm and cross- α1∆T − = 0 and α 2 ∆T − =0
AY1 AY2
sectional area A cm2 is heated through t°C.
After expansion if a mechanical force is
applied normal to its length on both sides of F F
α1∆T = .........(1) and α2∆T = ......(2)
the rod and restore its original length, what AY1 AY2
is the value of force? The young's modulus
of elasticity of the metal is E and mean Dividing (1) by (2), we get α 1Y1 = α 2Y2
coefficient of linear expansion is α per
degree Celsius. WE-23: A bimetallic strip of thickness 2 cm
consists of zinc and silver rivetted together.
Sol :Change in the length = ∆l = lα t The approximate radius of curvature of the
Length of rod at t°C is l +l αt strip when heated through 500 C will be :
Decrease in length due to stress = ∆l (linear expansivity of zinc and silver are
32 × 10–6 /0 C and 19 × 10–6 /0 C respectively)
But length of rod remains constant ∴∆lt − ∆l = 0
2t
stress F l + ∆ lt Sol : Radius of curvature R = (α − α ) ∆T
∴ ∆l = ∆ lt = l α t ⇒ E = = ×
strain A −∆ lt 2 1

2×1
EA∆lt − EAl αt EAαt R= = 30.77m
∴F = = =− ( 32 −19 ) ×10 −6 × 50
l + ∆ lt l +l αt (1 + αt )
WE-24: A steel rail 30m long is firmly attached
Here, negative sign indicates that forces are
to the road bed only at its ends. The sun raises
compressive in nature.
the temperature of the rail by 500 C, causing
WE-22:Two metal rods are fixed end to end between the rail to buckle. Assuming that the buckled
two rigid supports as shown in figure. Each rail consists of two straight parts meeting in
rod is of length l and area of cross-section is the centre, calculate how much the centre of
A.When the system is heated up,determine the the rail rise? Given, α steel = 12 × 10–6 /0 C.
condition when the junction between rods does
not shift ?(Y 1 and Y2 are Young's modulus of x+ Vx x+V x
y
materials of rods, α 1 and α 2 are coefficients
of linear expansion) 2x

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Sol :Let the initial length be 2 x and the final total length Sol : Given d=20cm
be 2 ( x + ∆ x ) as shown . V = V0 (1 + γ t ) = V0 (1 + 3α t )( since γ =3α )
Let y be the height of the centre of the buckled rail.
Clearly, ∆ x = α x ∆T and change in volume = V − V0 = 3V0α t
3
4 d
y = ( x + ∆ x) 2 − x 2 = 2 x ( ∆x ) = 2 x 2α ∆t −6
= 3 × π   × 23 × 10 × 100
3 2
y = x 2α ∆T [neglecting ( ∆ x )2 ] 3
4  0.2 
=3× π  × 23 × 10−6 × 100
Thus, y = [15 2 (12 ×10 −6 ) 50]cm = 0.52m 3  2 
WE-25:When composite rod is free, composite = 28.9cc (1cc = 10−6 m3 )
length increases to 2.002m from temperature W.E.28:A wooden wheel of radius R is made of two
200 C to 1200 C. When composite rod is fixed semi circular parts (see figure).The two parts
between the support, there is no change in are held together by a ring made of a metal
component length. Find Y and α of steel if strip of cross-sectional area S and length L.L
Ycu = 1.5 ×1013 N / m 2 α cu = 1.6 ×10 −5 /0 C is slightly less than 2π R .To fit the ring on
the wheel,it is heated so that its temperature
rises by ∆T and it just steps over the wheel.As
Steel
it cools down to surrounding temperature. It
Copper
0.5m presses the semi-circular parts together.If the
coefficient of linear expansion of the metal is
2m α and its Young’s modulus is Y, then the force
that one part of the wheel applies on the other
Sol. ∆l = l sα s∆T + lcα c ∆T part is (AIEEE 2012 )
0.002 = 1.5α s + 0.5 × 1.6 × 10 − 5  ´100

1.2 ×10 −5
αs = = 8 ×10− 6 0C
1.5 R
If there is no change in composite length, thermal
force of steel and copper rod should be equal
Fst=Fcu ; Ys A α s ∆t = Ycu A α Cu ∆t

Ys αc α 1.5 ×1013 ×1.6 ×10− 5 F

= ; Ys = Yc × c =
Yc αs αs 8 ×10 −6
Ys = 3 ×1013 N / m 2 Sol :
WE-26: A metal rod of Young’s modulus F and
coefficient of thermal expansion α is held at T T
its two ends such that its length remains Increase in length
invariant.If its temperature is raised by t o c ,then ∆L
∆L = α L∆ T ⇒ = α∆T
the linear stress developed in it is(AIE-2011 ) L
FL F the thermal stress developed is
Sol : ∆L = α L∆T = AY ⇒ Stress = = Y α∆T = Y α t
A T ∆L
=Y = Y α∆T ; T = SY α∆ T
WE-27: An aluminium sphere of 20cm diameter is S L
heated from 0 o c to 100o c . Its volume changes From the FBD of one part of the
by (given that the coefficient of linear wheel, F = 2T
expansion for aluminium (αA1 = 23×10−6 / o C) Where F is the force applied by one part of
the wheel on other part, F = 2 SY α∆T
(AIEEE 2011 )
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9. For measuring temperature near absolute
C.U.Q zero,the thermometer used is
1) thermoelectric thermometer
MEASUREMENT OF TEMPERATURE 2) radiation thermometer
1. Temperature of gas is a measure of 3) magnetic thermometer
1) the average translational kinetic energy of the 4) resistance thermometer
gas molecules 10. Which of the following scales of temperature
2) the average potential energy of the gas molecules has only positive degrees of temperature?
3) the average distance of the gas molecules 1) Centigrade 2) Fahrenheit scale
4) the size of the molecules of the gas 3) Reaumur scale 4)Kelvin scale
2. Celsius is the unit of 11. Which of the following is the smallest rise in
temperature?
1) Temperature 2) Heat
1) 1o F 2) 1o R 3) 1K 4) 1o C
3) Specific heat 4) Latent heat 12. The temperature at which two bodies appear
3. On the Celsius scale the absolute zero of equally hot or cold when touched by a person
temperature is at is
1) 00 C 2) −320 C 3) 1000 C 4) −273.150 C 1) 0o C 2)37o C 3) 25o C 4) 4o C
13. The range of clinical thermometer is
4. The correct value of 00 C on the Kelvin scale is 1) 37o C to 42o C 2) 95o F to 110o F
1) 273.150 C 2) 273.160 C 3) 900 Fto1120 F 4) 950 Cto1040 C
14. Which of the following is the largest rise in
3) 2730 C 4) 273.20 C temperature?
5. The standard scale of temperature is 1) 1o F 2) 1o R 3) 1K 4) 1o C
1) the mercury scale 2) the gas scale THERMAL EXPANSION OF SOLIDS
3) the platinum resistance scale 4) liquid scale 15. Solids expand on heating because
6. Melting and Boiling point of water on 1) the K.E. of the atoms increases.
Fahrenheit scale of temperature respectively 2) the P.E. of the atoms increases
1) 212 0 F , 320 F 2) 320 F ,212 0 F 3) total energy of the atoms increases.
4) the K.E. of the atoms decreases.
3) 00 F ,1000 F 4) 320 F ,132 0 F 16. Expansion during heating
7. For measurements of very high temperature 1) occurs only in solids.
2) decreases the density of the material
say around 50000 C (of sun) , one can use: 3) occurs at same rate for all liquids and gases.
1) Gas thermometer 4) increases the weight of the material.
2) Platinum resistance thermometer 17. When a metal bar is cooled, then which one of
3) Vapour pressure thermometer these statements is correct.
4) Pyrometer( Radiation thermometer) 1)Length, density and mass remain same.
2) Length decreases, density increases but mass
8. Mercury boils at 3560 C . However, mercuryy remains same
thermometers are made such that they can 3)Length and mass decrease but density remains
measure temperatures upto 5000 C . This is the same.
4)Length and density decrease but mass
done by remains the same.
1) maintaining vacuum above the mercury column 18. When a metal bar is heated, the increase in
in the stem of the thermometer length is greater, if
2) filling Nitrogen gas at high pressure above the 1) the bar has large diameter 2) The bar is long.
mercury column 3) the temperature rise small 4) Small diameter
3) filling Nitrogen gas at low pressure above the 19. A ring shaped piece of a metal is heated, If
mercury column the material expands, the hole will
4) filling oxygen gas at high pressure above the 1) contract 2) expand 3) remain same
mercury column 4) expand or contract depending on the width

