Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
Regional Office IX, Zamboanga Peninsula
10
SCIENCE
Quarter 3 - Module 2
FEEDBACK MECHANISM in REGULATING
MENSTRUAL CYCLE
Name of Learner:
Grade & Section:
Name of School:
Science – Grade 10
Support Material for Independent Learning Engagement (SMILE)
Quarter 3 – Module 2: Feedback Mechanism in Regulating Menstrual Cycle
First Edition, 2021
Republic Act 8293, section 176 states that: No copyright shall subsist in any work of the
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Borrowed materials (i.e., songs, stories, poems, pictures, photos, brand names, trademarks, etc.)
included in this module are owned by their respective copyright holders. Every effort has been exerted to
locate and seek permission to use these materials from their respective copyright owners. The publisher
and authors do not represent nor claim ownership over them.
Development Team of the Module
Shenah Mae J. Cuevas Joel P. Ogoc
Writer:
Joel P. Ogoc, Zyhrine P. Mayormita
Editor:
Jan Mel-Ester R. Ventula
Reviewers:
Layout Artist:
Management Team: Virgilio P. Batan Jr.- Schools Division Superintendent Lourma I.
Poculan- Asst. Schools Division Superintendent Amelinda D. Montero- Chief Education
Supervisor, CID
Nur N. Hussien- Chief Education Supervisor, SGOD Ronillo S. Yarag- Education Program
Supervisor, LRMS Zyhrine P. Mayormita- Education Program Supervisor, Science Leo
Martinno O. Alejo- Project Development Officer II, LRMS Janette A. Zamoras- Public
Schools District Supervisor
Adrian G. Refugio- School Principal, Zamboanga del Norte NHS
Printed in the Philippines by
Department of Education – Region IX – Dipolog City Schools Division
Office Address: Purok Farmers, Olingan, Dipolog City
Zamboanga del Norte, 7100
Telefax: (065) 212-6986 and (065) 212-5818
E-mail Address: [Link]@[Link]
What I Need to Know
After going through this module, you are expected to:
Content Standard Most Essential Learning Competency Code
Demonstrate understanding Describe the feedback mechanisms S10LT-IIIc-35
of how feedback mechanisms involved in regulating processes in the
help the organism maintain female reproductive system (e.g.,
homeostasis to reproduce menstrual cycle)
and survive
What's In
In the previous module, you have learned that the hormones controlling the
Female Reproductive system include follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing
hormone (LH), estrogen, and progesterone. FSH and LH are both produced by the
pituitary gland in the brain, while estrogen and progesterone are produced by the
ovaries.
In this new lesson, you will learn more about how the hormones mentioned above
affect the Female Reproductive system, particularly in the menstrual cycle.
Activity 1. Matchy Match
Directions: Given the hormones in Column A, identify its major action (Column B)
and the gland in Column C that produces each hormone. Write the letter only. The first
one is done for you.
Answer Hormone Major Action Gland
f , n a. Stimulates growth of the uterine
1. Estrogen h. Testes
lining
i. Anterior
, 2. FSH b. Stimulates milk secretion
pituitary
c. Stimulates growth of ovarian
, 3. LH j. Scrotum
follicle
, 4. Progesterone d. Stimulates milk production k. Mammary
e. Stimulate sperm production l. Posterior
, 5. Oxytocin
characteristics pituitary
f. Stimulate female development
, 6. Prolactin m. Prostate
and behavior
g. Stimulates ovulation n. Ovary
1
What's New
The Female Reproductive system is composed of internal and external organs. They
work together for the production of female gametes, fertilization, and support of a
developing fetus. The activity of the Female Reproductive system is controlled by
hormones released by both the brain and the ovaries.
To better understand this lesson, try to answer the activity regarding the internal
parts of the female reproductive system.
Activity 2. Guess What Am I
Direction: Label the parts of the female reproductive system using the correct term
from the word bank.
Cervix Endometrium Fallopian
Ovary tube
Uterus Vagina
Figure 1. Female Reproductive System
Source: [Link]
female-reproductive-system-trivia
1. 4.
2. 5.
3. 6.
