Purposive Communication Unit 2

Unit 2: Local and Global Communication in Multi-cultural Settings

Unit 2: Local and Global Communication in Multi- 1. Interracial communication –

Cultural Settings communicating with people from different
races
Introduction 2. Interethnic communication – interacting

with people of different ethnic origins
3. International communication –
People from different cultures interact with each other
communication between representatives
posing communication problems in the global
from different nations
community. There are cultural barriers that may
interfere in communication processes which are 4. Intra-cultural communication – interacting
detrimental to intercultural understanding. Some of
with members of the same racial or ethnic
these intercultural interferences are: 1) different
group or co-culture
cultural affiliates, 2) inferiority of one’s culture,
and 3) diverse cultural communication practices
(Wakat, 2018). There are cultural barriers because
people interacting in a global environment have Improving Intercultural Communication
different perspectives. With these, there are things that Competence
we need to improve for effective communication.
Local and global communication requires the need to
Our journey to effective communication in foster cooperative conversation for effectiveness
multicultural settings starts with unlocking the two purposes. The norm or convention in communicating
significant terms – local communication and global should be observed by the communicators regardless
communication. Local communication has its of their cultural backgrounds and the required context
foundation on the cultural context which means, it of oral communication (Manzano, 2018). Culture
exposes the culture of the people forming their own therefore is considered along with context. To be
identity in the community. Globalization paved the effective and efficient in local and global
way to many effects in humanity. Because of the fast communication, a speaker must engage with Grice’s
pace of technology, the internet quickly surpassed four maxims in conversation (Manzano, 2018).
more the traditional way of communicating. Through
the internet, one can communicate instantly with
people in other countries and one can read about Four Maxims of Grice’s Principles of Cooperative
different cultures, as well as access articles and Conversation
academic papers. The role then of global
communication is to modify or to create changes in the 1. Maxim of Relation
local setting.
- Every interlocutor should be relevant in
Topic 1. Intercultural Communication conversation wherein the relevance is a
Language is a component that is linked to intercultural norm that dictates the need for the
understanding. It acts as a way to bridge interlocutors to become sensitive in the
misunderstanding between people of different cultures. communication process.
Language is a medium of exchanging ideas and
- They need to be relevant in
transmitting cultural practices of other people in the
global community. communicating, requiring them to respond
based on cultural and contextual
Intercultural communication refers to interaction with requirements.
people from diverse cultures (Jandt, 1998). The
Example: If in a restaurant, a customer
following are the forms of Intercultural
asks the server, “Do you have mango
Communication (Jandt, 1998) as cited by Wakat
juice?” In local culture, the server usually
(2018):
responds: “Regular or large?” which
means that mango juice is available, so the
1
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customer needs to place an order a. Shaking hands: Cultural norms for hand shaking
according to size. This is a form of vary.
communication that observes economy in
talking wherein words are to be deleted in  For example, in the Philippines and in
order to minimize the time of talking and America, the cultural gesture of shaking
will speed up the service to accommodate hands upon greeting is considered the
another customer. norm when doing a person to person
introduction.
2. Maxim of Quantity  To refuse a handshake is considered a very
rude gesture.
- Every interlocutor should observe a “fair-
share-talk of time.”  By contrast, in Saudi Arabia, you can
shake a man’s hand after meeting him but
- Everyone should be given the opportunity
you cannot shake a woman’s hand at all in
to talk and should not dominate the event.
greeting.
- Every interlocutor should be sensitive to
time, be brief and give others the chance
to talk. b. An OK sign
 The OK hand gesture in America and

England is quite popular and considered a
3. Maxim of Quality general gesture that denotes an agreement
of sentiment.
- Every interlocutor should maintain what is
true in a given conversation.  An OK sign in Brazil is the equivalent of
using your middle finger as a gesture in
- Do not add or deduce information.
America.
- Always maintain a good reputation
 The OK hand gesture is taken as an insult
whenever you talk. in most Latin American countries, Austria
and France.
4. Maxim of Manner
c. Thumbs-up
- In the local culture, the manner of saying
word is more regarded than its content.  The thumbs-up gesture can be an
equivalent to the OK gesture and is widely
- Body language meanings vary greatly used equivalent to the OK gesture and is
from culture to culture. Effective widely used within America, England and
communication requires that the the Philippines.
communicator has appropriate knowledge
 In many cultures around the globe, giving
of the cultural use of body language in a
a thumbs-up gesture is a very large insult
multicultural setting.
like the Americas excluding the United
States, it is a horrible idea that denotes as a
sexual insult and correlates to the middle
finger meaning in the United States.
Sets of Common Body Language in Multicultural
Setting:
2
d. Sitting with crossed legs commerce, economy, technology, culture, among

