SCIENCE TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY
LESSON 1
Science
idea, because it includes idea, theory about natural things
intellectual property, it involves minds, systematic observation and experimentation
body and knowledge, involves critical thinking skills
personal and social activity, both knowledge and activities is done by human to develop better
understanding and to improve life
Technology
application of science
scientific law in development of machineries, equipment, etc
Society
includes individuals belonging to a particular group
it includes diversity
community is the individual inside the group
LESSON 2: ETHICAL DILEMMAS
1. The battle of the artic – race of the countries to invent things
2. Digital Twin – virtual copy of yourself, without your presence you can access (password)
3. MIT’s Version or Inception – sleep tracking device that can after your dream, device to
manipulate your dream
4. SPY or Stalker ware apps – software to stalk another person, other may see who you are
without your content
It can be FB, Twitter, Instagram, etc.
5. Artificial Intelligence (AI) or Robot abuse – consuming your time with AI
You are not being productive
6. Facebook – software that becomes a mean of negativity
Proper way of utilization of media
3 IMPORTANT INTELLECTUAL SCIENCE REVOLUTIONS
Science technology and society refers to intellectual revolution or series of events that leads to
the emergence of modern science and the progress of scientific techniques across critical
periods in the history
Paradigm shift – shift from the norm, resulted to new and renewed understanding on
how STS behaves and functions
1. COPERNICAN REVOLUTION ( 16TH CENTURY)
Nicolous Copernicus
Heliocentric Model, sun is the center of the universe
It paves way to modern astronomy to understand the universe
Idea marks the turning point in the study of cosmology and astronomy
Opposition of the church. They believe earth and sun are Gods
2. DARWINIAN REVOLUTION (19TH CENTURY)
Charles Darwin proposed the human evolution, human development
Theory of evolution: origin of human species (1859)
Gathered evidenced on how natural selection works, it is the evolutional process by
which organisms including human inherit, develop and adapt the traits that is
favourable to the survival and reproduction
It met a lot of criticism from the church
Can be rationalized by law system
3. FREUDIAN REVOLUTION (0TH CENTURY)
Sigmund Freud
Psychoanalysis: scientific method in understanding the inner conscious or conflicts
imbedded with one personality
ID – making decisions without thinking7
Ego – Buffer, making wise decisions
Superego – ideas and values, assessment if what he/she did was right
OEDIPUS – son’s sexual desire towards mother
ELECTRA COMPLEX – daughter’s sexual desire towards father
Controversy because they say your urges needs to be met criticized for being lack of validity, being
unscientific.
Amidst Criticism psychoanalysis, widely credited for dominating psychotherapeutic practices in early 20 th
century
LESSON 3
MESO-AMERICA CIVILIZATION
4 culture namely: omelec, maya, Aztec and inco
Where com papaya, avocado and cocoa originated
People shared the calendric and astronomical information of the heavens as a critical part of
their sculpture, art and architecture
Contribution was calendrical systems and sophisticated writing as a direct result of their need to
be in harmony with the celertial cycles
4 CULTURE OF MESO – AMERICAN CIVILIZATION
1. Ohmec Civilization ( c. 100 BCE – 400 BCE, ancient Mexico )
2. Mayan Civilization ( lasted for approximately, 2000 yrs )
3. Inca civilization
4. Aztec civilization
During inca civilization, which is also known in Mesoamerica, they developed the following scientific
ideas and instruments to benefit them in their daily lives
Stone structures that sustained earthquakes and other natural calamities
Irrigation system and technique for storing water in order for crops to grow on various types of
soil
1th month calendar to observe religious holidays and prepare for planting season
Roads passed with stones
Quipu
Aztec civilization has also made substantial contribution to STS, the ff are some
Mandatory education
Chocolates
Antispasmodic medication
Chinampa
Aztec calendar
Mesoamerica refers to the diverse civilization that shared similar cultural characteristics in the
geographic areas comprising the modern day countries of mexico, Guatemala, Honduras, belize, el
Salvador, Nicaragua, and costa rica.