2
What is It
Feedback Mechanism in Regulating Menstrual Cycle
The female's internal reproductive system is composed of the following parts:
1. Vagina
It is the canal between the uterus and the external reproductive organs. It serves
three purposes: (a) it is where the penis is inserted during sexual intercourse; (b) it is the
pathway (the birth canal) through which a baby leaves a woman's body during
childbirth, and (c) It's the route through which menstrual blood leaves the body during
periods.
2. Uterus
A hallow pear-shaped organ where the fetus grows during pregnancy. It is
separated from the vagina by a narrow canal called the cervix.
3. Fallopian tubes
These are narrow canals connected to the upper part of the uterus. Through the
tubes, the eggs travel from the ovaries to the uterus, and inside them, the egg meets the
sperm (fertilization). Then, the fertilized egg travels through the tubes to the uterus, where
it can stick to the uterine wall and form an embryo.
4. Ovaries
These small oval-shaped glands are located on the sides of the uterus. Eggs form
inside the ovaries that also produce female hormones.
Figure 2. Female Reproductive System
Source: [Link]
3
The menstrual cycle is the monthly cycle of changes that happens in the Female
Reproductive system. It is necessary for the production of eggs and the preparation of the
uterus for pregnancy. Typically, the cycle is about 28 days long, although it can be as short
as 18 days or as long as 40 days.
The menstrual cycle often begins at puberty between the ages of 8 and 15; the
average age is 12 and usually two years after breasts and pubic hair start to develop.
There are four phases of the menstrual cycle, namely menstruation, follicular,
ovulation phase, and luteal phase.
1. Menstruation Phase
This is the time of bleeding, or the period. The internal lining
of the uterine wall (endometrium) along with other secretions from
the body are eliminated through the vagina. Periods usually last
between 3 to 7 days. The first day of a woman’s period is considered
“Day 1” of her menstrual cycle.
2: Follicular Phase
This phase begins on the first day of menstruation but
it lasts till the 13th day of the cycle. After menstruation, the
endometrium in the uterus begins to thicken or build up
again. At the same time, several follicles start maturing in
the ovaries. Only one of these maturing follicles will
complete maturation. The rest will eventually deteriorate
and disappear. This takes 1-13 days.
3. Ovulation Phase
By the middle of the cycle, around day 14, the
remaining mature follicle releases its egg cell from the
ovary in the process of ovulation. The term ovulation
indicates the formation of a mature egg cell by one of the
ovaries. Hormones cause the chamber around the egg
(called the follicle) to break open and release the mature
egg into the fallopian tube. Now the woman can become
pregnant when the egg encounters a sperm.
4. Luteal Phase
During this stage, the uterus is ready to receive a fertilized
egg. The egg usually takes 3 to 4 days to reach the uterus. If the
egg has been fertilized by a sperm cell, it attaches to the thick, blood-
filled lining of the uterus. This is the start of pregnancy. If an egg is
not fertilized, the egg and the lining of the uterus break down. The
extra blood and tissue leave the body through the vagina, and the
woman begins her period which signifies the start of another cycle.
4
Figure 3. Phases of the Menstrual Cycle
Source: [Link]
articles /physiology/cycle-phases
Did you know that menstrual cramps are the result of the strong contractions of the uterine wall
5
The menstrual cycle is regulated by the complex interaction of hormones FSH and
LH produced by the anterior pituitary gland and estrogen and progesterone produced by
the ovary. The following describes how the hormones affect the menstrual cycle.
Follicular Phase
Menstruation is the At the start of the menstrual cycle, the anterior pituitary gland sit
elimination of the internal lining of the uterine wall along with other secretions from the body through the vagin
Ovulationoccurs on the [Link]“ovulation”
14th
Luteal Phase
indicates the formation of a mature egg by one of the ovaries. The release of estrogen during the follicular phase
During this phase, the follicle from which the mature egg burst ou
Some physical and psychological changes may occur in the last phase of the cycle.
These changes occur due to the sudden drop in progesterone and estrogen. However, they
disappear a few days after menstruation once hormones are back to their elevated levels.
Physical changes:
o Breast tenderness and swellin Psychological changes:
o Diarrhea or constipation o Aggressive behavior and irritability
g
o Bloating and gas o Trouble sleeping (too much or too little)
o Headaches or backaches o Difficulty concentrating & remembering
o Cramps o Stress and anxiety
o Fluid retention o Changes in appetite
o Fatigue and vertigo o Reduced libido
o Acne o Mood swings
o Depression or sadness
Source:[Link] strual%20Cycle
%[Link]
6
What's More
Can you now identify the phases and events of the menstrual cycle? Let's try to
answer the activity below.