others. As such, non-native speakers of English draw
 This is common in North America and upon it, either wittingly or unwittingly, in relation to
European countries, but is considered their linguistic and socio-cultural contexts. Questions,
disrespectful in Asia and the Middle East however, arise from the fact that English is the most
where a straight and balanced posture widespread language in the world ---- Is there a
prevails as a norm. Standard English? Which variety of English should we
speak? These questions are tough to answer and are
subjects of on-going debates. Uychoco and Santos
e. Eye contact (2018) cites McCrum et.al (1986) who espoused the
idea of World Englishes (WE) in response to which
 This is considered a positive aspect of variety of English should be used. They say that all
body language in the Philippines. languages are equal in functionality, but not all are
equal in prestige. In other words, the issue points back
 It is also common in Spain and the Arabic
to variability of language or variation as a
culture (among people of the same sex). characteristic of all languages.
 Not looking back when someone is Language variety, also called lect, is a generic term for
looking at you is considered disrespectful any distinctive form of a language or linguistic
and demonstrates insecurity, lack of expression (Nordquist, 2018). It is a term that
interest, or indicates deception. encompasses the overlapping subcategories of
language including dialect, register, jargon and
f. Nodding the head idiolect.
 Head nod up and down generally means Nordquist (2018) adds that varieties of language
agreement, approval, or “yes” while head develop for a number of reasons. One reason points to
nod from side to side or head shake means geography where people living in different geographic
the “no” for Filipinos. areas tend to develop distinct dialects. Other reasons
have to do with social class, occupation and age group.
 To Bulgarians and Greeks, nodding up and Further, one obvious reason for the variation is the
down indicates negative response for they necessity for and ease of interaction (www.nou.edu.ng)
are known for their unusual manner of
Language Varieties: Dialect, Sociolect, Idiolect, Slang,
saying “yes” and “no.” Jargon, Pidgin, Creole, Register
The term dialect refers to a geographical variant of a
g. Tugging the earlobes language (Hickey, 2012). It is a variety of a language
spoken by a group of people that is characterized by
 The Portuguese tug their earlobes to systematic features (e.g., phonological, lexical,
indicate tasty food, the Spaniards to grammatical) that distinguishes it from other varieties
signify that someone is not paying for of that same language. Further, it is a variation of a
their drinks, but in Italy, it insinuates language that is characteristic of the users of that
sexual innuendos. language (Solano-Flores, 2006).
Topic 2. Varieties and Registers of Spoken and