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20. A solid ball of metal has a spherical cavity 28. The coefficient of linear expansion of a metal
inside it. The ball is cooled.The Volume of
rod is 12x10-6 / 0 C, its value in per 0 F
the cavity will 20 15
1) decrease 2) increase 1) × 10 −6 / 0 F 2) × 10 −6 / 0 F
3) remain same 4) have its shape changed 3 4
3) 21 .6 ×10 −6 / 0 F 4) 12 ×10 −6 / 0 F
21. The substance which has negative coefficient
of linear expansion is 29. The coefficient of volume expansion is
1) lead 2) aluminum 1) equal to the coefficient of linear expansion.
3) iron 4) invar steel 2) twice the coefficient of linear expansion
22. Two spheres of same size are made of same 3) equal to the sum of coefficients of linear and
material but one is hollow and the other is superficial expansions.
solid. They are heated to same temperature, 4) Twice the coefficient of areal expansion.
then 30. Always platinum is fused into glass, because
1) both spheres will expand equally. 1) platinum is good conductor of heat
2) hollow sphere will expand more than solid one 2) melting point of platinum is very high
3) solid sphere will expand more than hollow one 3) they have equal specific heats
4) their coefficients of linear expansion are equal
4) hollow sphere will expand double that of solid
31. Two metal strips that constitute a bimetallic
one
strip must necessarily differ in their.
23. If temperature of two spheres of same size
1) length 2) mass
but made of different materials changes by
3) coefficient of linear expansion 4) resistivity
∆T then
32. Thermostat is based on the principle of
1) both expands equally
1) equal expansion of two rods of different lengths.
2) sphere with greater α expands or contracts
2) different expansion of two rods of different
more than other.
lengths.
3) sphere with greater α expands or contracts less
3) different expansion of two rods of same length
than other.
4) equal expansion of two rods of same length.
4) both contracts equally.
33. A pendulum clock shows correct time at 00 C.
24. The linear expansion of a solid depends on
At a higher temperature the clock.
1) its original mass
1) looses time 2) gains time
2) nature of the material and temperature
3) neither looses nor gains time 4)will not operate
difference.
34. To keep the correct time modern day watches
3) the nature of the material only are fitted with balance wheel made of
4) pressures 1) steel 2) platinum 3) invar 4) tungsten
25. The coefficient of linear expansion of a solid 35. A brass disc fits into a hole in an iron plate.
depends upon To remove the disc.
1) the unit of pressure 1) the system must be cooled
2) the nature of the material only 2) the system must be heated
3) the nature of the material and temperature 3) the plate may be heated (or) cooled
4) unit of mass 4) the disc must be heated
26. If α c and α k denote the numerical values of 36. When hot water is poured on a glass plate, it
coefficient of linear expansions of the solid, breaks because of
0
expressed per C and per Kelvin respectively, 1) unequal expansion of glass
then. 2) equal contraction of glass
1) α c > α k 2) α c < α k 3)unequal contraction of glass 4)glass is delicate
3) α c = α k 4) α c = 2 α k 37. When the temperature of a body increases
27. If α c and α f denote the numerical values of 1) density and moment of inertia increase
coefficient of linear expansion of a solid, 2) density and moment of inertia decrease
0 0
expressed per C and per F respectively, then 3) density decreases and moment of inertia
1) α c > α f 2) α f > α c increases.
3) α f = α c 4) α f + α c = 0 4) density increases and moment of inertia
decreases.
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38. In balance wheel of watch, the factors that expansion of material of the rod is α ).
make its oscillations uniform are 1)Zero 2)I α ∆t 3)2 I α ∆t 4)3 I α ∆t
1) tension in string 46. A bimetal made of copper and iron strips
2) moment of inertia of balance wheel welded together is straight at room
3) temperature 4) pressure
temperature. It is held vertically so that the
39. When a metal ring is heated
1) the inner radius decreases and outer radius iron strip is towards the left hand and copper
increases strip is towards right hand. The bimetal strip
2) the outer radius decreases and inner radius is then heated. The bimetal strip will
increases 1) remain straight 2) bend towards right
3) both inner and outer radii increases 3) bend towards left 4) have no change
4) both inner and outer radii decreases 47. If L1 and L2 are the lengths of two rods of
40. A cube of ice is placed on a bimetallic strip at coefficients of linear expansion α 1 and α 2
room temperature as shown in the figure. What
will happen if the upper strip of iron and the respectively the condition for the difference in
lower strip is of copper? lengths to be constant at all temperatures is
Ice 1) L1 α 1 = L2 α 2 2) L1 α 2 = L2 α 1
...................CuFe..................... 3) L1 α 1 = L2 α 2
2 2
4) L1 α 2 2 = L2 α 1 2
1) Ice moves downward 2) Ice moves upward 48. When a copper ball is cooled the largest
3) Ice remains in rest 4) None of the above percentage increase will occur in its
41. To withstand the shapes of concave mirrors 1) diameter 2) area 3) volume 4) density
against temperature variations used in high 49. The coefficients of linear expansion of P and
resolution telescope, they are made of Q are α1 and α 2 respectively. If the coefficient
1) quartz 2) flint glass of cubical expansion of ‘Q’ is three times the
3) crown glass 4)combination of flint and silica
coefficient of superficial expansion of P, then
42. The holes through which the fish plates are
fitted to join the rails are oval in shape because which of the following is true ?
1) bolts are in oval shape 1) α 2 =2 α1 2) α1 =2 α 2 3) α 2 =3 α1 4) α1 =3 α 2
2) to allow the movement of rails in the direction 50. The substance which contracts on heating is
of length due to change in temperature. 1) silica glass 2) iron
3) to make the fitting easy and tight 3) invar steel 4) aluminum
4) only oval shape holes are possible 51. PQR is a right angled triangle made of brass
43. A semicircular metal ring subtends an angle rod bent as shown. If it is heated to a high
of 1800 at the centre of the circle. When it is
heated, this angle temperature the angle PQR.
1) remains constant 2) increases slightly P
3) decreases slightly 4) becomes 3600 1) increases
44. The diameter of a metal ring is D and the 2) decreases
coefficient of linear expansion is α . If the 3) remains same
temperature of the ring is increased by 10 C, Q R
the circumference and the area of the ring will 4) becomes 1350
increases by 52. A brass scale gives correct length at 00 C. If
the temperature be 250 C and the length read
1) π Dα , 2π Dα 2) 2π Dα , π D 2α
by the scale is 10 cm. Then the actual length
π Dα π D2α will be
3) π Dα , 4) π Dα , 1) more than 10 cm 2) less than 10 cm
2 2
45. The moment of inertia of a uniform thin rod 3) equal to 10 cm 4) we can not say
about its perpendicular bisector is I. If the 53. The coefficient of volume expansion is
temperature of the rod is increased by ∆t , 1) twice the coefficient of linear expansion.
2) twice the coefficient of real expansion.
the moment of inertia about perpendicular
3) thrice the coefficient of real expansion.
bisector increases by (coefficient of linear
4) thrice the coefficient of linear expansion
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54. When a metal sphere is heated maximum 6. A Centigrade and a Fehrenheit thermometer
percentage increase occurs in its are dipped in boiling water. The water
1) density 2) surface area temperature is lowered until the Fahrenheit
3) radius 4) volume thermometer registers 140o . What is the fall
55. A solid sphere and a hollow sphere of same
in temperature as registered by the
material have same mass. When they are
Centigrade thermometer
heated by 50°C, increase in volume of solid
1) 300 2) 400 3) 600 4) 800
sphere is 5 c.c. The expansion of hollow
7. Two absolute scales A and B have triple points
sphere is
of water defined to be 200 A and 300 B (given
1) 5 c.c. 2) more than 5 c.c.
triple point of water is = 276.16 K). The
3) Less than 5 c.c. 4) None
relation between TA and TB is
C.U.Q - KEY 3
1) 1 2) 1 3)4 4)1 5)2 6)2 1) TA = TB 2) TB = TA
2
7) 4 8)2 9)3 10)4 11)1 12)2 2 3
13)2 14)2 15)1 16)2 17)2 18)2 3) TB = TA 4) TB = TA
19)2 20)1 21)1 22)1 23)2 24)2 3 4
25)2 26)3 27)1 28)1 29)3 30)4 8. The temperature coefficient of resistance of wire
31)3 32)3 33)1 34)3 35)1 36)1 is 12.5 ×10 −4 / Co . At 300 K the resistance of
37)3 38)2 39)3 40)1 41)1 42)2 the wire is 1 ohm. The temperature at which
43)1 44)4 45)3 46)3 47)1 48)4 resistance will be 2 ohm is
49)1 50)1 51)3 52)1 53)4 54)4 1) 1154 K 2)1100 K 3)1400 K 4) 1127 K
55)2 9. The reading of Centigrade thermometer
coincides with that of Fahrenheit thermometer
LEVEL - I (C.W) in a liquid. The temperature of the liquid is
1) −40o C 2) 0o C 3) 100o C 4) 300o C
MEASUREMENT OF TEMPERATURE
10. The pressure of a gas filled in the bulb of a
1. If the temperature of a patient is 40 o C his constant volume gas thermometer at 00 C and
temperature in the Fahrenheit scale will be 1000 C are 28.6 cm and 36.6 cm of mercury
1) 720 F 2) 960 F 3) 1000 F 4) 1040 F respectively. The temperature of bulb at which
2. The freezing point on a thermometer is marked pressure will be 35.0 cm of mercury will be
as 20 0 and the boiling point as 150 0 . A 1) 800 C 2) 700 C 3)550 C 4) 400 C
temperature of 600 C on this thermometer will THERMAL EXPANSION OF SOLIDS
be read as 11. The coefficient of linear expansion of a metal
1) 400 2) 650 3) 980 4) 1100 is 1 × 10-5/0 C. The percentage increase in area
3. A Celsius thermometer and a Fahrenheit of a square plate of that metal when it is
thermometer are put in a hot bath. The reading heated through 1000 C is
on Fahrenheit thermometer is just 3 times the 1) 0.02% 2) 0.1% 3) 0.001% 4) 0.2%
reading on Celsius thermometer. The 12. The length of each steel rail is 10m in winter.
temperature of the hot bath is The coefficient of linear expansion of steel is
1)26.670 C 2)36.670 C 3)46.67 0 C 4)56.67 0 C 0.000012/0 C and the temperature increases by
4. Oxygen boils at −183o C . This temperature is 150 C in summer. The gap to be left between
approximately the rails
1) 215o F 2) −297 o F 3) 329o F 4) 361o F 1) 0.0018m 2) 0.0012m 3) 0.0022m 4) 0.05m
13. A clock while keeps correct time at 300 C has
5. A mercury thermometer is transferred from a pendulum rod made of brass. The number
melting ice to a hot liquid. The mercury rises of seconds it gains (or) looses per second when
to 9/10 of the distance between the two fixed the temperature falls to 100 C is [ α of brass
points. Find the temperature of the liquid in = 18 × 10-6 /0 C ]
Fahrenheit scale 1) 18 × 10-6 sec 2) 18 × 10-5 sec
1) 194o F 2) 162o F 3) 112o F 4) 113o F 3) 0.0018 sec 4) 0.018 sec
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14. A metal plate of area 1.2 m2 increases its area LEVEL - I (C.W) - HINTS
by 2.4 × 10-4 m2 when it is heated from 00 C to
1000 C. The coefficient of cubical expansion of  F − 32 C − 0   C − 0 X − L
1.  =  2.  =
the metal expressed in per 0 C is  180 100   100  U − L
1)2 × 10-6 2)4 × 10-6 3)6 × 10-6 4) 3 × 10-6
15. The length of a metal rod at 0 0 C is 0.5m.When  F − 32 C − 0 
3.  =  and F=2C
it is heated, its length increases by 2.7mm. The  180 100 
final temperature of rod is (coeff. of linear
expansion of metal = 90 × 10-6/0 C)  F − 32 C − 0   F − 32 9 
4.  =  5.  = 
1) 200 C 2) 300 C 3) 400 C 4) 600 C  180 100   180 10 
16. The density of a substance at 00 C is 10 g/c.c. F − 32 C − 0
and at 1000 C its density is 9.7g/c.c. The 6. =
180 100
coefficient of linear expansion of the substance 7. Size of the degree on absolute scale A= size of the
is. degree on absolute Scale B
1)10-4/0 C 2)3 × 10-4/0 C
3)6 × 10-4/0 C 4)9 × 10-4/0 C (276.16)TA (276.16)TB
=
17. What force should be applied to the ends of 200 300
steel rod of a cross sectional area 10 cm2 to R 2 − R1  C − 32 C − 0 
prevent it from elongation when heated form 8. α = 9.  = 
R 1 t 2 − R 2 t1  180 100 
273 K to 303 k? ( α of steel 10-5 0 C-1, Y = 2 ×
1011 Nm−2 ) Pt − P0 ∆A
10. t = P − P ×100 11. β = 2α , A 100 = β ∆t100
1)2 × 104 N 2)3 × 104 N 100 o
3)6 × 10 N4
4)12 × 104 N ∆T 1
18. The inner diameter of a brass ring at 273 K is 12. l2 − l1 = l1α (t2 − t1 ) 13. = α∆t
5 cm. To what temperature should it be heated T 2
for it to accommodate a ball 5.01 cm in A2 − A1 3 l2 − l1
diameter. ( α = 2 × 10-5 /0 C) 14. β = A ( t − t ) , γ = 2 β 15. t 2 − t1 = l α
1 2 1 1
1) 273 K 2)372 K 3) 437 K 4) 173K
19. A metal sheet having size of 0.6 × 0.5 m2 is d0 − dt γ
heated from 293 K to 5200 C. The final area 16. γ = d ∆t ,α = 3
t
of the hot sheet is { α of metal=2 × 10-5 /0 C]
Fl
1) 0.306 m2 2) 0.0306 m2 17. ∆l = ---- (1)
3) 3.06 m 2
4) 1.02m2 AY
20. A crystal has linear coefficients 0.00004/0 C, Increase in length, ∆l = l α ∆ t ---- (2)
0.00005/0 C, 0.00006/0 C. Coefficient of cubical Fl
expansion of the crystal is from (1) and (2); = l α ∆ t ⇒ F = YAα∆T
1)0.000015/0 C 2) 0.00015/0 C AY
3) 0.00012/ C 0
4) 0.00018/0 C r2 − r1
21. A wire of length 60 cm is bent into a circle with 18. ∆t = r α 19. A2 = A1 (1 + β ∆t )
1
a gap of 1 cm. At its ends, on heating it by
1000 C, the length of the gap increases to 1.02 20. γ = αx + αy + αz
cm. α of material of wire is
l 2 − l1
1) 2 × 10-4/0 C 2) 4 × 10-4/0 C 21. α = l ∆t (gap can be taken as l1 )
3) 6 × 10-4/0 C 4) 1 × 10-4/0 C 1