Activity 3. Lay on the Table
Direction: Summarize the events of the menstrual cycle by completing the table
below.
Phase Days Event
What I Have Learned
Now that you have gained knowledge about the phases of the menstrual cycle,
let us try to check your understanding of the feedback mechanism of the hormones
involved in the cycle. Be ready for Activity 4.
Activity 4. Complete Me!
A. Complete the sentences below by filling the blank with either "stimulate"
or "inhibit."
1. FSH the production of estrogen.
2. Estrogen the release of FSH.
3. Estrogen the production of LH immediately prior to ovulation.
4. Progesterone the production of FSH and LH.
5. FSH growth of ovarian follicle.
B. Fill in the missing words in the paragraph by underlining the correct word. The
first one is done for you.
The (1. anterior/posterior) pituitary gland produces (2. FSH / LH), which
causes the development of a follicle in the (3. uterus/ovary). As the egg develops inside
the follicle, the follicle produces the hormone (4. progesterone/ estrogen), and it
causes growth and repair of the lining of the uterus wall. Estrogen inhibits the secretion
of (5. FSH/ progesterone). When estrogen (6. drops/rises) to a high enough level, it
causes a surge in (7. FSH / LH) from the pituitary, which causes (8.
ovulation/fertilization) where an egg is released from the follicle. The follicle becomes
the corpus luteum, and this produces estrogen and progesterone, which (9.
inhibit/stimulate) FSH and LH production by the pituitary. Progesterone maintains
the uterus lining. If the egg has not been fertilized, the corpus luteum dies, and
progesterone levels (10. drop/rise). This causes menstruation, where the uterus lining
breaks down - this is known as having a period.
7
What I Can Do
Have you mastered the lesson in this module? Let's see! Try to answer
the puzzle.
Activity 5. Puzzle Challenge
Directions: Supply the boxes with the correct answer. Clues are given below
as your guide.
Created from: [Link]
Across
1 Phase when uterus is ready to receive a fertilized egg
4 Lining of the uterus
6 Other term for menstruation
7 Stimulates growth of ovarian follicle
8 Phase when endometrium begins to thicken
Down
2 Site of embryo development
3 Hormone that stimulate ovulation
5 Hormone that inhibit FSH
9 Gland that releases estrogen
8
Assessment
Direction: Choose the letter that corresponds to the correct answer.
1. What stage in the menstrual cycle is characterized by the collapse of the
uterine wall and the subsequent release of blood and tissues from the body?
a. Luteal stage
b. Follicle stage
c. Ovulation stage
d. Menstruation stage
2. On which day of the menstrual cycle is an egg released from an ovary?
a. Day 1
b. Day 9
c. Day 14
d. Day 28
3. Which hormone, produced by the ovaries, stimulates the uterus lining to
build up after menstruation?
a. Estrogen
b. Progesterone
c. Luteinizing hormone
d. Follicle-stimulating hormone
4. Which hormone, released by the pituitary gland, stimulates ovulation?
a. Estrogen
b. Progesterone
c. Luteinizing hormone
d. Follicle-stimulating hormone
5. Which hormone increases in concentration after ovulation to keep the levels
of both FSH and LH low?
a. Estrogen
b. Progesterone
c. Luteinizing hormone
d. Follicle-stimulating hormone
6. In the luteal phase, the uterus is ready to receive a fertilized egg. Assuming
that the egg cell is not fertilized by a sperm cell, what would happen to the
endometrium?
a. It would break and shed off.
b. It will form a new egg cell.
c. It will continue to thicken.
d. It will not be affected.
7. Which of the following physical changes is experienced by women during
the luteal stage of the menstrual cycle?
a. Mood swings
b. Changes in appetite
c. Depression or sadness
d. Headaches or backaches
9
8. What would happen inside the uterus if fertilization occurs?
a. The fertilized egg will get implanted in the uterus.
b. The uterine wall will continue to thicken for ovulation.
c. The uterine wall will collapse, releasing blood and tissues.
d. The egg cell will be fertilized by the sperm cell in the uterus.