WrittenLanguage
We live in a world where English crosses national

boundaries and migration brings people together from
different linguistic and cultural backgrounds, says
Urszula (2014). Undeniably, the universal language
has penetrated societies and has impacted them in so
many facets such as in education, politics, trade and
3
Sociolect, on the other hand, also known as a social to express the range of meanings and serve the range
dialect, is a variety of language (or register) used by a of functions required of a first language.’
socioeconomic class, a profession, an age group, or
Register, sometimes called style, is another
any other social group (Nordquist, 2018). According to
complicating factor in the study of language varieties,
Lewandowski (2010), it is a lect which is thought of as
confesses Wardaugh (2006). He goes on to define
being related to its speakers’ social background rather
register as set of language items associated with
than geographical background. Simply put, it is a
discrete or occupational groups, and exemplified
variety spoken by a particular social group, class or
surgeons, pilots, banks managers, jazz fans and pimps
subculture whose determinants include such
as employing different registers. It is, a variety of
parameters as gender, age, occupation and possibly
language defined according to its use in social
few others.
situations and is, according to Flowerdew (2014),
An idiolect, is the distinctive speech pattern of an understood as the context-specific variety of language.
individual, a linguistic pattern regarded as unique Eaton (2012) refers to it as the level of formality with
among speakers of a person’s language or dialect. It is which you speak. She tells that different situations and
a language variety peculiar to a single speaker of a people call for different registers. She shares Joos
language which includes vocabulary appropriate to (1967)’s 5 types of register used in spoken and written
various interests and activities, pronunciation language namely formal, frozen or static, consultative,
reflective of the region in which you live, and variable casual, and intimate.
styles of speaking that shift subtly depending on whom
one is addressing (www.thooughtco.com/idiolect- a. Frozen or “static” register
language-term-1691143). At this level, language is literally “frozen” in time and
form. It does not change. This type of language is often
Slang refers to words that are not considered part of
learned and repeated by rote. Examples include
the standard vocabulary of a language and that are
biblical verse, prayers, the Pledge of Allegiance, and
used very informally in speech especially by a
so forth.
particular group of people (Merriam-Webster, 2018). It
is characterized as a very informal language variety
b. Formal register
that includes new terms and sometimes not polite
This style is impersonal and often follows a
words and meanings. Meanwhile, jargon is a set of
prescriptive format. The speaker uses complete
vocabulary items used by members of particular
sentences, avoids slang and may use technical or
professions, that is, their technical terms. For example,
academic vocabulary. It is likely that the speaker will
linguists have a large vocabulary that is not well
use fewer contractions, but opt instead for complete
understood by non-linguists. Dictionary definitions of
words. (Example: “have not” instead of “haven’t”).
jargon usually give examples like computer jargon and
This is the register used for most academic and
the jargon of the advertising business, but all
scientific publishing. It also includes business Letters,
professions have their own jargons (Hudson, 1996).
letters of complaint, some essays, reports, official
Pidgins, according to Ozuorcun (2014) are simplified speeches, announcements, and professional emails.
languages that occur from two or more languages.
Pidgins are developed by people who do not have a c. Consultative register
common language to communicate in the same This is the register used when consulting an expert
geographical area. Wardaugh (2006) calls it nobody’s such as a doctor. The language used is more precise.
first language/mother tongue because it doesn’t have The speaker is likely to address the expert by a title
any native speakers, it is just used as a contact such as “Doctor”, “Mr.” or “Mrs.”.
language for communication purposes.
d. Casual/Informal Register
In contrast to a pidgin, a creole is often defined as a
This register is conversational in tone. It is the
pidgin that has become the first language of a new
language used among and between friends. Words are
generation of speakers. Aitchison (1994) as cited by
general, rather than technical. This register may
Wardaugh (2006) says, ‘creoles arise when pidgins
include more slang and colloquialisms. Personal e-
become mother tongues.’ A creole, therefore, is a
mails, phone texts, short notes, friendly letters, most
‘normal’ language in almost every sense. A creole is a
blogs, diaries and journals make use of casual register.
pidgin which has expanded in structure and vocabulary
4
Pronunciation of Most American

e. Intimate register /a/ usually as [] varieties:
The language used by lovers. It is also the language in words pronunciation of /a/
used in sexual harassment. This is the most intimate like can’t, in words like can’t,
form of language. It is best avoided in public and dance etc. in dance etc. as []
professional situations. British varieties
In British /t/ usually
varieties /t/ is pronounced as a
Varieties of English
usually not flap [] between two
pronounced as a vowels the first of
It has already been said that languages are all equal in
flap [] between which is stressed
functionality, but not in prestige. Prestige-wise, the
two vowels the -> sitter []
two most well-known varieties of English are those of
first of which is
the colonial superpowers: British English and
stressed
American English (Uychoco and Santos, 2018). These
two varieties differ in terms phonology, vocabulary, Spelling e.g. e.g.
spelling and grammar, although much of the Colour, labour, Color, labor, favor
differences lie on phonology and vocabulary. The table favour License, defense
below adapted from Finegan (2004) and Kortmann Licence, Analyze, organize
(2005) as cited in defence Theater, center
http://www.ello.uos.de/field.php/Sociolinguistics/Britis Analyse, Dialed, canceled
handAmericanEnglish illustrate some of the prominent organise Installment,
differences between the two most widespread English Theatre, centre skillful
varieties: Dialled, tire
cancelled program
British English American English Instalment, catalog
skilful
Phonolog e.g. Pronunciation of /r/
tyre
y (RP pronunciation of in all distributions:
programme
versus /r/ only when it GA = rhotic accent
catalogue
GA) precedes a -> retroflex /r/ in
consonant: hairy word-final position Grammar e.g. perfect: Simple past: Did
[] vs. hair [] in most American Experiential you ever go to
-> /r/ is dropped varieties perfect: Have Rome?
in word-final you ever gone to
positions in Rome?
many British
e.g. perfect: Simple past can be
varieties
With certain used: He just
(speakers of
adverbs finished his
Irish and
(e.g. just, homework; She left
Scottish English
already, already.
follow the
recently): He has
American
just finished his
pattern rather
homework; She
than the British
has left already.
pattern
No use of Two past participle
additional past forms
participle of get: got and gott
form gotten of en. Their use marks
the verb get a semantic
difference:
5
-> gotten = used to Timetable Schedule