LEVEL - I (C.W) - KEY LEVEL - I (H.W)

1) 4 2) 3 3) 1 4) 2 5) 1 6) 2
7) 2 8) 3 9) 1 10) 1 11) 4 12) 1 1. What is the temperature on Fahrenheit scale
13) 2 14) 4 15) 4 16) 1 17) 3 18) 2 corresponding to 30o C
19) 1 20) 2 21) 1
1) 86o F 2) 52o F 3) 62o F 4) 72o F

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2. A faulty thermometer has its fixed points 12. A metal rod having a linear coefficient of
marked at 6o and 96o . What is the correct expansion 2 × 10-5 /0 C has a length 1m at
temperature on the Centigrade scale when this 250 C, the temperature at which it is shortened
by 1 mm is (1983 E)
thermometer reads 87o 1) 500 C 2) -500 C 3) -250 C 4) -12.50 C
1) 83o C 2) 93o C 3) 90o C 4) 85o C 13. A clock with an iron pendulum keeps correct
3. The temperature at which Celsius reading is time at 150 C. If the room temperature rises
half the Fahrenheit reading to 200 C, the error in seconds per day will be
1) 40 o C 2) 20 o C 3) 160o C 4) 80o C (coefficient of linear expansion for iron is
0.000012/0 C)
4. The normal boiling point of liquid hydrogen is
1) 2.5sec 2) 2.6sec 3) 2.4sec 4) 2.2sec
−253o C . What is the corresponding 14. A steel rod of length 0.5km is used in the
temperature on absolute scale construction of a bridge. It has to withstand
1) 22 K 2) 20 K 3) 274 K 4) -20 K a temperature change of 400 C. The gap that
5. A faulty thermometer has 90.5o C and 0.5o C is allowed for its expansion is [ α = 10-6/0 C]
as upper and lower fixed points respectively. 1) 0.02cm 2) 0.02mm 3) 2m 4) 20 mm
What is the correct temperature if this faulty 15. A wire of length 100cm increases in length by
thermometer reads 15.5 o C 10-2 m when it is heated through 1000 C. The
coefficient of linear expansion of the material
1) 16.67o C 2) 16o C 3) 15o C 4) 15.5o C
of the wire expressed in /K units is
6. The temperature of a substance increases by
1) −1× 10−6 2) 1×10 4 3) 1×10−4 4) 10−2
27 o C . On the Kelvin scale this increase is 16. The variation of density of a solid with
equal to temperature is given by the formula
1) 300 K 2) 2.46 K 3) 27 K 4) 7 K
d1 d1
7. A Fahrenheit thermometer registers 1) d 2 = 2) d 2 =
1 + γ (t 2 − t1) 1 − γ ( t2 − t1 )
107o while a faulty Celsius thermometer
d1 d1
4) d 2 = 1 + 2 γ (t − t )
registers 42 o . Find the error in the later..
3) d 2 =
1) 0.6o C 2) 0.72o C 3) 1.2o C 4) 7.2o C 1 − 2 γ (t 2 − t1) 2 1