9. Why does progesterone inhibit the release of LH after ovulation has
occurred?
a. So only one egg is released from the ovaries
b. So multiple eggs can be released from the ovaries
c. So the uterus lining can be broken down during menstruation
d. So FSH can be produced and can stimulate the egg to mature
10. The female ovaries are responsible for producing estrogen and
progesterone. How is the ovary affected by the hormones released by the
pituitary gland?
a. LH stimulates the release of estrogen, while FSH inhibits the release
of progesterone.
b. LH inhibits the release of estrogen while FSH stimulates the release
of progesterone.
c. FSH causes the follicle to grow in the ovary while LH causes the
release of the egg cell.
d. FSH causes the release of the egg cell in the ovary while LH causes
the growth of the follicles.
1
Additional Activities
Before you end this module, you may answer this additional activity.
Activity 6. The Cycle Continues
Direction: Copy these sentences to the correct boxes below.
Egg is released. Menstruation happens. Lining starts to thicken. Egg dies if not fertilized.
If egg is fertilized it settles into thick lining.
2.
1.
5.
3.
4.
Figure 3. Menstrual Cycle
Source: [Link]
reproduction-the-menstrual-cycle-worksheets-6043849
1
Answer Key Gr10Q3 Module 2
1
References
Printed
Acosta, H. ,et al. Science Learner's Material Grade 10. Pasig City: Rex Book
Store, Inc., 2015.
Pavico, M., et al. Exploring Life Through Science . Quezon City: Phoenix
Publishing House, 2015.
Seeley, Rod R. , Philip Tate, and Trent D. Stephen. Essentials of Human
Anatomy and Physiology. New York: McGraw Hill, 2007.
Electronic Sources
Antenatal Care Module: 4. Hormonal Regulation of the Female Reproductive
System Retrieved from:[Link]
oucontent/[Link]?id=34&printable=1
BioNinja. n.d. [Link]
physiology/66-hormones-homeostasis-and/[Link].
Menstrual Cycle. Retrieved from: [Link]
607135742101 /Ministry of Health. n.d.
Menstrual Cycle. Retrieved from: [Link]
plateform/WomensHealth/Documents/Menstrual%20Cycle%[Link]
Puzzle Maker. [Link]
Images
"Female Reproductive System" Retrieved from:
[Link]
[Link]
"Female Reproductive System" Retrieved from:
[Link]
“Menstrual Cycle: Retrieved from: [Link]
reproduction-the-menstrual-cycle-worksheets-6043849
“Phases of Menstrual Cycle” Retrieved from:
[Link]
understands-women-menstrual-cycle-better-than-humans-
23775f470de3
Region IX: Zamboanga Peninsula Hymn – Our Eden Land
Here the trees and flowers bloom Gallant men And Ladies fair Cebuanos, Ilocanos, Subanons, Boholanos, Ilongos,
Here the breezes gently Blow, Linger with love and care All of them are proud and true
Here the birds sing Merrily, Golden beams of sunrise and sunset Region IX our Eden Land
The liberty forever Stays, Are visions you’ll never forget
Oh! That’s Region IX Region IX
Our..
Here the Badjaos roam the seas Hardworking people Abound, Eden...
Here the Samals live in peace Every valleys and Dale Land...
Here the Tausogs thrive so free Zamboangueños, Tagalogs, Bicolanos,
With the Yakans in unity
My Final Farewell
Farewell, dear Fatherland, clime of the sun caress'd Let the sun draw the vapors up to the sky,
Pearl of the Orient seas, our Eden lost!, And heavenward in purity bear my tardy protest
Gladly now I go to give thee this faded life's best, Let some kind soul o 'er my untimely fate sigh,
And were it brighter, fresher, or more blest And in the still evening a prayer be lifted on high
Still would I give it thee, nor count the cost. From thee, 0 my country, that in God I may rest.
On the field of battle, 'mid the frenzy of fight, Pray for all those that hapless have died,
Others have given their lives, without doubt or heed; For all who have suffered the unmeasur'd pain;
The place matters not-cypress or laurel or lily white, For our mothers that bitterly their woes have cried,
Scaffold or open plain, combat or martyrdom's plight, For widows and orphans, for captives by torture tried
T is ever the same, to serve our home and country's need. And then for thyself that redemption thou mayst gain
I die just when I see the dawn break, And when the dark night wraps the graveyar d ar ound With
Through the gloom of night, to herald the day; only the dead in their vigil to see
And if color is lacking my blood thou shalt take, Break not my repose or the mystery prof ound
Pour'd out at need for thy dear sake And perchance thou mayst hear a sad hymn re sound
To dye with its crimson the waking ray. 'T is I, O my country, raising a song unto thee.