An anthropologist named paul kirchkoff first used the term “mesoamerica” (meso greek for “middle” or
“intermediate” ) in 1943 to designate these geographical areas as having shared cultural traits prior to
the invasion of Europeans, and the term has remained
INVENTIONS THAT CAN RELATE IN ACCOUNTING:
Calendar – use for calculating and preparing annual FS
Quipu – way of recording necessary information
Mandatory Education – requisites by PRC in talking CPALE
DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENCE IN ASIA
INDIA
Known for mfg iron and in metallurgical work
Medicine (Ayurveda)
Ayurveda system is one of the oldest system of medicine based on the belief that health and
wellness depend on a delicate between the mind, body and spirit.
Ancient india is notable for developed theories in the configuration of the universe, the spherical self-
supporting earth and the year of 365 days with 12 equal parts of 30 days each
Astronomy
Ancient Indians were very interested in astronomy, the study of stars and planets
They were very aware of seven of the right planets
They knew the sun was a star
They would even predict eclipses of the sun and the moon
Mathematics is tried to standardized measurement of length to a high degree of accuracy
Aryabhata is the first (major) mathematician astronomers from the classical age of indian mathematics
and indian astronomy
Aryabhatiya
Place value system
Approximation of
Trigonometry
Solar and lunar eclipses were scientifically explained by Aryabhata. He states that the moon and planets
shine by reflected sunlight
Brahmagupta
(brahmasphutasiddhanta) defined the properties of the number zero, both as a placeholder and
decimal digit
Suggested that gravity was a force of attraction
CHINA
Traditional medicine (Acupuncture)
Compass, papermaking, gunpowder, and printing tool
Astronomy, heavenly bodies, and lunar calendars
Silkroad is a great route linking china to other Roman empire where it allowed transport and
exchange of goods in their regions
The Sanzhufa ( the 3 column acctg method ) war used as early as the “balanced from the last period”
concept in the eastern han dynasty (25-220 A.D). It was in the Tang Dynasty that the four column acctg
method - beg. Bal. increase, decreases and ending balance – was first used. This acctg method become
popular in the song dynasty ( 460 – 1279 A.D ) and later was widely used in both governmental and
private acctg in the Ming and qing Dynasties ( 068 – 1912 A.D )
AFRICAN – CRADLES OF EARLY SCIENCE
African is blessed with natural and mineral resources. Science also emerged in this part of the planet
long before the Europeans colonized it. The history of science and mathematics should that similar to
other ancient civilizations. The early civilization in Africa is knowledge producers too.
The ancient Egyptian civilization has contributed immensely and made significant advances in the fields
of astronomy, mathematics, and medicine. For example, the development of geometry were developed
was a product of necessity to preserve the layout and ownership of farmlands of the Egyptians during
along the Nile River.
The rules of geometry were developed and used to build rectilinear structures, the past of lintel
architecture of Egypt. These early science activities in Egypt were developed to improve the quality of
the life of the Egyptians especially in building their early homes and cities
The great structures of the Egyptians pyramids and the early doms built to divert water from the Nile
River are some proofs of their advanced civilizations
Egypt was known to be a center of alchemy, which is known as the medieval forerunner of chemistry.
They tried to study human anatomy and pharmacology, and applied important components such as
examination, diagnosis, treatment and prognosis for the treatment of diseases. These components
displayed strong parallels to the basic empirical method of studying science.
Astronomy was also famous in the African region. For instance documents show that Africans used 3
types of calendars lunar, solar and stellar, or a combination of the 3
Metallurgy was also known in the African regions during the ancient times north Africa and the Nile
Valley imported iron technology from the near east region that enabled than to benefit from the
developments during the Bronze Age until the Iron Age.
They invented metal tools used in their homes, in agriculture, and in building their magnificent
architectures
Mathematics was also known to be prominent in the life of early people in the African continent. The
lebombo bone from the mountains between Swaziland and south Africa which may have been a tool for
multiplication, division and simple mathematical calculation or a six month lunar calendar, is considered
to be the oldest known mathematical artefact dated from 35,000 BCE.
Ancient Egyptians are good in the 4 fundamental mathematical operations and other mathematical
skills. They have knowledge of the basic concepts of algebra and geometry. The Islamic regions in Africa
during the medieval period was also benefiting from mathematical learning, which is considered
advanced during those times, such as algebra, geometry and trigonometry.