indicate situations
Rubber Eraser
which are dynamic
or in progress Post Mail
-> got = used to Holiday Vacation
indicate static
situations and Nappy Diaper
resultative states: Loo Restroom
They’ve gotten
interested (‘have Telly Television
developed interest Sweets Candy
in…’)
Candy floss Cotton candy
versus
They’ve got Rubbish Garbage
interested (‘are Bin Trash can
interested’)
Football Soccer
Vocabular e.g. e.g.
y Lift Elevator Anti-clockwise Counter-clockwise
Petrol Gas/Gasoline Pavement Sidewalk
Lorry Truck
Philippine Variety of English
Queue Line
Torch Flashlight
The late Danilo Dayag averred that Philippine English
Boot Trunk (of a car)
is a legitimate nativized variety of English which
shares some linguistic properties ascribed to other
varieties but has features that are peculiar to it
Below are additional examples that show the variation
(https://benjamins.com/catalog/veaw.g42.09day).
between the two varieties at the level of vocabulary
taken from:
Uychoco and Santos (2018) add that it has its own
https://www.boredpanda.com/british-american- idiosyncratic usages made overt in terms of
english-differences-language/? vocabularies and the meanings assigned to them. For
utm_source=google&utm_medium=organic&utm_cam instance, they say, comfort room is a Philippine term
paign=organic for “washroom,” “toilet” or “lavatory,” and the word
salvage does not necessarily mean “to save” but
British English American English connotes something evil (murder brutally). Madrunio
Trainers Sneakers and Martin (2018), on the other hand, described
Philippine variety of English as something puristic or
Jumper/pull-over Sweater difficult to understand. To support their point, they say
Chips French fries stick refers to cigarette, high blood means upset or
tense, and blow out means to treat someone. Other
Crisps Potato chips lexical items such as studentry (student body), motel
Biscuit Cookie (used for extramarital affairs), Amboy (a Filipino
perceived to be too American), Pulot boy (boy who
Peckish Hungry
picks up tennis balls in a game), and balikbayan box (a
Aubergine Eggplant large box where Filipinos returning from abroad place
all their shopping), among others.
Flat Apartment
Chemist’s Drugstore/Pharmacy Pronunciation-wise, Philippine English is rhotic, but
the local /r/ is an alveolar flap, not an AmE retroflex.
Windscreen Windshield (2) It is syllabletimed, following the rhythm of the
Indicator Blinker local languages; full value is therefore given to
unstressed syllables and schwa is usually realized as a
6
full vowel. (3) Certain polysyllables have distinctive