8. A platinum wire has a resistance of 2. 62 Ω at 17. An iron bar whose cross sectional area is 4cm2
is heated from 00 C and 1000 C. The force
15 0 C and 3.29 Ω at 80 o C. Find the
required to prevent the expansion of the rod
temperature coefficient of the resistance of is [Y of Iron = 2 × 1012 dyne / cm2
platinum wire. α of Iron = 12 × 10-6 /0 C]
1) 4.18 x 10 -3 o C-1 2)9.34 x 10 -3 o C-1 1) 0.96 × 108 N 2) 0.96 × 107 N
3) 1. 934 x 10 -3 o C-1 4)934 x 10 -3 o C-1 3) 9.6 × 10 N
7
4) 96 × 103 N
9. The Fahrenheit and Kelvin scales of 18. A hole is drilled in a copper sheet. The
temperature will give the same reading at diameter of the hole is 4.24 cm at 27.00 C .
1) –40 2) 313 3) 574.25 4) 732.75 What is the change in the diameter of the hole
10. The pressure of hydrogen gas in a constant
when the sheet is heated to 227 0 C ? α for
volume gas thermometer is 80.0cm at 00 C,
110cm at 1000 C and 95.0 cm at unknown copper = 1.70 ×10 −5 K −1
temperature t. Then t is equal to 1) 1.44 × 10−2 cm 2) 14.4 × 10−2 cm
1) 500 C 2) 750 C 3) 950 C 4) 1500 C
3) 144 × 10−2 cm 4) 0.144 ×10−2 cm
THERMAL EXPANSION OF SOLIDS
11. A brass sheet is 25 cm long and 8 cm breadth 19. Distance between two places is 200km. α of
metal is 2.5 × 10-5 /0 C. Total space that must
at 00 C. Its area at 1000 C is ( α = 18 ×10−6 / 0C ) be left between steel rails to allow a change
1) 207.2 cm2 2) 200.72 cm2 of temperature from 360 F to 1170 F is
2
3) 272 cm 4) 2000.72 cm2 1)2.25km 2)0.225km 3)22.5km 4)0.0225km

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NEET-PHYSICS-VOL- III THERMAL PROPERTIES OF MATTER–I
20. A crystal has a coefficient of linear expansion
d0
12 ×10 −6 / 0 C in one direction and 16. d t = (1 + γ∆t )
244 ×10 −6 /0 C in every direction at right
Fl
angles to it . Then the coefficient of cubical 17. ∆l = ---- (1)
expansion of crystal is AY
1) 450 ×10 −6 /0 C 2) 500 ×10−6 / 0 C Increase in length ∆l = l α ∆ t ---- (2)
3) 244 ×10 −6 /0 C 4) 36 ×10−6 / 0 C Fl
from (1) and (2) = l α ∆ t ⇒ F = YAα∆T
21. When a thin rod of length ‘ l ’ is heated from AY
t0 1 C to t0 2 C length increases by 1%. If plate 18. L2 − L1 = L1α∆ T 19. l2 − l1 = l1 a ∆ t
of length 2 l and breadth ‘ l ’ made of same
material is heated form t0 1 C to t0 2 C, 20. γ = αx + αy + α y
percentage increase in area is  ∆A 
1) 1 2) 2 3) 3 4) 4 21.  100 = β × ∆t ×100 β = 2α
 A 
LEVEL - I (H.W) - KEY
1)1 2)3 3)3 4)2 5)1 6)3 LEVEL - II (C.W)
7)1 8)1 9)3 10)1 11)2 12)3
13)2 14)4 15)3 16)1 17)4 18)1
19)2 20)2 21) 2 MEASUREMENT OF TEMPERATURE
1. The resistance of a certain platinum resistance
LEVEL - I (H.W) - HINTS
thermometer is found to be 2.56 Ω at 0 o C and
 F − 32 C − 0  C−0 X −L 3.56 Ω at 1000 C . When the thermometer is
1.  =  2. =
 180 100  100 U − L immersed in a given liquid, its resistance is
observed to be 5.06 Ω . The temperature of
 F − 32 C − 0 
3.  =  ; F=2C the liquid
 180 100 
1) 45 0 C 2) 250 0 C 3)225 0 C 4)120 0 C
C−0 X −L 2. A constant volume gas thermometer shows
4. K=C+273 5. =
100 U − L pressure readings of 50 cm and 90 cm of
F − 32 X − L mercury at 0o C,100o C respectively, The
6. ∆ 0C = ∆ 0 K 7. = temperature of the bath when pressure reading
180 U −L
is 60 cm of mercury.
R 2 − R1
8. α = 1) 45 0 C 2) 30 0 C 3) 25 0 C 4) 20 0 C
R 1 t 2 − R 2 t1 3. On a hypothetical scale A the ice point is 420
 F − 32 K − 273  and the steam points is 1820 For another scale
9.  =  But F = K = x B. The ice point is –100 and steam point in 900.
 180 100 
If B reads 600 . The reading of A is.
Pt − P0
10. t = P − P ×100 1) 160 0 2) 140 0 3) 120 0 4) 110 0
100 o
4. The upper and lower fixed points of a faulty
11. A2 = A1 (1 + β∆t ) ,β = 2α mercury thermometer are 2100 F and 340 F
l2 − l1 respectively. The correct temperature read by
12. t 2 − t1 = l ∆t this thermometer is
1
1) 220 F 2) 800 F 3) 1000 F 4) 1220 F
1
13. lossorgain int ime perday = α∆ t 86400 5. A Fahrenheit thermometer registers 1100 F
2 while a faulty Celsius thermometer registers
l2 − l1 440 C . Find the error in the later
14. l2 − l1 = l1α∆ t 15. α = l ( t − t )
1 2 1 1) 0.37 0 2) 0.87 0 3) 0.67 0 4) 0.48

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THERMAL EXPANSION OF SOLIDS 12. When the temperature of a body increases