My dreams, when life first opened to me, And even my grave is remember ed no more
My dreams, when the hopes of youth beat high, Unmar k' d by never a cr oss nor a stone
Were to see thy lov'd face, O gem of the Orient sea Let the plow sweep through it, the spade turn it o'er That my
From gloom and grief, from care and sorrow free; ashes may carpet earthly f loor,
No blush on thy brow, no tear in thine eye. Bef ore into nothingness at last they ar e blown.
Dream of my life, my living and burning desire, Then will oblivion bring to me no care
All hail ! cries the soul that is now to take flight; As over thy vales and plains I sweep;
All hail ! And sweet it is for thee to expire ; Throbbing and cleansed in thy space and air
To die for thy sake, that thou mayst aspire; With color and light, with song and lament I fare,
And sleep in thy bosom eternity's long night. Ever repeating the faith that I keep.
If over my grave some day thou seest grow, My Fatherland ador' d, that sadness to my sorrow lends Beloved
In the grassy sod, a humble flower, Filipinas, hear now my last good- by!
Draw it to thy lips and kiss my soul so, I give thee all: par ents and kindred and friends
While I may feel on my brow in the cold tomb below For I go wher e no slave bef ore the oppr essor bends,
The touch of thy tenderness, thy breath's warm power. Where faith can never kill, and God reigns e' er on high!
Let the moon beam over me soft and serene, Farewell to you all, from my soul torn away,
Let the dawn shed over me its radiant flashes, Friends of my childhood in the home disposse ssed!
Let the wind with sad lament over me keen ; Give thanks that I rest from the wearisome day!
And if on my cross a bird should be seen, Farewell to thee, too, sweet friend that lightened my way; Beloved
Let it trill there its hymn of peace to my ashes. creatur es all, farewell! In death t her e is rest!
I Am a Filipino, by Carlos P. Romulo
I am a Filipino–inheritor of a glorious past, hostage to the uncertain I am a Filipino, child of the marriage of the East and the West. The
future. As such I must prove equal to a two-fold task–the task of East, with its languor and mysticism, its passivity and endurance,
meeting my responsibility to the past, and the task of performing was my mother, and my sire was the West that came thundering
my obligation to the future. across the seas with the Cross and Sword and the Machine. I am of
I sprung from a hardy race, child many generations removed of the East, an eager participant in its spirit, and in its struggles for
ancient Malayan pioneers. Across the centuries the memory comes liberation from the imperialist yoke. But I also know that the East
rushing back to me: of brown-skinned men putting out to sea in must awake from its centuried sleep, shake off the lethargy that has
ships that were as frail as their hearts were stout. Over the sea I see bound his limbs, and start moving where destiny awaits.
them come, borne upon the billowing wave and the whistling wind, I am a Filipino, and this is my inheritance. What pledge shall I give
carried upon the mighty swell of hope–hope in the free abundance that I may prove worthy of my inheritance? I shall give the pledge
of new land that was to be their home and their children’s forever. that has come ringing down the corridors of the centuries, and it
I am a Filipino. In my blood runs the immortal seed of heroes–seed shall be compounded of the joyous cries of my Malayan forebears
that flowered down the centuries in deeds of courage and defiance. when first they saw the contours of this land loom before their eyes,
In my veins yet pulses the same hot blood that sent Lapulapu to of the battle cries that have resounded in every field of combat from
battle against the first invader of this land, that nerved Lakandula Mactan to Tirad Pass, of the voices of my people when they sing:
in the combat against the alien foe, that drove Diego Silang and “I am a Filipino born to freedom, and I shall not rest until freedom
Dagohoy into rebellion against the foreign oppressor. shall have been added unto my inheritance—for myself and my
The seed I bear within me is an immortal seed. It is the mark of my children and my children’s children—forever.”
manhood, the symbol of dignity as a human being. Like the seeds
that were once buried in the tomb of Tutankhamen many thousand
years ago, it shall grow and flower and bear fruit again. It is the
insignia of my race, and my generation is but a stage in the
unending search of my people for freedom and happiness.