stress patterns, as with elígible, establísh, cerémony.
(4) Intonation is widely characterized as ‘singsong’.
(5) Educated Filipinos aim at an AmE accent, but have
varying success with the vowel contrasts in sheep/ship,
full/fool, and boat/bought. (6) Few Filipinos have
the /æ/ in AmE mask; instead, they use /ɑ/ as in AmE
father. (7) The distinction between /s, z/ and /ʃ, ʒ/ is
not made: azure is ‘ayshure’, pleasure ‘pleshure’, seize
‘sees’, cars ‘karss’. (8) Interdental / ɵ, ð/ are often
rendered as /t, d/, so that three of these is spoken as
‘tree of dese’
(https://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/encyclope
dias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/philippine-
english).
7
Variant
Feedback b. Register d.
Language
____ 8. It is a variety of language (or register)
____ 1. It is a context-specific and used by a socioeconomic class, a
occupationally-determined variety of profession, an age group, or any other
language. social group.
a. Register c. a. Dialect c.
Jargon Creole
b. Lect d. b. Idiolect d. Sociolect
Slang
____ 9. Which of the following is normally
____ 2. It is the language pattern of an individual labelled as “nobody’s language”?
including his nuances and a. Creole c.
idiosyncrasies. Dialect
a. Sociolect c. Idiolect b. Pidgin d.
b. Dialect d. Register Slang
____ 3. Which of the following makes use of ____ 10. Professional reports, business
frozen or static register? correspondences and academic essays
a. Police Report c. tend to use which of the following
Official speech register?
b. Poem d. a. Formal c.
Essay Intimate
____ 4. It is a language variety determined by b. Consultative d.
geographical location that has distinctive Casual
phonological, lexical and grammatical
features. A. Determine which variety is characterized in the
a. Dialect c. words that follow. Write AE if it is American
Sociolect English or BE if it is British English.
b. Pidgin d.
Creole BE 11. Loo BE 21. Lift
____ 5. Diaries, journals and personal emails BE 12. Behaviour BE 22. Trainers
employ what type of register?
AE 13. Apartment AE 23. Vacation
a. Frozen c.
Formal BE 14. Centimetre BE 24. Chemist’s
b. Consultative d.
BE 15. Skilful AE 25. Cookie
Casual
BE 16. Aubergine AE 26. Candy
____ 6. It refers to words that are not considered
part of the standard vocabulary of a BE 17. Queue BE 27. Telly
language and that are used very
informally in speech especially by a BE 18. Analyse BE 28. Fibre
particular group of people. BE 19. Dreamt BE 29. Trousers
a. Register c.
Slang AE 20. Monolog AE 30. Schedule
b. Jargon d.
Lect
____ 7. Which of the following refers to a
general term for any distinctive form of Summary
a language or linguistic expression?
a. Language variety c.
8
Language is a medium for communication. The Despite the challenges brought about by cultural
challenge of today’s global world is to communicate diversity and differences in communication, our
effectively with people of different cultural written and oral communication effectiveness must be
backgrounds and diverse communication practices. enhanced. We must embrace the benefits of cross-
Living in a global community demands an cultural communication. It is through language and
understanding of the similarities and differences from culture that we understand people in multi-cultural
one country to another and from one culture to another. contexts.
There is also a need to understand and learn the
varieties and registers of spoken and written language.
Therefore, language is a cultural component which
serves as bridge to understand people around the
world.
Intercultural communication is interacting with people
of different cultures. The four forms of intercultural
communication (interracial, interethnic, international
and intracultural) give way to an exposure of one
person to people of different cultures which demands
competence in interacting with people. To be effective
and efficient in local and global communication there
is a need to enhance one’s skills in intercultural
communication.
It is notable that one of the characteristics of language
is variability. There are varieties of language due to
reasons like geography, social class, occupation and
age group. The different language varieties are: dialect
– geographical variant of a language, sociolect – social
dialect, idiolect – speech pattern of an individual, slang
– not considered part of standard vocabulary of a
language, pidgins – simplified languages, register –
sometimes called style which has five types used in
spoken and written language. The types of register are
frozen or static, formal, consultative, casual intimate.
These registers are defined according to social
situations and according to the level of formality with
which you speak. Everyday registers are often spoken
while in academic context, oral forms are accompanied
with written communication.
In terms of functionality, languages are equal but
prestige wise, there are two most well-known varieties
of English which are the British English and American
English. These two have differences in phonology,
vocabulary, spelling and grammar.
On the other hand, Philippine English has linguistic
properties and features. It has idiosyncratic usages, and
puristic or difficult to understand. Pronunciation wise,
Philippine English is rhotic, syllable timed,
polysyllabic with distinctive stress. It has also a
distinct intonation pattern.
9
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Unit 2: Local and Global Communication in Multi-cultural Settings

Unit 2: Local and Global Communication in Multi- 1. Interracial communication –

Introduction 2. Interethnic communication – interacting

 The OK hand gesture in America and

d. Sitting with crossed legs commerce, economy, technology, culture, among

Topic 2. Varieties and Registers of Spoken and

We live in a world where English crosses national

Pronunciation of Most American

-> gotten = used to Timetable Schedule

full vowel. (3) Certain polysyllables have distinctive

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