6. When a rod is heated from 250 C to 750 C, it from t to t+ ∆ t, its moment of inertia increases
expands by 1 mm. When a rod of same from I to I +∆ l. The coefficient of linear
material but with 4 times the length is heated expansion of the body is α . The ratio ∆ I/I is
from 250 C to 500 C. The increase in length is (2012 E)
1) 1mm 2) 1.5mm 3)1.6mm 4)2 mm 1) ∆ t/t 2) 2 ∆ t/t 3) α ∆ t 4) 2 α ∆ t
7. An iron metal rod is to maintain an accuracy 13. There is some change in length when a 33000
of one part per million. The coefficient of N tensile force is applied on a steel rod of area
linear expansion of iron is 1 × 10-5 /0 C. The
of cross-section 10−3 m 2 . The change of
minimum variations in temperature of the rod
could be temperature required to produce the same
1) ± 10 C 2) ± 50 C 3) ±0.10 C 4) ± 0.010 C elongation of the steel rod when heated is
8. Two metal rods have coefficients of linear (Y= 3 ×1011 N / m 2 , α = 1.1 ×10−5 / 0 C )
expansion 1.1 × 10-5 /0 C and 1.65 × 10-5 /0 C 1) 200 C 2) 150 C 3) 100 C 4) 0 0 C
respectively. The difference in lengths is 10cm 14. Brass scale of a Barometer gives correct
at all temperatures. Their initial lengths must reading at 0 0 C. coefficient of linear expansion
be respectively. of brass is 18 × 10-6 /0 C. If the barometer
1) 40 cm and 50 cm 2) 40 cm and 30 cm reads 76cm at 200 C, the correct reading is
3) 50 cm and 60 cm 4) 30 cm and 20 cm ( γ Hg =18 × 10-5 /0 C)
9. Two rods of same length and same diameter 1 76.426 cm 2) 75.7cm
are drawn from equal masses and same 3) 76.642 cm 4) 76.264 cm
quantity of heat is supplied to the two rods. 15. A thin brass sheet at 10°C and a thin steel
Find the ratio of expansions if specific heats
sheet at 20°C have the same surface area.
of the material is 2/3 and that of coefficient of
linear expansion is 1/2 The common temperature at which both would
1) 4/3 2) 1/2 3) 3/4 4)1/3 have the same area is (Coefficient of linear
10. Two rods of different materials having expansion for brass and steel are respectively,
coefficients of thermal expansion α1 , α 2 and 19 × 10–6 /°C are 111 × 10–6 /°C)
young’s modulus Y1 , Y2 respectively are fixed 1) –3.75°C 2) –2.75°C 3) 2.75°C 4)3.75°C
between two rigid walls. The rods are heated 16. A pendulum clock gives correct time at 200 C
such that they undergo the same increase in at a place where g= 10m/s 2 . The pendulum
temperature. There is no bending of rods. If consists of a light steel rod connected to a
heavy ball. If it is taken to a different place
α1 : α 2 =2:3, thermal stress developed in the
where g = 10.01m/s 2 at what temperature the
rods are equal provided Y1 :Y2 is equal to pendulum gives correct time ( α of steel is
1) 2:3 2) 1:1 3) 3:2 4) 4:9 10–5 /0 C) [2007 E]
11. Two uniform metal rods one of aluminium of
1) 300 C 2) 600 C 3) 1000 C 4) 1200 C
length l1 and another made of steel of length 17. Two rods of lengths L1 and L2 are welded
l2 and linear coefficients of expansion α a and together to make a composite rod of length
(L1 +L2 ). If the coefficient of linear expansion
α s respectively are connected to form a single
of the materials of the rods are α 1 and α 2
rod of length l1 +l2 . When the temperature of respectively, the effective coefficient of
the combined rod is raised by t o C , the length linear expansion of the composite rod is
of each rod increases by the same amount. [2012 E]
L1α1 − L2α 2 L1α1 + L2α 2
l1 1) L + L 2) L + L
Then l +l is 1 2 1 2
1 2
αs αa αa αs α1 + α2
3) α1α 2 4)
1) α + α 2) α + α 3) α 4) α 2
a s a s s a

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NEET-PHYSICS-VOL- III THERMAL PROPERTIES OF MATTER–I
18. A clock pendulum made of invar has a period 8. l1α1 = l 2α 2 , l1 − l 2 = 10
of 0.5sec at 200 C. If the clock is used in a
climate where the temperature averages to 9. Q1 = Q2 ; ms1 ( ∆t )1 = ms2 ( ∆t ) 2
300 C, how much time does the clock loose in 10. Thermal stress Y1a 1∆t = Y2a 2∆t
each oscillation. For invar α = 9 ×10 −7 0C −1
11. l1α a ∆t1 = l2α s∆t 2
1) 2.25 ×10−6 sec 2) 2.5 ×10−7 sec
3) 5 ×10 −7 sec 4) 1.125 ×10 −6 sec ∆I ∆R ∆I
12. from I = M R2 , = 2× , = 2α∆t
19. A steel scale is correct at 0°C. The length of a I R I
brass tube measured by it at 40°C is 4.5m. The F
correct length of the tube at 0°C is 13. ∆t =
YAα
(Coefficients of linear expansion of steel and
brass are 11 × 10-6 /°C and 19 × 10-6 /°C 14. True value =scale reading l − ( γ −α ) ∆t 
respectively). β1t1 − β2t 2 ∆l ∆g
1) 4.001m 2) 5.001 m 3)4.999m 4)4.501m 15. t = β − β 16. = = α ∆t
20. The ratio of lengths of two rods is 1 : 2 and the 1 2 l g
ratio of coefficient of expansions is 2 : 3. The ∆L1 ∆L2
first rod is heated through 600 C. Find the 17. = L1α1 ; = L2α 2
∆t ∆t
temperature through which the second rod is
∆L ∆L1 ∆L2
to be heated so that its expansion is twice that ∴ = + ; ( L1 + L2 ) α = L1 α1 + L2α2
of first is ∆t ∆t ∆t
1) 600 C 2) 400 C 3) 300 C 4) 100 C 1
18. ∆T = α∆ t ; 19. lc = lm 1 + ( αS ~ α b ) ( t2 − t1 )
LEVEL - II (C.W)-KEY 2
1) 2 2) 3 3) 2 4) 4 5) 3 6) 4 ∆t1 α 2 l2
7) 3 8) 4 9) 3 10) 3 11)1 12)4 20. ∆l = α l ∆t ⇒ ∆t = α × l
2 1 1
13) 3 14) 2 15) 1 16) 4 17) 2 18) 1
19) 4 20) 2
LEVEL - II (H.W)
LEVEL - II (C.W)- HINTS
Rt − R0  P − P0  MEASUREMENT OF TEMPERATURE
1. t= × 100 2. t =  t  100 1. The resistance of a resistance thermometer
R100 − R0  P100 − P0 
has values 2.70 Ω and 3.70 Ω at 00 C and 1000C
Reading − LFP
3. = constant respectively. The temperature at which the
UFP − LFP resistance is 3.10 Ω is
X A − LA X B − LB 1) 300 C 2) 400 C 3) 600 C 4) 700 C
=
U A − LA U B − LB 2. A gas thermometer measures the temperature
Reading − LFP from the variation of pressure of a sample of
4. = constant gas. If the pressure measured at the melting
UFP − LFP
point of lead is 2.20 times the pressure
F − 32 X − L
= measured at the triple point of water find the
180 U −L melting point of lead.
C − 0 F − 32 1) 600K 2) 420K 3) 790 K 4) 510 K
5. =
100 180 3. On a hypothetical scale X, the ice point is 400
e1 e2 and the steam point is 1200 . For another scale
6. As α1 = α 2 ⇒ l ∆t = l ∆t Y the ice point and steam points are –300 and
1 1 2 2
1300 respectively. If X-reads 500 The reading
∆l ∆ l
7. = 1/106 ⇒ =α ∆t of Y is
l l 1) –50 2) –80 3) –100 4) –120

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THERMAL EXPANSION OF SOLIDS flask made of the same glass as that rod
0
4. A steel tape is calibrated at 20 C. when the measures a volume of 1000 c.c at 00 C. The
temperature of the day is -10 0 C, the volume it measures at 1000 C in c.c. is
percentage error in the measurement with 1) 1018 cc 2) 918 cc 3) 818 cc 4) 718 cc
the tape is ( α =12 × 10-6 /0 C) 12. A pendulum clock runs fast by 5 seconds per
1) 3.6% 2) 0.36% 3) 0.18% 4) 0.036% day at 200 c and goes slow by 10 seconds per
5. The temperature coefficient of resistance of day at 35 0 C. It shows correct time at a
wire is 12.5 ×10 −4 . At 300K the resistance of temperature of
wire is 1Ω . The temperature at which 1) 27.50 C 2) 25.0 C 3) 30.0 C 4) 33.0 C
resistance will be 2Ω is 13. A second's pendulum clock having steel wire
1)827K 2)854K 3)1527K 4) 1127K is calibrated at 20°C . When temperature is
6. The diameter of iron wheel is 1cm. If its increased to 30°C , then how much time does
temperature is increased by 7000 C What is the clock loose or gain in one week ?
the increase in circumference of the wheel?
[ α steel = 1.2 × 10−5 ( °C ) ]
−1