Early ships
Early Saharan Africans knew how to assemble planks of wood into a ship hull as early as 3000 BC
They were constructed of wooden planks
Woven straps, have been used to lash the planks together and roads or grass put between the
planks helped to seal the seams
Lebombo bones
African invention
Medicine
Mathematics
International trade
Calendar
Agriculture
Machinery
Accounting systems
Benefits of the accountants from African inventions
Accounting system
Application of mathematics on double entry
Bookkeeping
Preparation of financial reports
Modern period
Began after the middle ages of the 20 th century, when the pastmodern era began
Society as the driving force of invention ( invention and society )
Demanded that more goods be produced at a fastest rate. Needed efficient means of
transportation to trade more good and Cover a larger distance
Machines that required animals to operate most thus be upgraded
Faster and easier means to communicate and compute should be developed to established
connections between and among nations
Resulted in the development of industries
However due to massive industrialization, the modern times again faced more complicated
problems. Food processing and medicine passed some of the bigger challenges since health was
of great concern
Louis Pasteur
He invented pasteurization, the process of heating dairy products to kill the harmful bacteria
that allow them to spoil faster
Food preservation
To keep mfg goods from deteriorating
Through this process, milk could be stored and consumed for a longer period. It also prevented
illnesses caused by harmful bacteria
Other contributions of Pasteur to science, technology and medicine included his works on
molecular asymmetry, fermentation and vaccination
Samuel M. Kier
Faced with this concern: was able to invent by refining petroleum
The demand of the modern society for a better source of powering their homes and
transportation
Used to provide lighting at homes
Applied for heating purposes
Established the petroleum refinery industry
Today, petroleum is widely used in powering automobiles, factories and power plants
Calculator
Required a faster way to compute more complicated equations
More consistent
Easier arithmetic calculations
Resulted in the development of more complex processing machines like computers
BRIEF HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN THE PHILIPPINES
Pre-spanish Philippines
Scientific knowledge in crop planting , taking care of animals and food production
Science is also observed in the way they interpret the movements of heavenly bodies to
predict seasons and climates, and in organizing days into months and years
Science is also used in preparing soil for agricultural purpose
They also discovered the medicinal uses of plants
Tools were developed for building houses, irrigations, planting hunting, cooking, fishing,
fighting enemies, making musical instruments and for transportation on land and on
water
Spanish era
Established schools for boys and girls
Introduced the concept of subjects and disciplines
Beginning of formal science and technology in the country
Life becomes slowly modernized
Medicine and advanced science were introduced in formal colleges and universities
Supectitious beliefs and catholic doctrines and practices halted the growth of science
American era
Established the public education system
Improved engineering works and health, conditions of the people
Established modern research university, the university of the Philippines, and more
public hospitals
Transportation and communication systems were improved
Researchers were done to control malaria, cholera, tuberculosis, and other tropical
diseases
World war 2
The war destabilized the development of the country in many ways
Institutions and public facilities were destroyed
The reparation funds focused on building some institutions and public facilities like
schools, hospitals, and transportation systems
The reparation money from japan was also concentrated or building highways and
technical training and human resource development in the country
New republic
Focused on using limited resources in improving science and technology
Explored the use of overseas development allocations (DDA) to help the country
improve its scientific productivity and technological capability
GOVERNMENT POLICIES ON SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
The national research council of the Philippines clustered four policies that will improve the
competitiveness of the Philippines in the ASEAN region, namely:
1. Social sciences, humanities, education, international policies and governance
ASEAN goals implied in the basic education
Use of mother tongue
Developing school infrastructure and providing for ict broadband
Local food security
2. Physics, engineering, industrial research, earth and space sciences and mathematics
Degrees, license, and employment opportunities
Review of RA 9184 (government procurement Act)
3. Medical, chemical and pharmaceutical sciences
Compliance with the ASEAN standards when it comes to drug mfg firms by FDA
Evidence based research of food and drug agencies
Legislating law supporting human genome project
4. Biological sciences, Agriculture and forestry
Protecting and conserving biodiversity
Use of biosafety and standard model by ASEAN countries