( α =12 × 10-6 /0 C)
1)0.0264cm 2)0.264 cm 3)2.64cm 4)26.4 cm 1) 0.3628s 2) 3.626s 3) 362.8 s 4) 36.28s
7. If a cylinder of diameter 1.0cm at 300 C is to 14. A metre scale made of steel is calibrated at
be slid into a hole of diameter 0.9997 cm in a 200 C to give correct reading. Find the distance
steel plate at the same temperature, the between 50 cm mark and 51 cm mark if the
minimum required rise in the temperature of scale is used at 100 C. Coefficient of linear
the plate is: (Coefficient of linear expansion expansion of steel is 1.1 × 10–5 /0 C
of steel=12 × 10-6/0 C) 1) 1.00011 cm 2) 1.0011 cm
1) 250 C 2) 350 C 3) 450 C 4) 550 C 3) 1.011 cm 4) 1.000011 cm
8. The initial lengths of two rods A and B are in 15. A thin brass sheet at 20°C and a thin steel
the ratio 3:5 and coefficients of linear sheet at 30°C have the same surface area.
expansion are in the ratio 5:3. If the rods are The common temperature at which both would
heated from 340 C to 650 C, the ratio of their have the same area is (Coefficient of linear
expansion will be expansion for brass and steel are respectively,
1)1:1 2) 3:5 3) 1:2 4) 2:3 19 × 10–6 /°C are 111 × 10–6 /°C)
9. A thin copper wire of length L increases in 1) –6.250 C 2) +6.250 C
length by one percent when heated from t10C 3) –3.250 C 4) +3.250 C
16. Distance between two places is 200 km. α of
and t 20C . The percentage change in area
steel is 12 × 10–6 /°C. Total space that must
when a thin copper plate having dimension be left between steel rails to allow for a change
2L × L is heated from t10Cto t 20 C is of temperature from 36°F to 117°F is (in km)
1)1 % 2) 3 % 3) 2 % 4) 4% 1)1.08 2)0.108 3)0.8 4) 0.0108
10. The brass scale of a barometer gives correct
17. Two thin metal strips, one of brass and the
reading at 10o C. The barometer reads 75 cm
other of iron are fastened together parallel to
at 30o C. What is the atmospheric pressure at
each other. Thickness of each strip is 2 mm. If
0o C (in cm Hg)
the strips are of equal length at 0°C. The radius
(α Brass = 20 × 10−6 / 0 C; γ Hg = 175 ×10 −6 / 0 C ) of the arc formed by the bimetallic strip when
1) 74.8 2) 75.03 3) 70 4) 60 heated to 80°C is (Coefficient of linear
11. Two marks on a glass rod 10cm apart are expansion of brass = 19 × 10-6/°C &
found to increase their distance by 0.06mm of iron = 12 × 10-6/°C).
when the rod is heated from 00 C to 100 C. A 1) 3.57m 2) 2.67m 3) 3.12m 4) 4.56m

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18. A brass wire 1.8 m long at 27 0 C is held taut 1

13. ∆T = α∆ t ×7 ×86400
with little tension between the two rigid 2
supports. If the wire is cooled to a temperature 14. lc = l m (1 + ( αS − α b ) ( t2 − t1 ) )
of −390 C , the tension developed in the wire,
if its diameter is 2.0 mm, Coefficient of linear
15. ( A2 )brass = ( A2 ) steel
expansion of brass = 2.0 ×10−5 K −1 ; Young’ss
modulus of brass = 0.91×1011 Pa
( A1 )br 1 + β Br ( t − 20 )  = ( A1 ) st 1 + βSt ( t − 30) 
1) 3.8 × 102 N 2) 5.8 × 102 N Given ( A1 )br = ( A1 ) st
3) 7.8 × 102 N 4) 6.8 × 102 N ∆C ∆ F 2t
16. ∆l = α l∆t , = 17. r = (α − α ) ∆ T
5 9 1 2
LEVEL-II ( H.W ) - KEY 18. Decrease in length due to tention
1) 2 2)1 3) 3 4) 4 5) 4 6)1
Fl
7) 1 8) 1 9) 3 10)1 11)1 12)2 ∆l = ---- (1)
13)4 14)1 15)2 16)2 17)1 18)1 AY
Increase in length due to rise in temperature
LEVEL-II (H.W) - HINTS ∆l = l α ∆ t ---- (2)
Rt − R0 Fl
1. t= ×100 from (1) and (2) = l α ∆ t ⇒ F = YAα∆T
R100 − R0 AY
T P P
2. = ⇒ TK = ( 273.16 ) K LEVEL - III
TTr PTr PTr
Reading − LFP 120 − x 130 − y THERMAL EXPANSION
3. = constant, = 1. Two rods of the same length, have radii in the
UFP − LFP 80 160
ratio 3:4. Their densities are respectively 8000
∆l and 9000 kg/m3 . Their specific heats are in the
4. ∆l = l α ∆ t ⇒ × 100 = a ∆t × 100
l ratio of 2:3. When the same amount of heat is
R − R1 1 supplied to both, the changes in their lengths
α= 2 −4 = are in the ratio. (If their linear coefficients are
5. R1t 2 − R2 t1
; 12.5 × 10 t 2 − 54 in the ratio 5:6)
6. Increase is circumference = π Dα∆t where D = 1) 1:1 2) 5:2 3) 5:12 4) 12:5
diameter of the wheel 2. A solid sphere of radius r and mass m is
7. r2 = r1 (1 + α∆t) ⇒ r2 − r1 = r1 α ∆ t spinning about a diameter as axis with a speed
ω 0 . The temperature of the sphere increases
∆l1 l 1 α 1 by 1000 C without any other disturbance. If the
8. ∆l = l1α∆t ⇒ = ×
∆l2 l 2 α 2 coefficient of linear expansion of material of
sphere is 2 × 10-4 /0 C, the ratio of angular
∆A speed at 1000 C and ω 0 is
9. ∆A = Aβ ∆ t ⇒ ×100 = ß ∆t × 100
A 1) 1:1 2) 1:1.04 3) 1.04:1 4) 1:1.02
10. H1 = H 2 1 − ( γ Hg − α ) ∆t 
3. Two rods of different materials and identical
cross sectional area, are joined face to face at
one end and their free ends are fixed to the
11. ∆l = α l∆t ; V2 = V1 (1 + 3α∆t) rigid walls. If the temperature of the
1 surroundings is increased by 30°C, the
12. a ( 35 − t ) × 86400 = 10 ---- (1) magnitude of the displacement of the joint of
2 the rod is (length of rods l1 =l2 =1unit, ratio of
1
a ( t − 20 ) × 86400 = 5 ----- (2)
their young's moduli, Y1 /Y2 =2, coefficients of
2 linear expansion are α 1 and α 2 )
Solving 1 and 2 1) 5(α 2 − α 1 ) 2) 10(α1 − α 2 )
3) 10(α 2 − 2α 1 ) 4) 5(2α1 − α 2 )
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4. A wire of length L0 is supplied heat to raise 9. A thin circular metal disc of radius 500.0 mm
is set rotating about a central axis normal to
its temperature by T. if γ is the coefficient of
its plane. Upon raising its temperature
volume expansion of the wire and Y is Young’s gradually, the radius increases to 507.5 mm.
modulus of the wire then the energy density The percentage change in the rotational kinetic
stored in the wire is energy will be
1 2 2 1 2 2 3 1) 1.5% 2) -1.5% 3) 3% 4) -3%
1) γ T Y 2) γ T Y
2 3 10. A steel wire AB of length 100 cm is fixed rigidly
1 γ T
2 2
1 2 2 at points A and B in an aluminium frame as
3) 4) γ T Y shown in the figure. If the temperature of the
18 Y 18
5. A uniform solid brass cylinder of mass M=0.5 system increases through 1000 C, then the
Kg and radius R=0.03m is placed in excess stress produced in the steel wire
frictionless bearings and set to rotate about relative to the aluminium?
its geometrical axis with an angular velocity
of 60 rad/s. After the cylinder has reached α Al = 22 ×10−6 / 0 C and α steel = 11× 10−6 / 0 C
the specified state of rotation, it is heated young's Modulus of steel is 2 × 10 11 Nm–2 .
(without any mechanical contact) from room Aluminium frame
temperature 200 C to 1000 C. The fractional
change in angular velocity of the cylinder is
( α =2 × 10-5/0 C)
1) -3.2 × 10-3 2) 3.2 × 10-3 A
steel wire
B
3) 2.3 × 10 -3
4) -2.3 × 10-3
6. Calculate the compressional force required to
prevent the metallic rod of length l cm and
cross-sectional area A cm 2 when heated 1) 2.2 × 108 Pa 2) 22 × 108 Pa
through t°C , from expanding along length 3) 0.2 × 108 Pa 4) 220 × 108 Pa
wise. The Young's modulus of elasticity of the 11. An equilateral triangle ABC is formed by
metal is E and mean coefficient of linear joining three rods of equal length and D is the
expansion is α per degree Celsius mid-point of AB. The coefficient of linear
EAα t E Aα t expansion for AB is α 1 and for AC and BC is
1) EAα t 2) 1 + α t 3) 1 − α t 4) Elα t
7. An iron rod of length 50 cm is joined to an α 2 . The relation between α 1 and α 2 , if
aluminium rod of length 100cm. All distance DC remains constant for small
measurements refer to 20o C. The coefficient changes in temperature is (2010 E)
of linear expansion of iron and aluminium are A D α1 B
12 ×10 −6 / °C and 24 ×10 −6 / °C respectively..
The average linear expansion coefficient of
composite system is :
1) 36 × 10−6 / °C 2) 12 ×10 −6 / °C α2 α2
3) 20 ×10 −6 / °C 4) 48 ×10− 6 / °C
8. A rod of length 20 cm is made of metal. It
expands by 0.075 cm when its temperature is C
raised from 0°C to 100°C . Another rod of a 1) α1 = α 2 2) α1 = 4α 2
different metal B having the same length 1
expands by 0.045 cm for the same change in 3) α 2 = 4α1 4) α1 = α 2
temperature. A third rod of the same length is 2
composed of two parts, one of metal A and the 12. A cube of edge (L) and coefficient of linear
other of metal B. This rod expands by 0.060 expansion ( α ) is heated by 10 C. Its surface
cm for the same change in temperature. The area increases by
portion made of metal A has the length : 1) 6 α L2 2) 8 α L2 3) 12 α L2 4) 2 α L2
1) 20 cm 2) 10 cm 3) 15 cm 4) 18 cm

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13. An iron ball of diameter 6cm and is 0.01 mm (Given α = 9 × 10−6 / °C )
B
too large to pass through a hole in a brass plate
when the ball and plate are at a temperature of 1) α A = 3 ×10 −6 / °C ,500 °C
20 0C. The temperature at which (both for ball 2) α A = 3 ×10 −6 / °C ,222.22°C
and plate) the ball just passes through the hole
3) α A = 27 ×10 −6 / °C ,500 °C
(
is αiron = 12 × 10
−6 0
/ C; αbrass = 18 × 10 −6 0
/ C ) 4) α A = 27 ×10 −6 / °C ,222.22°C
1) 680 C
2) 3) 480 C 4) 280 C 400 C 18. The coefficient of linear expansion of an in
14. A rod of length 2 m is at a temperature of homogeneous rod changes linearly from α 1 to
200 C . The free expansion of the rod is 0.9mm. α 2 from one end to the other end of the rod.
If the temperature is increased to 500 C , the
The effective coefficient of linear expansion
stress produced when the rod is fully
of rod is
prevented to expand
α +α
Y = 2 ×1011 N / m 2 , α = 15 ×10−6 / 0 C 1) α1 + α 2 2) 1 2 3) α1α2 4) α1 −α 2
1) 9 × 107 N / m 2 2) 4.5 ×107 N / m 2 2
19. A rod of steel is 5m long and 3cm diameter at
3) 5 ×10 7 N / m 2 4) 3 ×107 N / m 2 a temperature of 200 C. Find the free expansion
15. The coefficient of linear expansion for a certain of the rod when the temperature is raised to
metal varies with temperature as α (T ) . If L0 650 C. Find the respective pulls exerted if (i)
the ends do not yield and (ii) the ends yield by
is the initial length of the metal and the
0.12 cm. Y = 2 ×105 MN / m 2 and α =12×10−6
temperature of metal changed from T0 to
per 0 C
T ( T0 > T ) then, 1) 0.27 cm, 42.41 KN, 76.34 KN
2) 0.27 cm, 76.30 KN, 42.39 KN
2) L = L0 1+ ∫T α ( T ) dT 
T
1) L = L0 ∫T α (T ) dT
T
3) 0.27 cm, 38.63 KN, 78.23 KN
0 0
4) 0.27 cm, 78.23 KN, 38.63 KN
 T  20. Two bars are unstressed and have lengths of
3) L = L0 1 − ∫ α ( T ) dT  4) L > L0 25cm and 30cm at 200 C as shown in Figure.
 T0  Bar (1) is of aluminium and bar (2) is of steel.
16. A steel tape is placed around the earth at the The cross-sectional area of bars are 20cm2 for
equator. When the temperature is 00 C aluminium and 10cm2 for steel. Assuming that
neglecting the expansion of the earth, the the top and bottom supports are rigid, stress
clearance between the tape and the ground if N
the temperature of the tape rises to 300 C, is in Al steel bars in 2 when the temperature e
mm
nearly (α steel = 11×10 −6 / K ) is 700 C. (Nearly )
1) 1.1 km 2) 0.5 km 3) 6400 km 4) 2.1 km (Ya = 0.70 ×105 N / mm 2.Ys = 2.1× 105 N / mm 2 .
17. The variation of lengths of two metal rods A
α a = 24 × 10−6 / 0C and α s = 12. ×10 −6 / 0 C )
and B with change in temperature are shown
in figure. The coefficients of linear expansion
α A for the metal A and the temperature T will
Al 25cm
be :
1006 A
1004 B
Length(mm)

1002
1000 St 30cm
998
996
994
O T 1) 75, 150 2) 25, 50 3) 50, 100 4)100, 200
Temperature( OC)

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LEVEL - III -KEY ∆l ∆l

1)2 2)2 3)3 4)4 5)1 6)2 8. αA = ; αB = ; ∆l A + ∆lB = 0.065
l ∆t l ∆t
7)3 8)2 9)4 10)1 11)2 12)3
13)2 14)1 15)3 16)4 17)4 18)2 dR dK −2 dR
9. ×100 = 1.5; =
19)2 20) 1 R K R
LEVEL-III - HINTS 10. Net elongation ∆l = (α Al − α St ) l ∆t
1. Q = ms∆θ , m = ρπ r l 2
Stress =Y ( Strain)
∆l ∆l ρ r s α 2
11. Before and after changing the temperature,
∆θ = ⇒ 1 = 2 × × 2× 1 2

lα ∆l 2 ρ1 r s1 α 2 2
1
l12 1
= l 2 (1 + α t )  − l1 (1 + α t ) 
2 2
l22 −
2. I1? 1 = I 2? 2 ; R12? 1 = R22? 2 4 4
2 and l1 = l2
? 2  R2  1
=  = 12. ∆A = Aβ ∆t ;
? 1  R1  (1 + a ∆t )2
13. d 'iron = d 'brass (after heating)
3. Y1 ( Strain )1 = Y2 ( Strain ) 2
diron (1 + αiron ∆t ) = dbrass (1 + α brass ∆t )
 α l ∆ T1 − x   α l ∆T2 + x 
Y1  1  = Y2  2  14. ∴ Thermal stress = strain × Y = ∆l ×Y = ( α∆t ) Y
 l   l  l
(Y2α 2 − Y1α 1 ) × l × ∆T dL
= −α (T ) dt ;
Displacement of the rod x = 15. Integrate the equation
Y1 + Y2 L0
4. Elastic potential energy per unit volume 16. Increase in length of tape; ∆l = lα ∆T
1 1 1006 − 1000 ∆L
E = × Stress × Strain = × Y × ( Strain )
2
17. Slope of the line A= =
2 2 T ∆T

 ∆L 
2
1 1 6
⇒ E= × Y ×  = 1000mm α A -------(1)
 = × Y ×α × ∆T
2 2

2  L  2 T

∆? −∆I −2∆R similarly for B line

5. I1? 1 = I 2? 2 ; = = − 2a ∆t
? I R
2
= 1002mm α B --------(2)
 2 ∆I 2∆R  T
 I ∝ R , =
 I R  From (1) & (2) α A = 3α B
6. Natural length of the rod at t°C = l +l αt
 α 2 − α1 
L
decrease in natural length due to stress = ∆l 18. α n = α1 +  x; ∆L = ∫ α ndx∆t
 L  0
− F ( l + ∆l ) −EAα t
∆l1 − ∆l = 0 ; E = ; F=
A∆l 1+α t  α + α2   α1 + α 2 
L= 1  L∆T ; α eff =  
 2   2 
7. ∆l1 + ∆ l2 = ∆l ; l1α1∆t + l2α 2 ∆t = ( l1 + l 2 ) α ave ∆t
19. If the ends do not yield then F = YA α ∆T
α l + α 2 l2
α avg = 11 YA(αl∆T−e)
l1 + l 2 If the ends yield by an amount e then =
l0
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20. Contraction of the two bars due to compressive Assertion & Reason Type
stress = Elongation of the two bars due to rise of 1)A and R are correct and R is correct explanation
for A
temperature
1) A and R are correct and R is not correct
 Sl   Sl  explanation for A
 Y  +  Y  = (α L∆t ) Al + ( α L∆t ) St 3) A is true and R is false
  Al   St
4) Both A and R are false
Force in steel = force in aluminium 5. Assertion (A): A thick and thin metallic rods of
S Al × Α Al = SSt × ΑSt same material heated through same rise of
temperature then thermal stress is same.
LEVEL - IV Reason (R): Thermal stress is independent of area
of cross section.
Matching Type Questions 6. Assertion (A): An iron ball strucked in a brass
1. List - I List - II plate is removed by heating the system.
a)Isotropic solids e) Expands on melting Reason (R): The coefficient of linear expansion
of brass is more than that of iron.
b) Ice f) Equal expansion in all
7. Assertion (A): Invar steel is used to prepare clock
directions pendulum.
c)Anisotropic solids g) Contracts on heating Reason (R): The coefficient of linear expansion
d) Copper h) unequal expansion in of invar steel is Infinity.
different directions 8. Assertion (A): When hot water is poured in a thick
2. List - I List - II glass tumbler then the tumbler breaks.
a) Thermal expansion e) Pendulum clock Reason (R): Glass is a bad conductor of heat
b) α , β , γ f) Depends on 9. Assertion (A): To have same difference between
the lengths of two metallic rods their initial lengths
Dimension, Material,
of 0ºC should be in the inverse ratio of their
Temperature coefficient of linear expansion.
c) Bimetallic strip g) Depends on nature of Reason (R): If the lengths of two metallic rods at
the material only 0º C are in the inverse ratio of their
d)Invar steel h) Balance wheel coefficient of linear expansion then the change in
of a watch the lengths due to same rise of temperature is same.
3. List - I List - II 10. Assertion (A): A solid on heating undergoes
a) Bimetal thermostat e) Pendulum clock expansion only because of increasing the amplitude
b) Compensated f) Invar steel of the simple oscillators.
pendulum Reason (R): A solid on heating undergoes
c) Metal tape g) Differential expansion only because of increasing the inter
expansion of metals atomic distance.
d) Elinvar h )Hair spring 11. Assertion (A): A metallic plate containing circular
4. List - I List - II hole is heated then the size of the hole increases.
Reason (R): The expansion of the solid always
a. Thermal stress e. 3α∆t100
takes place radially outwards.
d 12. Assertion (A): Platinum is used to fuse into glass
b. Loss in time of a f. (α − α ) ∆ t tube.
2 1

pendulum clock per sec Reason (R): Both platinum and glass have almost
same values of coefficient of linear expansion.
c. percentage increase g. Yα∆t 13. Assertion (A): A thin rod and a thick rod made of
in volume of a solid same material having same length are heated through
d. Radius of circular arc h. (1 / 2) α∆t same range of temperature. Then both the rods
expand equally.
of bimetallic strip Reason (R): The linear expansion e = lα∆t
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14. Assertion (A): A thin rod and a thick rod made of 22. Statement 1: Gas thermometers are more sensitive
same material having same length are given same than liquid thermometers.
amount of heat θ . Then the thin rod expands more. Statement 2: Expansion in gases is more
Reason (R): The linear expansion depends upon prominent than liquids.
initial length of the rod only .
15. Assertion (A): A platinum wire can be sealed More than one option Type Questions
through glass. But a brass one cannot be sealed 23. When a rod is heated, its linear expansion
through glass. depends on
Reason (R): Coefficient of linear expansion of a) initial length b) area of cross section
platinum and that of brass have different values. c) mass d) temperature rise
16. Assertion (A): Two rods of the same material have 1) only a is correct 2) a & d are correct
the same lengths but diameter are in the ratio of 3) b & c are correct 4) a & c are correct
1:2. If 1000cal of heat is supplied to the two rods
24. The numerical value of coefficient of linear
separately the ratio of their linear expansion is 4:1.
Reason (R): The linear expansion e = lα∆t expansion is independent of units of
17. Assertion (A): The linear coefficients of expansion a) length b) temperature c) area d) mass
of a crystal along three perpendicular axes are 1) only (a) is correct
2) (a) & (b) are correct
−α α 7α
α, , . Its volume coefficient is 3) (a) ,(b) & (c) are correct
2 5 10 4) (a) ,(c) & (d) are correct
Reason (R): for anisotropic solids 25. Expansion during heating
γ = αx + αy + α z . (a) occurs in solids only
(b) causes decrease in weight
Statement type questions
(c) is due to increase of interatomic spacing
Options :
1)only (a) is wrong
1. Statement 1 is true and statement 2 is true
2)(a),(b) & (c) are wrong
2. Statement 1 is true and statement 2 is false
3. Statement 1 is false and statement 2 is true 3) (a) & (b) are wrong
4. Statement 1 is false and statement 2 is false 4) (a) ,(b) & (c) are correct
18. Statement 1: Fahrenheit is the smallest unit 26. When a copper solid sphere is heated, its
measuring temperature. (a) moment of inertia increases
Statement 2: Fahrenheit was the first temperature (b) Elasticity decreases
scale used for measuring temperature. (c) density decreases
19. Statement 1: A brass disc is just fitted in a hole in
(d) mass increases
a steel plate. The system must be cooled to loosen
the disc from the hole. 1) only (b) is true
Statement 2: The coefficient of liner expansion 2) (a) & (b) are true
for brass is greater than the coefficient of linear 3) (a),(b) & (c) are true
expansion for steel. 4) all are true
20. Statement 1: When a bimetallic strip made of iron 27. Due to thermal expansion with rise in
and brass is heated then it bends in the form of temperature
concave towards Brass. (a)Metallic scale reading becomes lesser than true
Statement 2: The coefficient of linear expansion value
of iron is less than brass. (b) Pendulum clock goes fast
21. Statement 1: The linear expansion does not (c) A floating body sinks a little more
depend on nature of the material, initial length, and (d) The weight of a body in a liquid increases
rise in temperature. 1) only (a) is correct
Statement 2: The coefficient of linear expansion 2) (a) & (b) are correct
depends on nature of the material and system of 3) (a),(b) & (d) are correct
temperature. 4) (a),(c) & (d) are correct

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28. Which of the following statements are true 10. In case of en-harmonic oscillators, increase in
(a) Rubber contracts on heating amplitude is not equal on both sides. To have equal
(b) Water expands on freezing amplitude on both sides atoms change their
(c) Water contracts on heating from 0°C to 4 °C position, with this, interatomic distance increases
(d) Water expands on heating from 4 °C to 40°C and substance expand.
1) (a) is correct 11. To have same angular separation, among the
2) (b) and (c) are correct atoms, expansion of solids takes place radially
3) (c) & (d) are correct outwards.
4) all are correct 12. Platinum and glass expand equally on heating and
29. When a metal ring having some gap is heated
a) length of gap increases contracts equally on cooling α pt = α glass  .
b) radius of the ring decreases 14. Linear expansion also depends on rise in
c) the angle subtended by the gap at the centre temperature. The rise in temperature is more in thin
remains same rod, than thick rod when both are given same
d) length of gap decreases
1
1) only d is correct amount of heat. dQ = ms ∆t ; ∆t α
2) a and b are correct m
3) a & c are correct 15. Brass and glass are not having equal expansions
4) all are correct on heating and equal contractions on cooling

LEVEL - IV - KEY [α Brass ≠ α Glass ]

Matching Type Questions But [α Platinum = α Glass ] so platinum wire can be
1) a-f, b-g, c-h, d-e 2) a-f, b-g, c-h, d-e
sealed through glass but brass can not be sealed.
3) a-g, b-e, c-f, d-h 4) a- g, b-h, c-e, d-f
∝ 2 ⇒ e ∝ 12 ⇒ ∴ e1 = 4
Assertion & Reason Type 1 1
16. e ∝ ∆t ∝
5) 1 6) 1 7) 3 8) 1 9) 1 10) 1 m π r lρ r e2 1
11) 1 12) 1 13) 1 14) 3 15) 3 16) 1 Statement Type Questions
17) 1 20. As brass expands more than Iron on heating,
Statement type questions bimetallic strip bends with brass on convex side
18)2 19)1 20) 3 21) 3 22)1 [α Brass > α Iron ]
More than one option type questions 21. Linear expansion depends on nature of material,
23) 2 24) 4 25) 3 26) 3 27) 4 28) 4 initial length, rise in temperature and scale of
temperature. Where as coefficient of linear expansion
29) 3
depends on nature of material and scale of
LEVEL - IV - HINTS temperature.
Assertion & Reason Type More than one option questions
5. Thermal stress = yα∆t 24. α is independent on length, area and mass. It
Thermal stress is independent of area of cross depends on temperature.
section. 25. Expansion occurs due to increase of interatomic
6. Brass expands more on heating than Iron spaces.
26. When copper solid sphere is heated, radius
(α Brass > α Iron )
increases, moment of inertia increases volume
7. Linear expansion of Invar steel is very very less. increases, mass remains constant so density
8. Glass is bad conductor of heat and due to uneven decreases. Elasticity also decreases.
expansion and contraction glass tumbler breaks.
l1 α 2
9. ∆l1 = ∆l 2 = l1α1∆t = l 2α 2∆t ; l = α
2 1

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